Lovebird

For other uses, see Lovebird (disambiguation).

A. personata
A lovebird is one of nine species of the genus Agapornis
A. nigrigenis
(Greek: agape 'love'; ornis 'bird'). They are A. lilianae
a social and aectionate small parrot. Eight species are
native to the African continent, and the grey-headed love-
A. fischeri
bird is native to Madagascar. Their name comes from the A. roseicollis
parrots strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long
periods which paired birds spend sitting together. Love- A. pullaria
birds live in small ocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grasses A. taranta
and seed. Black-winged lovebirds also eat insects and
gs, and the black-collared lovebirds have a special di- A. cana
etary requirement for native gs, making them problem- A. swinderniana
atic to keep in captivity.
Some species are kept as pets, and several color mutations Phylogeny of the genus Agapornis based on molecular
[2]
were selectively bred in aviculture. Their average lifespan evidence. The species with the red line is currently unplaced
is 10 to 20 years.[1] in the phylogeny, but does belong to this genus.

However, this division is not fully supported by phyloge-

1 Description netic studies, as the species of the dimorphic group are
not grouped together in a single clade.
Lovebirds are 13 to 17 cm (5 to 7 in) in length and 40 to Species and subspecies:[4]
60 g (1 1 2 to 2 oz) in weight. They are among the small-
est parrots, characterized by a stocky build, a short blunt
tail, and a relatively large, sharp beak. Wildtype lovebirds Rosy-faced lovebird, Agapornis roseicollis, (Vieillot,
1818)or peach-faced lovebird
are mostly green with a variety of colors on their upper
body, depending on the species. The Fischers lovebird, Agapornis roseicollis catumbella, B.P. Hall,
black-cheeked lovebird, and the masked lovebird have a 1952
prominent white ring around their eyes. Many color mu-
tant varieties have been produced by selective breeding Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis, (Vieillot 1818)
of the species that are popular in aviculture.
Yellow-collared lovebird, Agapornis personatus, Re-
ichenow, 1887or masked lovebird

2 Taxonomy Fischers lovebird, Agapornis scheri, Reichenow,

The lovebird genus comprises nine species of which ve
are monotypic and four are divided into subspecies.[3]
Eight of them are native in the mainland of Africa and
the Madagascar lovebird is native to Madagascar. In the
wild the dierent species are separated geographically.
Traditionally, lovebirds are divided into three groups:
the sexually dimorphic species: Madagascar,
Abyssinian, and red-headed lovebird
the intermediate species: peach-faced lovebird
1887
Lilians lovebird, Agapornis lilianae, Shelley, 1894
or Nyasa lovebird
Black-cheeked lovebird, Agapornis nigrigenis, W.L.
Sclater, 1906
Grey-headed lovebird, Agapornis canus, (Gmelin,
1788)or Madagascar lovebird
Agapornis canus ablectaneus, Bangs, 1918
Agapornis canus canus, (Gmelin, 1788)

the white-eye-ringed species: masked, Fischers, Black-winged lovebird, Agapornis taranta, (Stanley,
Lilians, and black-cheeked lovebirds 1814)or Abyssinian lovebird

