AppropriateTechnologies

forWastewaterTreatment
andEffluentReusefor
Irrigation
ByDr.MenahemLibhaber
LeadSpecialist,LACRegion
PresentedintheWorldBank
WaterWeek
February1719,2009
 Outline
n IssuesRelatedtoWastewater
TreatmentinDevelopingCounries
n TheConceptofAppropriate
TechnologyforWastewater
Treatment
n ExamplesofsomeAppropriate
WastewaterTechnologyTreatment
Processes
WorldPopulationGrowthForecast
Source:WDR2003
 ImplicationsoftheTrendsof
PopulationGrowthand
Urbanization
n InmostDevelopingCountriesthepercentageof
wastewaterthatundedrgoesanytypeofwastewater
treatmentisverylow,usuallylessthan10%
n Ifcurrentlywastewatertreatmentcoveragein
DevelopingCountriesislow,inviewofpopulation
growthforecastsandscarcityoffinancialresources,
perspectivesofexpansionofcoverageareslim,
unlesssimple,lowcosttechnologieswillbeused
n Notalwaysisthehighesteffluentqualityrequired.
InDevelopingCountriestheautopurification
capacityofreceivingbodiesneedstobetakeninto
account
TrendsofSelectingWastewater
TreatmentProcessesin
DevelopingCountries

n Inindustrializedcountriesthereisa
continuoustrendtoachievehigherand
highereffluentqualitiesbyusingmore
andmoresophisticatedprocess
n Devlopingcountiestendtocopytrends
inindustrializedcountriesandapply
cuttingedgetechnologies,duetodrive
tocopyandpressuresofequipment
manufucturers,consultingfirmsand
constructionfirms
ImplicationofUsingComplex
TreatmentProcessinDeveloping
Countries

n Investmentsincomplexprocesscan
sometimesbemobilizedthroughgrantsand
softloans,howeverO&Mcostscannotbe
financedfromthosesourcesandthereisno
budgetforO&Maftercompletingconstruction
n ItisnotraretoseeinDevelopingCountries
thatcomplexplantsdeterioraterapidlydueto
insufficientO&Mbudgetandareabandoned
n Thatimpliesthatcomplexprocesses,
especiallyaerobicprocesses,whichconsumea
lotofenergy,shouldbeavoidedinDeveloping
Countries
TratamientoConvencional:ProcesodeLodosActivados
DiagramadeFlujo
VistaAereadeunaPlantadeLodos
Activados
TheAppropriateTechnology
TreatmentProcessesConcept
n DevelopingCountriescannotaffoardexpensive,
difficulttooperatewastewatertreatment
processesandshoulduseappropriate
technologyprocesses
n Appropriatetechnologiesmeansimple
processesofproventechnology,oflow
investmentandO&Mcosts,simpletooperate
andwithcapacitytoyieldanyrequiredquality
n Suchprocessesexistsandareespeciallyfitted
towarmclimates(whicharetheclimatesin
mostdevelopingcountries)
n Reasonsforpastneglectofappropriate
technologyprocesses
Unit Process
Preliminary Treatment
 PreliminaryTreatmentby
RotatingFineScreens
0.21.5mmmeshsieve
Completelymadeoutof
stainlesssteel
Integratedpresszone

SeaandRiverOutfall
RotatingFinesScreensPlant
LaPlata,Argentina
 VortexGritChamber
DesarenadorTipoVortex
PreliminaryTreatmentinCartagena
Submarine and Large
River Outfalls
SubmarineOutfall
Discharging
Preliminary
TreatedEffluent
 PotencialRelativodeRiesgodeSaludPublica
ResultantedeContactoconAguasSevidas
DescargadsviaEmisariosSubmarinos
Table1. Relative Risk Potential toHum anHealthThrough Exposure to
Sew ageThroughOutfalls(From W HO,20031).
Dischargetype
Treatment Directly on Short Effective
beach outfall outfall
None Veryhigh High NA
Preliminary Veryhigh High Low
Primary (including septic Veryhigh High Low
tanks)
Secondary High High Low
Secondaryplusdisinfection
Tertiary Moderate Moderate Verylow
Tertiaryplusdisinfection
Lagoons High High Low

WHO(2003):GuidelinesforSafeRecreationalWaterEnvironments.Volume12,CoastalandFreshWaters,WorldHealthOrganization,Geneva,
Switzerland,p.80(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/srwe1/en/).

