Distributed Parameter Line Model - Open Electrical

5/1/2017 DistributedParameterLineModelOpenElectrical
DistributedParameterLineModel
FromOpenElectrical
Thisarticledescribesthesteadystateorfrequencydomaindistributedparameterlinemodel.Bysteadystate,wemeanthatthevoltageandcurrentalongthe
linearesteadyanddonotchangewithtime.
Contents
1 SinglePhaseDistributedParameterModel
1.1 DerivationofVoltageandCurrentEquations
1.2 HyperbolicFormofTransmissionLineEquations
2 MulticonductorDistributedParameterModel
2.1 ModalTransformation
2.2 BoundaryConditions
2.3 HyperbolicFormofMulticonductorLineEquations
3 References
4 RelatedTopics
SinglePhaseDistributedParameterModel
Inarealtransmissionline,theR,LandCcircuitelementsarenotlumped
together,butareuniformlydistributedalongthelengthoftheline.Inorder
tocapturethedistributednatureofthecircuitparameters,considerthe
singlephaselinemodelinFigure1.Inparticular,considerasmallline
segmentoflength
metres,whichislocatedatadistance
x
x
metresfromthereceivingendbus.
x
ThetopdiagramofFigure1showsthecompletetransmissionlineandthe
smalllinesegmentisrepresentedbythedottedbox.Thebottomdiagram
isanexpandedviewofthelinesegmentshowingatypicallinesegment
modelwithseriesandshuntcircuitelements.Theserieselementscanbe
representedasanimpedanceandtheshuntelementscanberepresentedas
anadmittanceasfollows:
z = R + jL = R + jX
z = R + jL = R + jX
1
y= + jC = G + jB
R sh
1
Figure1.Distributedparameterlinemodel(singlephase):Overalllinerepresentation
y = + jC = G + jB (top)Modelforasmalllinesegment(bottom)
Where R sh
istheseriesresistance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance)(
R
/m
)
/m
X
istheseriesreactance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance)(
X
/m
)
/m
http://wiki.openelectrical.org/index.php?title=Distributed_Parameter_Line_Model 1/15
/m
G
istheshuntconductance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductance)(
G
S/m
)
S /m
B
istheshuntsusceptance(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susceptance)(
B
S/m
)
S /m
Notethattheimpedanceandadmittancearedenotedinperlengthvalues(i.e.permetre).Therefore,theseriesimpedanceofalinesegmentoflength
metresis
x
zx
.Thesamelogicappliesfortheshuntadmittance.
zx
DerivationofVoltageandCurrentEquations
AnalysingthiscircuitusingKirchhoff'svoltagelaw(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws#Kirchhoff.27s_voltage_law_.28KVL.29):
V(x + x) = V(x) + zxI(x)
V (x + x) = V (x) + zxI (x)

