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Abstract,Q PDQ\RIWRGD\VVPDOOFRPSDQLHVDQGVWDUWXSV WKH QRQIXQFWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQWV VSHFLDOO\ 8, UHTXLUHPHQWV 


developers may not give enough attention to the importance of DQGWKH\ QHHG WR IROORZ D IOH[LEOHGHYHORSPHQW DSSURDFK WKDW
UX/UI design for the product under development. Moreover, KHOSV WKHP VWD\ IRFXVHG ZLWK PLQRU SODQQLQJ DQG ZLWKRXW
such small teams may lack the required organization skills that KLQGHULQJWKHLUSURJUHVVWRZDUGVGHOLYHULQJZRUNLQJVRIWZDUH
help them to collaborate and work together. As a result, such
teamsusuallyfacepUREOHPVZLWKGHOLYHULQJWKHULJKWSURGXFW %\GHILQLWLRQDJLOHPHWKRGRORJLHVDUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKKRZ
as well as not being able to follow a sustainable development WKHVRIWZDUHVKRXOGEHGHYHORSHGZKLOH8,GHVLJQIRFXVHVRQ
process.Inasimilarcontext,CSstudentsinprogrammingclasses KRZ WKH HQG XVHUV ZLOO ZRUN ZLWK WKH VRIWZDUH $OWKRXJK WKH
arefacingalmostthesameproblemsofsmallteamsinindustry. WZR DVSHFWV DUH IROORZLQJ GLIIHUHQW JXLGHOLQHV IRU HDFK WR
To tackle these problems, various approaches for integrating DFKLHYH WKHLU JRDOV LQWHJUDWLQJ DJLOH DQG 8, GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV
agile development methods and UX design methods have been VHHP WR EH D SURPLVLQJ FRPELQDWLRQ WKDW FDQ KHOS VRIWZDUH
proposed to help developers carefully consider the UX GHYHORSHUV WR EHWWHU KDQGOH WKH 8, UHTXLUHPHQWV DV ZHOO DV WR
requirements,andtobeabletoorganizetheirworkenvironment. IROORZ D VHPLVWUXFWXUHG GHYHORSPHQW DSSURDFK WR KHOS WKHP
Inthispaper,weexplorehowsuchintegrationcanbeagoodfit PDQDJHWKHLUSURJUDPPLQJZRUN
forbothCSstudentsandsoftwaredevelopers,especiallyforthose
whowork on mobiledevelopment. We present ourproposed set 6LQFH FROODERUDWLYH GHYHORSPHQW HQYLURQPHQWV DUH YHU\
of integration guidelines, and then we focus on Pair LPSRUWDQWWRVXFFHVVRIDQ\DJLOHWHDPLQWKLVSDSHUZHH[SORUH
Programming (PP) as an agile practice that promotes a KRZ 3DLU 3URJUDPPLQJ 33  FDQ KHOS GHYHORSHUV FROODERUDWH
collaborative work environment. The expert reviews conducted HIIHFWLYHO\ RQ WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVVHV 2QH RI RXU
in this paper helped us exlore how PP can be introduced to CS UHVHDUFK REMHFWLYHV LV WR VWXG\ KRZ D FROODERUDWLYH ZRUN
students (and later, to developers in the market) to support HQYLURQPHQW FDQ KHOS GHYHORSHUV EXLOG EHWWHU DQG XVDEOH
collaborative work environments. Moreover, Using PP in class LQWHUIDFHV+RZHYHUIRUWKLVVSHFLILFSDSHUZH IRFXVRQKRZ
provides an adaptive and collaborative teaching approach that ZH FDQ SURPRWH D PRUH FROODERUDWLYH ZRUN HQYLURQPHQW
canbeusedinCSprogramminglabs.Wealsodiscussthepitfalls WKURXJKDQDJLOHSUDFWLFHVXFKDV33
that can affect developers during PP sessions, and how to avoid
such negative effects. We conclude by providing a set of ,, 5(/$7,216+,3%(7:((1$*,/,7<$1'86$%,/,7<
recommended practices that can be applied to introduce PP for
developersinbothacademicandindustrialcontexts. $JLOH PHWKRGRORJLHV KDYH DSSHDUHG WR GHDO ZLWK WKH QHZ
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KeywordsFrameworks for collaboration collaborative WKHQ PRELOH  DSSOLFDWLRQV )RU D ZKLOH WKHVH ZHUH NQRZQ DV
software development collaboration in education agile methods OLJKWZHLJKW PHWKRGRORJLHV EXW WKHQ WKH WHUP $JLOH
pair programming UX design PHWKRGRORJLHV DSSHDUHG WR GHVFULEH WKLV JURXS RI QHZ
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978-1-4673-7648-8/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE 124


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