Thesewagedischarges,oroutfalls,areclassifiedintothreeprincipaltypes:(i)dischargedirectlyontothebeach(ii) short outfalls,wheresewagepollutedwaterislikely

tocontaminaterecreationalwatersand(iii) effectiveoutfalls,designedsothatthesewageisefficientlydilutedanddispersedandtoensurethatitdoesnotpollute
recreationalwaterareas.Whiletheterms short and long areoftenused,outfalllengthisgenerallylessimportantthan properlocationandeffectivediffusion.An
effectiveoutfallisassumedtobeproperlydesigned,withsufficientlengthanddiffuserdischargedepthtoensurethatthesewagedoesnotreachtherecreationalarea.
Stabilization Lagoons
(Oxidation Ponds)
 AConventionalAnaerobicFacultativeLagoons
WastewaterTreatmentPlantintheCityofSanta
Cruz,Bolivia
 FlowDiagramoftheProposed
WastewaterTreatmentProcessof
theSantaCruz,Bolivia,FourLagoons
WastewaterTreatmentPlants

LAS
Mixers
RecirculationStream

Pumping
Station

Raw Treated
Wasteater Effluent

Covered
Rotating First Second Polishing
Anaerobic
FineScreens Facultative Facultative Pond
Lagoon Lagoon
Lagoon
TheImprovementConceptoftheSanta
CruzWastewaterTreatmentPlants

Mixers

Cubiertas

A F M M

Militamices
 CoveredAnaerobicLagoonsintheNorthern
WastewaterTreatmentPlantofSantaCruz,Bolivia
TheMechanismofImprovementinFacultative
LagoonsPerformancebytheuseofLASMixers
CourtesyLASInternational
ThePrincipleoftheLASMixerFunction
CourtesyLASInternational
TheMechanismofImprovementinFacultative
LagoonsPerformancebytheuseofLASMixers
CourtesyLASInternational
PhotoofaLASMixer
 UASB
(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge
Blanket Reactor)
TheOncaUASBTreatmentPlant,BeloHorizonte,Brazil,
DesignedtoServeaPopulationof1million
OncaUASBPlant
USABEffluent,Ronda,Parana,Brazil
Anaerobic Filter
AnaerobicFilterConfiguration,NatalBrazil
Source:Onofre (1997)
PhotosofanAnaerobicFilterDuringConstruction
AnaerobicFilterEffluentasidetheRawSewage,
Natal,Brazil
 CEPT
(Cemically Enhanced
Primary Treatment)
 SchematicDiagramoftheCEPT
Process

Raw
Sewage
Effluent

BarScreens GritChamber
Primary
Flocculant Sedimentation
Tank
Coagulant

SludgeTreatmentandDisposal
BenchScaleCEPTandConventionalPrimary
TreatmentEffluents

Source:Prof.Harleman,MIT(2004)
Constructed Wetlands
SectionofaHorizontalFlow
ConstructedWetland
ConstructedWetlandsPlantin
Copacabana,Bolivia
Combined Processes
 UASB
Followed by
Lagoons
 ProcessFlowDiagramoftheRioFrio
TreatmentPlantatBucaramanga,Colombia
PhotoofTheRioFrioTreatmentPlantat
Bucaramanga,Colombia
RondaPlant:UASBFollowedbyLagoons,Parana,Brazil
RondaPlant:UASBFollowedbyLagoons,Parana,Brazil

UASBReactor PolishingLagoon

Lagoon
UASB Effluent
RawSewage Effluent
 UASB
Followed by
Anaerobic Filter
FlowDiagramofaUASBReactorFollowedby
anAnaerobicFilterinParana,Brazil

PreliminaryTreatment

SludgeDryingBeds

UASB
Reactor

AnaerobicFilter
UASBReactorFollowedbyanAnaerobic
FilterinTibagi,Parana,Brazil

AnaerobicFilter

Drying
UASB Beds

Preliminary
Treatment
TheEffluentoftheTibagiPlant,Parana,Brazil
BOD525mg/l,COD40100mg/l,TSS410mg/l

AnaerobicFilterEffluent
Wastewater Reuse for
Irrigation
 TheNeedforEffluentStorage:
TypicalAnnualCycleofaStabilization
Reservoir

inReservoir

toReservoir
ofReservoir
 CommonPracticeNoRelationBetween
IrrigationandWastewaterDisposal

WaterCollection
System

SEWAGE
TREATMENT
SEWAGE
COLLECTION
SYSTEM
RESERVOIR

IRRIGATED EFFLUENTDISCHARGE
FIELDS
 WastewaterReuseUsingaStabilization
ReservoirwhichCombinesStorageand
Treatment

SEWAGE
TREATMENT
SEWAGE
COLLECTION
SYSTEM
RESERVOIR

IRRIGATED
FIELDS CombinedStorageandTreatment
 TheStabilizationReservoir
ReuseConcept
WaterDepth812m