Rearrangingthisequation,weget:
V(x + x) V(x)
= zI(x)
x
V (x + x) V (x)
= zI (x)
ThelefthandsideisNewton'sdifferencequotient(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative#Definition_via_difference_quotients)andthelimitas
x
x 0
isbydefinitionthederivativeof
x 0
V(x)
,i.e.
V (x)
V(x + x) V(x) dV(x)
lim = = zI(x)
x 0 x dx
...Equ.(1)
V (x + x) V (x) dV (x)
lim = = zI (x)
x0 x dx
Similarly,analysingthecircuitusingKirchhoff'scurrentlaw(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws#Kirchhoff.27s_current_law_.28KCL.
29):
I(x + x) = I(x) + yxV(x + x)
I (x + x) = I (x) + yxV (x + x)
Rearrangingthisequation,weget:
I(x + x) I(x)
= yV(x + x)
x
I (x + x) I (x)
= yV (x + x)
Takingthelimitofbothsidesas
x
x 0
:
x 0
dI(x)
= yV(x)
dx
...Equ.(2)
dI (x)
= yV (x)
dx
DifferentiatingEquations(1)and(2)againwithrespectto
,weget:
x
d 2V(x) dI(x)
=z
dx 2 dx
2
d V (x) dI (x)
= z
d 2I(x)
2
dx
dx
dV(x)
2
=y
dx dx
2
d I (x) dV (x)
= y
2
WecanresubstituteEquations(1)and(2)intotheabovetoget:
dx dx
d 2V(x)
= zyV(x)
dx 2
...Equ.(3)
2
d V (x)
= zyV (x)
d 2I(x)
2
dx
= zyI(x)
dx 2
...Equ.(4)
2
d I (x)
= zyI (x)
2
Thepairofequationsabovecanberearrangedtoformhomogenoussecondorderlinearordinarydifferentialequations(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exampl
dx
es_of_differential_equations#Secondorder_linear_ordinary_differential_equations),i.e.
d 2V(x)
zyV(x) = 0
dx 2
2
d V (x)
zyV (x) = 0
2
Thegeneralsolutiontothisdifferentialequationis:
dx
V(x) = A 1e x + A 2e x
x x
V (x) = A 1 e + A2 e
Where
= zy
isknownasthepropagationconstant(withunits

= zy
m 1
)
1
m
PluggingthissolutionbackintoEqu.(1),wecanalsosolvefor
I(x)
,i.e.
I (x)
d
dx [A e
1
x
]
+ A 2e x = zI(x)
d x x
[A 1 e + A2 e ] = zI (x)
dx
x x
A 1e x A 2e x
I(x) =
Zc
x x
A1 e A2 e
I (x) =
Where Zc

z
Zc =
y
isknownasthecharacteristicimpedanceorsurgeimpedance(withunits

z

Zc =
y
Wecansolvefortheconstants
A1
and
A1
A2
byusingtheboundaryconditionsatthereceivingendoftheline,i.e.atthereceivingend,
A2
x=0
,
x = 0
V(0) = V r
and
V (0) = Vr
I(0) = I r
.Thesolutionisasfollows(seethefullderivationhere):
I (0) = I r
V r + I rZ c
A1 =
2
Vr + I r Zc
A1 =
2 V r I rZ c
A2 =
2
Vr I r Zc
A2 =
Substitutingtheseconstants,wegetthefinaldistributedparametertransmissionlineequations:
2
V(x) =
( V r + I rZ c
2 ) (
e x +
V r I rZ c
2 ) e x
...Equ.(5)
Vr + I r Zc x
Vr I r Zc x
V (x) = ( )e + ( )e
( V r + I rZ c
) ( V r I rZ c
)
2 2
I(x) = e x e x
2Z c 2Z c
...Equ.(6)
Vr + I r Zc x
Vr I r Zc x
I (x) = ( )e ( )e
HyperbolicFormofTransmissionLineEquations
2Z c
2Z c
Equations(5)and(6)canberearrangedasfollows:
V(x) =
( e x + e x
2 ) (
Vr + Zc
e x e x
2 ) Ir
x x x x
e + e e e
V (x) = ( ) Vr + Zc ( ) Ir
( ) ( )
2 2
1 e x e x e x + e x
I(x) = Vr + Ir
Zc 2 2
x x x x
1 e e e + e
I (x) = ( ) Vr + ( ) Ir
Giventheexponentialformsofthehyperbolicfunctions(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function#Standard_algebraic_expressions)
2 2
Zc
sinhx
and
sinh x
coshx
:
cosh x
ex e x
sinhx =
2
x x
e e
sinh x =
2
ex + e x
coshx =
2
x x
e + e
cosh x =
Wecansubstitutetheseintothetransmissionlineequationstogetthewellknownhyperbolicformoftheequations:
2
V(x) = cosh(x)V r + Z csinh(x)I r
V (x) = cosh(x)Vr + Zc sinh(x)I r