1
2 6
Red-headed lovebird, Agapornis pullarius, (Lin-
naeus, 1758)or red-faced lovebird
Agapornis pullarius pullarius, (Linnaeus, 1758)
Agapornis pullarius ugandae, Neumann, 1908
Black-collared lovebird, Agapornis swindernianus,
(Kuhl, 1820)or Swinderns lovebird
Agapornis swindernianus emini, Neumann,
1908
Agapornis swindernianus swindernianus,
(Kuhl, 1820)
Agapornis swindernianus zenkeri, Reichenow,
1895
3 Species
4 Nesting
Depending on the species of lovebird, the female will
carry nesting material into the nest in various ways. The
peach-faced lovebird tucks nesting material in the feath-
ers of its rump,[5] while the masked lovebird carries nest-
ing material back in its beak. Once the lovebirds start
constructing their nest, mating will follow. During this
time, the lovebirds will mate repeatedly. Eggs follow 35
days later. The female will spend hours inside her nesting
box before eggs are laid. Once the rst egg is laid, a new
egg will follow every other day until the clutch is com-
plete, typically at four to six eggs. Even without a nest or
a male, lovebirds sometimes produce eggs.
5 Feral populations
See also: Hybrid lovebird
Feral populations of Fischers lovebirds and masked love-
birds live in cities of East Africa. Also present there are
interspecic hybrids between these two species. The hy-
brid has reddish-brown on head and has orange on upper
chest, but otherwise resemble the masked lovebird.[6]
Feral lovebirds are also present in warmer cities of the
United States. These include Phoenix, Arizona, and
Austin, Texas. Several species are found as feral popu-
lations in San Diego, California.
There are two feral colonies present in the Pretoria re-
gion (Silver Lakes and Centurion) in South Africa. They
probably originated from birds that escaped from aviaries.
they consist mostly of masked, black cheeked, Fischer
and hybrid birds and vary in colors. White (not albino)
and yellow as well as blue occur in many cases. The white
ringed eyes are very prominent.
AVICULTURE
Hybrids (Fischers lovebird masked lovebird) in Nairobi,
Kenya.
6 Aviculture
With their inclination to bond, they can form long-term
relationships with people in tandem with their intra-
species companions. Aggression is easily aroused in love-
birds, however, and biting may occur unless a bond is es-
tablished with gentle handling. Provided with adequate
space, a stimulating environment, and appropriate nutri-
tion, a lovebird can become a cherished companion par-
rot. They love to snuggle and often preen their favorite
people.
It is preferable to obtain birds bred in captivity, rather
than birds caught from the wild. Wild birds may be
harboring a disease, such as avian polyomavirus.[7] Cap-
tured wild lovebirds also may mourn the loss of associ-
ation with a mate or a ock. Their age is likely to be
unknown, and they may have an unsuitable personality
for domestication. Currently, lovebirds are no longer im-
ported from the wild. Lovebirds are not necessarily best
kept in pairs, as their name suggests, although relation-
ships with humans are then less likely to be as intense
when paired. Birds socialised from a very early age, while
being brought up by parents, make very good pets. The
common practice of hand-feeding of psittacines, includ-
ing lovebirds, without medical emergency is now out-
lawed in the Netherlands since 1 July 2014[8] and lovebird
chicks should stay with their parents until they can eat in-
dependently, with a minimum of 55 days after hatching.
However, single birds require frequent attention to stay
happy, and if the owner has limited time to spend daily
with a single lovebird, it is preferable to give the love-
6.3 Grooming
bird a companion of the same species, or a companion
of another parrot species known to get along well with
lovebirds. It is important to use caging that is suitable for
smaller birds as wider-speed bars can cause damage to
these small hook bills. Lovebirds can become very inter-
active with humans, and when comfortable, will willingly
perch on a nger or shoulders.
Some lovebirds talk, but many will not: there is a chance Lack of toys, keeping the birdcage covered too many