1
I(x) = sinh(x)V r + cosh(x)I r
Zc
1
I (x) = sinh(x)Vr + cosh(x)I r
Foralineoflength
Zc
metres,theABCDparametersoftheaboveequationscanberepresentedinmatrixformasfollows:
l
[] [ ][ ]
Vs cosh(l) Z csinh(l) Vr
= 1
Is sinh(l) cosh(l) Ir
Zc
wherethesendingendquantitiesare
Vs
cosh(l) Zc sinh(l)
Vr

=

V s = V(l)
1
I
Is sinh(l) cosh(l)
r
Zc
and
Vs = V (l)
I s = I(l)
I s = I (l)
MulticonductorDistributedParameterModel
Thedistributedparametermodelcanbeextendedtoamulticonductorlineofnconductorsbyreplacingthevoltageandcurrentphasorswith
n1
vectors,e.g.forathreephase,threeconductorline:
n 1
[ ]
V a(x)
V= V b(x)
V c(x)
Va (x)
[]

V = V (x) I a(x)
b

Vc (x)

I= I b(x)
I c(x)
Andtheimpedanceandadmittancewith
a
I (x)

I = I (x)
b
nn

I c (x)
complexmatrices,e.g.forathreephase,threeconductorline:
n n
[ ]
Z aa Z ab Z ac
[Z] = Z ba Z bb Z bc
Z ca Z cb Z cc
Zaa Zab Zac
[ ]

[Z ] = Z Zbb Zbc
Y aa Y ab Y ac
ba

Zca Zcb Zcc [Y] = Y ba Y bb Y bc
Y ca Y cb Y cc
Equations(1)and(2)aboveinthesinglephasemodelcannowberewritteninthemulticonductormodelas:
Y
aa
Y ab Y ac

[Y ] = Y Y bb Y bc
ba
dV

Y ca Y cb Y cc

= [Z]I
dx
...Equ.(7)
dV
= [Z ]I
dx dI
= [Y]V
dx
...Equ.(8)
dI
= [Y ]V
Differentiatingtheseequationswithrespectto
dx
,weget:
x
d 2V dI
2
= [Z]
dx dx
...Equ.(9)
d V
2
dI
= [Z ]
d 2I
2
dx
dx
dV
= [Y]
dx 2 dx
2
...Equ.(10)
d I
2
dV
= [Y ]
2
SubstitutingEqu.(8)intoEqu.(9)andEqu.(7)intoEqu.(10),weendupwiththemulticonductorequivalentofequations(3)and(4):
dx dx
d 2V
= [Z][Y]V
dx 2
...Equ.(11)
d V
2
= [Z ][Y ]V
d 2I
2
dx
= [Y][Z]I
dx 2
...Equ.(12)
d I
2
= [Y ][Z ]I
2
Theissuewiththemulticonductorcaseisthatbecausethematrices[Z]and[Y]arefull,thentheirproduct[Z][Y]or[Y][Z]isalsofull.Forexample,ifwe
dx
weretoexpandoutEqu.(11):
[]
d2V a ( x )
[ ][ ][ ]
dx 2
Z aa Z ab Z ac Y aa Y ab Y ac V a(x)
d2V b ( x )
= Z ba Z bb Z bc Y ba Y bb Y bc V b(x)
dx 2
Z ca Z cb Z cc Y ca Y cb Y cc V c(x)
d2V c ( x )
dx 2
Thefirstlineofthesystemofequationsabovecanbeexpandedasfollows:

d V (x) a

dx 2
2

a aa d V (x)

2
d Vb (x)

=

Z
2
Zab
Z dx
Zac
aa aa
Z
(
= Z Y
Y
ab ba
Y
+Z Y
aa
Y ab
+Z Y
ac ca
Y
a
Y ac

)V (x) + (Z
Va (x)
aa ab

ab bb
Vb (x)
Y
ac cb +Z Y
b +Z Y
aa ac )V (x) + (Z
ab bc ac cc Yc +Z Y +Z Y )V (x)
ba bb bc ba bb bc
dx 2

2 Zca Zcb Zcc Y ca Y cb Y cc Vc (x)

d Va (x)

= (Zaa Y aa + Zab Y ba + Zac Y ca ) Va (x) + (Zaa Y ab + Zab Y bb + Zac Y cb ) Vb (x) + (Zaa Y ac + Zab Y bc + Zac Y cc ) Vc (x)
2
d Vc2(x)
Unlikeinthesinglephasecaseabove,thereisnoclosedformgeneralsolutiontothissecondorderdifferentialequation(becauseofthecrosscoupling
dx
2
betweenphases).Thesocalledmodaltransformationisrequiredtodecouplethephasesfromequations(11)and(12).
dx
ModalTransformation
Themodaltransformationisatechniquefordecouplingthephasesfromequations(11)and(12)basedonanEigenvaluedecomposition(http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix).Inthissection,wewilldevelopthemodaltransformationfromfirstprinciples.Alternativederivationscanbe
foundin[1],[2]and[3].
Considerlineartransformsofthevoltageandcurrentvectorsdenoted
and
,wherebyconvention,thesubscriptschangefromphases(abc)tomodes(012),i.e.forathreephase,threeconductorline:
[ ]
V 0(x)
V = V 1(x)
V 2(x)
[]
I 0(x)
I = I 1(x)
I 2(x)
Supposethattheoriginalquantitiesarerelatedtothetransformedquantitiesasfollows:
V = [T v]V
...Equ.(13)
I = [T i]I
...Equ.(14)
Where
[T v]
and
[T i]
are
nn
transformationmatrices.Wewon'tdefinethetransformationmatricesjustyet,butitwillbecomeobviouslateronthattheyareactuallytheeigenvectorsof
[Z][Y]
and
[Y][Z]
respectively.
Substitutingthesetransformedquantitiesintoequations(7)and(8):
d[T v]V
= [Z][T i]I
dx
d[T i]I
= [Y][T v]V
dx
Supposingthatthetransformationmatrices
[T v]
and
[T i]
areindependentofx,wecanrearrangetheequationsaboveasfollows:
dV
= [T v] 1[Z][T i]I
dx
dI
= [T i] 1[Y][T v]V
dx
Followingthesameprocedureasbefore,i.e.differentiatingtheequationsbyxandsubstituting,weendupwith:
d 2V
= [T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]V
dx 2
...Equ.(15)
2
d 2I
= [T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]I
dx 2
...Equ.(16)
Inorderforustodecouplethephasesinequations(15)and(16),weneed
[T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]
and
[T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]
tobediagonalmatrices,i.e.
diag( v) = [T v] 1[Z][Y][T v]
diag( i) = [T i] 1[Y][Z][T i]
Itisapparentfrominspectionthatthetransformationmatrix
[T v]
anddiagonalmatrix
diag( v)
aretheeigenvectorsandeigenvaluesof
[Z][Y]
respectively.
Similarly,
[T i]
and
diag( v)
aretheeigenvectorsandeigenvaluesof
[Y][Z]
Furthermore,sincethematrices
[Z]
and
[Y]
arebothsymmetric,then
[Z][Y] = ([Y][Z]) T
.Weknowthattheeigenvaluesofamatrixanditstransposearethesame,sotherefore
[Z][Y]
and
[Y][Z]
alsosharethesameeigenvalues,i.e.
diag( v) = diag( i) = diag()
Wecannowrewriteequations(15)and(16)asfollows:
[]
d2V 0 ( x )
[ ][ ]
dx 2