they may learn to mimic human sounds if taught to do
so at a young age. Lovebirds are noisy, with calls rang-
ing from cheerily pleasant to highly irritating; in the wild,
parrots must call to each other over long distances to keepplucking, screaming, depression, immuno-suppression).
ocks together, and it is through such signals that most of
their communication is made. It is best to spend frequent, eral hours of interaction a day. Without this interaction,
short periods of time with a lovebird, rather than having
just one or two interactions every day.[9]
6.1 Sexual characteristics and behavior
Determining lovebird sex is dicult. At maturity of one
year, it may show signs of whether it is male or female,
such as ripping up paper and stung it into its feathers
(female behavior) or regurgitating for its owners (male
behavior: the male feeds the nesting female). This be-
havior is not a reliable indicator. The only sure method
is DNA testing, however, some experts can sex them by
feeling beneath the body. There are two sharp points be-
neath the cloca known as pelvic bone. If points are nearer
it is male and if points are away it is female because fe-
male has big pelvic part to lay eggs.
[10]
6.2 Housing and environment
A yellow-collared lovebird perching by the entrance to a nest box
in a large aviary at Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii, USA
Lovebirds require an appropriately sized cage or aviary.
Minimum recommended space per bird is 1m1m1m.
Lovebirds beaks are made of keratin, which grows
continuously. Chewing and destroying wood toys and
perches helps to keep beaks trim. Cuttlebones help pro-
vide beak-trimming and a source of calcium and other
3
necessary minerals. Natural perches and special rough
surfaced perches of varying diameters placed at dierent
levels in the cage will allow greater climbing mobility and
gives them a choice to select the most comfortable spot to
roost.[11] They also require plenty of toys, such as willow
branches, swings, tunnels, boxes and safe things to chew
on and play with.
hours, and lack of companionship or social stimula-
tion may lead to boredom, stress and psychological or
behavioral problems (nervousness, aggression, feather-
Lovebirds are extremely social birds and will enjoy sev-
daily exercise, a roomy cage/aviary, and many toys to play
with, they may resort to feather-plucking, or screaming,
and both behaviors can be dicult to cure. It is suggested
that if the owner leaves the house that they leave a radio or
TV set playing, to provide sound.[12] Lovebirds are intel-
ligent, and if a relationship is to form they need a human
who will dedicate lots of time with them. Lovebirds en-
joy baths and like to sun themselves daily.
6.3 Grooming
As with pet parrots in general, the tips of lovebirds toe-
nails should wear down adequately by the parrot climbing
over rough surfaced perches. If the parrot has an inactive
lifestyle, however, occasionally the toe nails grow long
and may need to be trimmed.[13] Only the very tips of the
toe nails are trimmed. If too much of a toe nail is trimmed
away, it will be painful and bleed from the blood vessels
in the centre of the nail.[13][14] This bleeding should be
stopped as soon as possible with the use of styptic gel
or powder. Sharp pointed toe nails that scratch the owner
can be blunted by simply ling the point.[14] These proce-
dures are usually done with the help of an assistant care-
fully holding the parrot wrapped in a towel.[13][14]
6.4 Diet in captivity
A fresh mix (with or without dehydrated fruits and/or
vegetables) of excellent quality combining various seeds,
grains and nuts generally represent the typical basic diet.
Ideally the basic mix will contain or will be supplemented
with an about 30% portion of any bio/organic (natu-
rally coloured and avoured and without any conservative
agent) and/or of any natural (naturally coloured, avoured
and preserved) pellets.
Ideal basic dry mix:
Home made:
- 40% Yellow millet - 18% Canary seed - 10% White mil-
let - 9% Peeled oats - 5% Japanese millet - 4% Saower
- 4% Buckwheat - 3% Paddy rice - 3% Oats - 2% Linseed
- 2% Hempseed
4 6 AVICULTURE

Or else a blend of commercial mixes: All are healthy and can be oered. i.e. almonds, beans,
1/2 typical basic dry mix for cockatiel parakeets and/or lentils, peas, nuts and tofu.
small parrot/parakeet species (i.e. kkriki parakeets, Commercial greens and weeds:
monk parakeet, Australian grass parakeets, magniscent Mainly;
parakeets, Pyrrhura conures, small Afro-Asian ring-
necked parakeets). Bok choy, broccoli and/or cauliower leaves, cabbage
leaves, chickory, collard greens, dandelion leaves,
1/2 typical basic dry mix for budgerigar parakeets and endives, escarole, kelp, mustard leaves, seaweeds,
other miniature parrot/parakeet species (i.e. parrotlets, spirulina, water cress.
lineolated parrot, Bourkes parakeet, grass parakeets).
Only occasionally and sporadically;
Cooked and fresh foods:
Amaranth leaves, beet leaves, starfruit, chards, parsley,
These foods and goods must be oered as often spinach & turnip leaves. All of these feature high oxalic
as possible (particularly cereals, fruits, greens/weeds,
acid contents that induces production of calcium oxalates
legumes/pulses and vegetables), ideally on a daily basis (crystals/stones) by binding calcium & other trace miner-
or at least weekly. The pellet ratio should be increased to als present in foods & goods with which they are ingested.
1/2 of the basic dry mix when cooked and/or fresh foods Possibly leading to calcium deciencies &/or hypocal-
are occasionally or rarely oered. cemia in minor cases. Liver and/or other internal organs
Whole grains and cereals: damage or failure in more severe cases.
Amaranth, barley, couscous, ax, oat, rice varieties such Wild harvested greens and weeds:
as basmati, brown rice, jasmine rice, quinoa, wheat, Bromus, chick weeds, cocks foot or dactylis (orchard
lightly toasted whole-grain Waes, non-toasted whole grasses), dandelions, erythronium (dogstooth), elymus,
grain breads (i.e. corn-bread, multi-cereal, 14 cereals,
fescues, Ammophila (Poaceae) (marran grasses), milk
whole-wheat), al-dente cooked pastas. thistles, oats and wild oats, plantain (the weed), poa
Edible blossoms and owers: Genus (i.e. blue, meadows, spear, tussock grasses). Care
carnations, chamomille, chives, dandelion, day lilies, must be taken to oer wild greens and weeds that are only
eucalyptus, fruit trees blossoms, herbs blossoms, harvested anywhere in the country side far from highly
hibiscus, honeysuckle, impatiens, lilac, nasturiums, polluted areas (i.e. cities, metropolises, towns).
pansies, passion ower (passior), rosees, sunowers,
Only avocados and rhubarb should never be oered
tulips, violets.
because they are both highly intoxicating.*
Fruits with all discarded pits and/or larger seeds:
All are healthy and can be oered i.e. all apple varieties, Complete vegetarian proteins:
banana, all berries varieties, all citrus varieties, grapes, Produced by always combining 1 type of cereal with
kiwi, mango, melons, nectarine, papaya, peach, all pear 1 type of legume/pulse and to oer during immatures
varieties, plum, starfruit. growth, during molting seasons and/or during breeding
Vegetables: seasons (most particularly during the rearing of chicks)
i.e. almonds + oat groat/meal, couscous + lentils, beans
All are healthy and can be oered including squashes + pastas, quinoa + peas, rice + tofu.
and their freshly harvested and/or oven-roasted seeds. i.e.
beet, broccoli, cauliower, carrots, cucumber, all cabbage Soaked and/or sprouted cereals and grains:
varieties, fresh beans, fresh peas, parsnip, all pepper va- Aduki beans, alfalfa beans, buckwheat, lentils, millets
rieties, all squash varieties, sweet potatoes, turnip, yams, & sprays, mung beans, pinto beans, red kidney beans,
zucchini. sesame seeds, sunower seeds.
Because of their acidity, most veterinarians suggest not to Sprouts stimulate the reproductive system. So they
oer fresh tomatoes to parrots, as they could potentially should be oered occasionally but more frequently (bi-
cause ulcers. Onions and garlic should also be avoided monthly or weekly) to breeder specimens in the breeding
because the chemical compounds they contain may cause season. And on a daily or at least weekly basis to breed-
anemia. Celery is not bad in itself but the stringy part ers in breeding-season rearing their chicks. While they
should be removed before feeding the vegetable to par- should only be occasionally (once per month) oered to
rots. immatures and/or adult pet birds.