0 V 0(x)
d2V 1 ( x )
= 1 V 1(x)
dx 2
2 V 2(x)
d2V 2 ( x )
dx 2
...Equ.(17)
[]
d2I 0 ( x )
[ ][ ]
dx 2
0 I 0(x)
d2I 1 ( x )
= 1 I 1(x)
dx 2
2 I 2(x)
d2I 2 ( x )
dx 2
...Equ.(18)
Recallfromthesinglephasecasethatthepropagationconstantisdefinedas
= zy
.Inmulticonductormatrixform,thiscanbewrittenasapropagationmatrix
[]
asfollows:
1
[] = ([Z][Y]) 2
Lettheeigenvaluesofthepropagationmatrix
[]
be
0, 1, 2
Apropertyofeigenvalues(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors#Further_properties)isthatifmatrix
hastheeigenvalues
1, 2, . . . , n
,thenmatrix
Ak
hastheeigenvalues
k k k
1, 2, . . . , n
.
Therefore,since
0, 1, 2
aretheeigenvaluesof
[Z][Y]
and
0, 1, 2
aretheeigenvaluesof
1
([Z][Y]) 2
,wecansaythat:
[ ][ ]
2
0 0
2
1 = 1
2 2
2
Wecannowrewriteequations(17)and(18)asfollows:
[]
d2V 0 ( x )
[ ][ ]
dx 2 2
0 V 0(x)
d2V 1 ( x ) 2
= 1 V 1(x)
dx 2
2 V 2(x)
d2V 2 ( x )
2
dx 2
...Equ.(19)
[ ][
d2I 0 ( x )
][ ]
dx 2 2
0 I 0(x)
d2I 1(x ) 2
= 1 I 1(x)
dx 2
2 I 2(x)
d2I 2 ( x )
2
dx 2
...Equ.(20)
Eachofthesedecoupledmodaldifferentialequationsabovecannowbesolvedusingthegeneralsolution:
V 0(x) = A 0e 0x + B 0e 0x
V 1(x) = A 1e 1x + B 1e 1x
V 2(x) = A 2e 2x + B 2e 2x
Takingthefirstderivativeoftheequationsabovewithrespecttox,weget:
[ ][
dV 0 ( x )
][ ]
dx
0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
dV 1 ( x )
= 1 A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
dx
dV 2 ( x )
2 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
dx
...Equ.(21)
Let'sdenoteequation(21)aboveinthefollowingshorthandnotation:
dV
= []V x
dx
...Equ.(22)
Recallfromearlierthat:
dV
= [T v] 1[Z][T i]I
dx
Equatingthiswithequation(22)andsolvingfor
Vx
,weget:
V x = [] 1[T v] 1[Z][T i]I
Wedefinethemodalcharacteristicimpedancematrix(ormodalsurgeimpedancematrix)as:
[Z c] = [] 1[T v] 1[Z][T i]
...Equ.(23)
Usingthisdefinition,themodalcurrentvectorcanbeexpressedas:
I = [Z c] 1V x
...Equ.(24)
Itcanbeshownthatif
[]
isdiagonal,then
[Z c]
isalsodiagonal(seethederivationhere).Therefore,whenexpanded,equation(24)lookslikethis:
[ ][ ]
1
[]
I 0(x) Z0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
1
I 1(x) = A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
Z1
I 2(x) 1 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
Z2
...Equ.(25)
BoundaryConditions
Wenowhavethefollowingsixmodalequationsthatwecansolveusingboundaryconditions:
[ ][ ]
V 0(x) A 0e 0x + B 0e 0x
V 1(x) = A 1e 1x + B 1e 1x
V 2(x) A 2e 2x + B 2e 2x
[ ][ ]
1
[]
I 0(x) Z0 A 0e 0x B 0e 0x
1
I 1(x) = A 1e 1x B 1e 1x
Z1
I 2(x) 1 A 2e 2x B 2e 2x
Z2
Theboundaryconditionsatthereceivingend
Vr
and
Ir
mustbetransformedtomodalquantitiesasfollows:

V r = [T v] 1V r

I r = [T i] 1I r
Atthereceivingend(i.e.x=0),themodalequationsreduceasfollows:
[ ][ ]
V 0r A0 + B0
V 1r = A1 + B1
V 2r A2 + B2
[ ][ ]
Z 0I 0r A0 B0
Z 1I 1r = A1 B1
Z 2I 2r A2 B2
Solvingfortheconstantsof
[A]
and
[B]
[] [ ]
A0 V 0r Z 0I 0r
1
A1 = V 1r Z 1I 1r
2
A2 V 2r Z 2I 2r
...Equ.(26)
[] [ ]
B0 V 0r + Z 0I 0r
1
B1 = V 1r + Z 1I 1r
2
B2 V 2r + Z 2I 2r
...Equ.(27)
Theseconstantscanbepluggedbackintothemodalvoltageandcurrentequationstogetthefinalexpressions:
[ ][ ]
V 0(x) (V 0r Z 0I 0r)e 0x + (V 0r + Z 0I 0r)e 0x
1
V 1(x) = (V 1r Z 1I 1r)e 1x + (V 1r + Z 1I 1r)e 1x
2
V 2(x) (V 2r Z 2I 2r)e 2x + (V 2r + Z 2I 2r)e 2x
...Equ.(28)
[ ][ ]
1
[]
I 0(x) 2Z 0 (V 0r Z 0I 0r)e 0x (V 0r + Z 0I 0r)e 0x
1
I 1(x) = (V 1r Z 1I 1r)e 1x (V 1r + Z 1I 1r)e 1x
2Z 1
I 2(x) 1 (V 2r Z 2I 2r)e 2x (V 2r + Z 2I 2r)e 2x
2Z 2
...Equ.(29)
HyperbolicFormofMulticonductorLineEquations
Asinthesinglephasedistributedparametermodel,thefinalmodalvoltagesandcurrentsshowninequations(28)and(29)canbeconvertedtothefollowing
hyperbolicforms:
[ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
V 0(x) cosh( 0x) V 0r Z 0sinh( 0x) I 0r
V 1(x) = cosh( 1x) V 1r + Z 1sinh( 1x) I 1r
V 2(x) cosh( 2x) V 2r Z 2sinh( 2x) I 2r
...Equ.(30)
[ ][ ] [
1
[] ][ ]
sinh( 0x)
I 0(x) Z0 V 0r cosh( 0x) I 0r
1
I 1(x) = sinh( 1x) V 1r + cosh( 1x) I 1r
Z1
I 2(x) 1 V 2r cosh( 2x) I 2r
sinh( 2x)
Z2
...Equ.(31)
Derivationsoftheseformsarestraightforwardandlefttotheinterestedreadertoprove.
References
[1]Wedepohl,L.M.,"Applicationofmatrixmethodstothesolutionoftravellingwavephenomenainpolyphasesystems(http://dx.doi.org/10.10
49/piee.1963.0314)",ProceedingsoftheIEE,Vol.110(12),1963
[2]Hedman,D.E.,"PropagationonOverheadTransmissionLinesITheoryofModalAnalysis
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1965.4766176)",IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatusandSystems,Vol84(3),1965
[3]Bowman,W.I.,andMcNamee,J.M.,"DevelopmentofEquivalentPiandTMatrixCircuitsforLongUntransposedTransmissionLines(htt
p://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1964.4766048)",IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatusandSystems,Vol83(6),1964
RelatedTopics
OverheadLineModels
MulticonductorLineModels
TravellingWaveLineModel
BergeronLineModel
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Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon17February2017,at21:36.

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5/1/2017 DistributedParameterLineModelOpenElectrical

V(x + x) = V(x) + zxI(x)

V (x + x) = V (x) + zxI (x)

I(x + x) = I(x) + yxV(x + x)

V(x) = cosh(x)V r + Z csinh(x)I r

V (x) = cosh(x)Vr + Zc sinh(x)I r

Zaa Zab Zac

diag( v) = diag( i) = diag()

V x = [] 1[T v] 1[Z][T i]I

Categories: Modelling/Analysis OverheadLines

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