Caution with only lima and navy beans which are

Mushrooms must all be avoided due to their very
toxic when sprouted but healthy when well cooked.
high oxalic acid contents.*
Fresh water and a mineral block must be available at all
Legumes or pulses: times.

Adding these foods provides additional nutrients and can
prevent obesity and lipomas, as can substituting millet,
which is relatively low in fat, for higher-fat seed mixes.
Adult lovebirds often do not always adapt readily to di-
etary additions, so care must be taken to introduce healthy
diets as young as possible (ideally weaned onto fresh
foods before introducing chicks onto seeds). Lovebirds
like any other parrots learn mainly by mimicry and thus
most adult lovebirds will be easily encouraged to try new
foods by observing another bird eating the food, or by
placing the new food on a mirror.
Parrot species (including cockatiels) are biologically veg-
etarian species. Consequently, they should be fed vege-
tarian diets that are ideally supplemented with vegetable
proteins provided by the combination of any type of
wholegrain/cereal with any type of legume/pulse. Eggs
(hard-boiled and/or scrambled) with crushed shells are
the only appropriately healthy source of animal proteins.
Mostly for birds in either breeding, growing, moulting
and/or recovering conditions. High levels of proteins
(most particularly animal proteins) is unhealthy for love-
birds living under any alternate conditions (i.e. non-
breeding, pets).
Green- and blue-series peach-faced lovebirds:
two parents with their two recently edged chicks
6.5 Aggression problems with other birds
and animal species
Because of their dominant and territorial nature, love-
birds should be supervised when socializing with other
species and genera (whether it be cat, dog, small mam-
mal or other bird species). Lovebirds can be aggressive
to other birds, even to other lovebirds. Hand-raised love-
birds tend not to be scared and pose even more of a threat
to themselves. Toe biting can occur when lovebirds are
socializing/housed with small birds (i.e. parrotlets, bud-
gies, and even docile cockatiels). They should not be
housed with other bird genera as they can be injured or
pose a threat to other birds.
6.6 Pets and bird safety
Lovebirds are very vocal birds, making loud, high-pitched
noises. Some make noise all day, especially during dawn
and dusk. This is a normal parrot behavior as ock ani-
mals, where they are calling to each other before the start
5
of the day and just before they settle down for the night.
Lovebirds are also very active and love to chew things.
When they are ying within a household, it is wise to
watch them carefully and protect any furniture, electri-
cal wiring or anything else that they could possibly chew
on. Try to place fresh willow or oak branches in a favorite
spot (e.g. near a high/sunny platform) to satisfy this nat-
ural behavior. Other things to be aware of when keeping
lovebirds (also applies to other pet birds) at home are the
danger spots in the house, such as open toilet bowls for
drowning, clear glass walls which might be rammed in
full force by the bird, fumes from all teon or anti-stick
coating in the kitchen, microwave coatings, oven coat-
ings and chemical fumes from regular household cleaning
products. Interaction with other pets in the house must
also be supervised, such as cats and dogs which may view
the lovebird as a prey animal.
Some people who keep birds as pets practice the clip-
ping of the ight feathers for safety reasons as mentioned
above. This also promotes tameness between the bird and
the owner; the bird is unable to react to ee and must be-
come dependent on its owner for lengthy travel.
Lovebirds of dierent species can mate and produce both
sterile and fertile hybrid ospring, for example Agapornis
personatus mate with Agapornis scheri will produce fer-
tile hybrid ospring. These ospring have behaviors of
both parents. It is recommended to only place birds of the
same species together, or of the same sex for this reason.
There are two lovebird societies in the United States:
Agapornis Breeders & Exhibitors and African Love Bird
Society
7 Further reading
All About Breeding Lovebirds (hardcover) by Mervin
Roberts
Lovebirds: Everything About Housing, Care, Nutri-
tion, Breeding, and Diseases with a special chap-
ter, Understanding Lovebirds (A Complete Pet
Owners Manual) by Matthew M. Vriends
8 References
[1] Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of
Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes
House. pp. 216219. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.
[2] Eberhard, Jessica R. (1998): Evolution of nest-building
behavior in Agapornis parrots. The Auk 115(2):455-464.
[3] Le Breton, Kenny. Lovebirds...getting started. USA:
T.F.H. Publications. pp. 8498. ISBN 0-86622-411-4.
[4] Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes
(Version 9.004)". www.zoonomen.net. 2008-07-05.
6 8 REFERENCES

[5] Mclachlan, G. R.; Liversidge, R. (1978). 330 Rosy-faced

Lovebird. Roberts Birds of South Africa. illustrated by
Lighton, N. C. K.; Newman, K.; Adams, J.; Gronvld, H.
(4th ed.). The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book
Fund. p. 236.

[6] Forshaw (2006). plate 45.

[7] Johne, R. Mller, H. Avian polyomavirus in wild

birds: genome analysis of isolates from Falconiformes
and Psittaciformes Auteur(s) Archives of virology ISSN
0304-8608; 1998, vol. 143(8), pp. 15011512

[8] http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0035217/BijlageI/
geldigheidsdatum_29-07-2015

[9] ParrotParrot Whats that Noise? http://www.

parrotparrot.com/articles/aa053001.htm

[10] LovebirdMania.com Lovebirds-- Female versus Male

http://www.lovebirds.co.nz/choosing/vs.php

[11] Johnson, Anne Lovebirds Birds and Ways, Pet Bird

Magazine, Ezine January 1998 http://www.birdsnways.
com/wisdom/ww19eiii.htm

[12] Parrotfeather.com: Lovebird problems http://www.

parrotfeather.com/lovebird/Lovebird_problems.php

[13] De Saulles, Annette; Forbes, Neil (2003). Parrotlopaedia:

a Complete Guide to Parrot Care. Ringpress Books. p. 73.
ISBN 1-86054-285-9.

[14] Low, Rosemary (1999). The Loving Care of Pet Parrots.

Hancock House. pp. 167168. ISBN 978-0888394392.

8.1 Cited texts

Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World;
an Identication Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight.
Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
 7

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
Lovebird Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovebird?oldid=783277933 Contributors: PierreAbbat, William Avery, Tannin, Ixfd64,
Minesweeper, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Andrewman327, JohnCastle, Rei, AnonMoos, Eugene van der Pijll, Bearcat, Robbot, Atrak~enwiki,
Naddy, Smallweed, Chris Roy, UtherSRG, Deadbarnacle, Fennec, Comatose51, Geni, Sam Hocevar, Mrdectol, DanielCD, Discospin-
ster, Mani1, Mwng, El C, Bobo192, Circeus, ChriKo, Rje, Vanished user 19794758563875, Quintucket, Alansohn, Tek022, Arthena,
Sabines Sunbird, Kurt Shaped Box, Bsadowski1, Reinoutr, TopDrawerSausage, Tabletop, Eaolson, TheAlphaWolf, BD2412, FreplySpang,
BorgHunter, Mike Peel, Ligulem, Dar-Ape, Dinosaurdarrell, JeStickney, Eubot, GnniX, Common Man, Gdrbot, RussBot, Red Slash,
Hede2000, Gaius Cornelius, Rsrikanth05, Apokryltaros, BOT-Superzerocool, Arria Belli, 21655, SmackBot, Dertalai, Gilliam, TheFeds,
Hkchan123~enwiki, Scwlong, SiriusAlphaCMa, Tamfang, Esculapio, Snowmanradio, Lesnail, Stevemidgley, Lila13~enwiki, Nbansal4732,
Rodsan18, Shlomke, Steiner88, JorisvS, Hadrians, Goodnightmush, TastyPoutine, Hu12, Tawkerbot2, JForget, Crownjewel82, Pro bug
catcher, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, TicketMan, GideonSA, Chrislk02, Gonzo fan2007, Hubba, Casliber, Thijs!bot, Marek69, Escarbot,
RobotG, Chubbles, Ajit S., Richardwatt, Gatemansgc, Thylacinus cynocephalus, MER-C, Loveydovey102, Adiaphane, Magioladitis,
VoABot II, Tintin Montreal, Dogadvicer, Revery~enwiki, Khalid Mahmood, Magicaljem, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, JaM, Shell-
wood, Trusilver, Uncle Dick, Rufous-crowned Sparrow, McSly, Renamed user 5417514488, SBJohnny2, Wikitoast~enwiki, Largoplazo,
Juliancolton, DorganBot, Beezhive, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Netmonger, VolkovBot, Sdobnikov A., Afarila, Destitut3, Rei-bot, Oxford-
wang, Brownhomeworkgeeks, Charles Kinbote, Feudonym, T3hbiz, PoeticX, Kuroskata, SieBot, Hydrazulu, JuliesGonnaDance, Sexy-
time69, Racoley, Faradayplank, Oculi, SteveCoppock, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Grandeurkennel, Piledhigheranddeeper,
Neverquick, PixelBot, Estirabot, SchreiberBike, Thingg, Lx 121, Johnuniq, Relly Komaruzaman, XLinkBot, Mew841, Chet Womach,
ZooFari, Metodicar, Chaseco97, Addbot, Arkhetypon, Willking1979, Some jerk on the Internet, Pinkninja68, First Light, Legobot,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Freikorp, Meotrangden, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, Ssc2k, Citation bot,
Rudolph89, Awesomeness, Zad68, Antonio-a-net, BareFootAviary, GrouchoBot, Erik9, Truehistoryjvba, LucienBOT, Spike f, Akemi
Loli Mokoto, Pekayer11, Pinethicket, Henri.maalmann, MastiBot, Serols, Jjmc 09, Wilex398, Tbhotch, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Okthef,
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Bot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, MelbourneStar, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, DBigXray, Plantdrew, ElphiBot, MusikAnimal, Birdsarecute, DPL
bot, Melissad93, Shaikhrizwan38, MarciaLoveSalvatore, Makecat-bot, Lovelypreethi88, SFK2, Eugene2lewis, Couiros22, Slim6789, Sam
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Ashruthidileep, Brettm754, Akki Ca, Gufomaleco, Losiankhalid, Gulumeemee, Ouboet and Anonymous: 288

9.2 Images
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8 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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