Municipal Max.Level(BeginningofIrrigationSeason) Effluent

Wastewater ForReuse
Pretreatment Min.(EndofIrrigationSeason) (UsuallybyDrip
Irrigation)
MayconsistofaVarietyof
Processesas:AnaerobicLagoons,
OxidationPonds,UASB, StabilizationReservoir
AnaerobicFilters,CEPT,Aerated
Lagoons,ActivatedSludgeand (forEffluemtStorageand
others,and combinantionsofthese Treatment)
proceses
ATwoCellsinSeriesReservoir
(MaaleHakishonReservoir)
EffluentSampleofMaaleHakishonReservoir
 AdditionalPotentialCombinedProcesses
(onlyideasandproposals)

n RFSfollowedbyUASBfollowedbySandFiltrationand
Disinfection
n RFSfollowedbyUASBfollowedbyDissolvedAir
Flotation(DAF)andDisinfection
n RFSfollowedbyCEPTFollowedbyDAFandDisinfection
n RFSfollowedbyUASBfollowedbyConstructedWetlands
n RFSfollowedbyAnaerobicFilterfollowedbyFacultative
Lagoons
n RFSfollowedbyAnaerobicFilterfollowedby
ConstructedWetlands
n RFSfollowedbyUASBfollowedbyAnaerobicFilter
followedbyDAFfollowedbyMicrofiltrationfollowedby
Nanofiltration
Appropriate Treatment
Technologies
Versus
Size of City
ProposedAppropriateTechnologyTreatmentProcessClassifiedaccordingtotheir
AdequacyforuseinVariousCategoriesofSizeofCities
LargeCities*** MediumSizeCities** SmallCities*

RotatingFineScreens RotatingFineScreens RotatingFineScreens

LagoonSystemsofvarioustypesincludingLAS LagoonSystemsofvarioustypesincludingLAS
MixersaidedsystemsandCoveredAnaerobic MixersaidedsystemsandCoveredAnaerobic
Lagoons Lagoons

UASBReactors UASBReactors UASBReactors

AnaerobicFilters AnaerobicFilters AnaerobicFilters
CEPT CEPT

ConstructedWetlands

ReuseforIrrigationSystems ReuseforIrrigationSystems ReuseforIrrigationSystems

SubmarineOutfalls SubmarineOutfalls

UASBAnaerobicFilterCombination UASBAnaerobicFilterCombination UASBAnaerobicFilterCombination

UASBLagoonsCombination UASBLagoonsCombination

CEPTSandFiltrationCombination CEPTSandFiltrationCombination

UASBSandFiltrationCombination UASBSandFiltrationCombination UASBSandFiltrationCombination

UASBDissolvedAirFlotationCombination UASBDissolvedAirFlotationCombination UASBDissolvedAirFlotationCombination

OtherCombinationsNeedaSpecificReviewto OtherCombinationsNeedaSpecificReviewto OtherCombinationsNeedaSpecificReviewto

determineiftheyareadequateforlargecities determineiftheyareadequateformediumsize determineiftheyareadequateforsmallcities
cities
TreatmentCapacityandCostsof
thePresentedAppropriate
TechnologyProcesses
 TreatmentCapacityandCostsofthePresented
AppropriateTechnologyProcesses
Process TotalBOD TSS InvestmentCost O&MCost
Removal Removal
Capacity, Capacity,
% %

US$/Habitant Percentage US$/Year/Habitant Percentage

of of
Activated Activated
Sludge Sludge
Cost Cost

Conventional 8090% 8090% 80100 100% 45 100%

ActivatedSludge
(Justfor
reference,thisis
notan
appropriate
process)

RotatingFine 030% 030% 310 410% 0.10.15 2.53%

Screens

Conventional 7090% 7090% 2040 2540% 0.20.4 58%

LagoonsSystems

LASMixers 9095% 8095% 2040 2540% 0.20.4 58%

AidedLagoons

CoveredLagoons 9095% 8095% 2050 2550% 0.20.4 58%

FollowedbyLAS
MixersAided
Facultative
Lagoons

UASBReactors 6075% 6070% 2040 2540% 11.5 2530%

AnaerobicFilters 7080% 7080% 1025 1525% 0.81 1520%

CEPT 7075% 8090% 3050 3550% 24 5080%

Constructed 8090% 8090% 3060 4060% 24 5080%

Wetlands

Reusefor 7595% 7590% 3050 4050% 0.20.4 58%

IrrigationSystems

Submarine 99.9% 99.9% 330 430% 0.10.15 2.53%

Ourfalls

UASBAnaerobic 9095% 8095% 530 630% 11.5 2530%

Filter
Combination
 Cost Cost

Conventional 8090% 8090% 80100 100% 45 100%

ActivatedSludge
(Justfor
reference,thisis
notan
appropriate
process)

RotatingFine 030% 030% 310 410% 0.10.15 2.53%

Screens

Conventional 7090% 7090% 2040 2540% 0.20.4 58%

LagoonsSystems

LASMixers 9095% 8095% 2040 2540% 0.20.4 58%

AidedLagoons

CoveredLagoons 9095% 8095% 2050 2550% 0.20.4 58%

FollowedbyLAS
MixersAided
Facultative
Lagoons

UASBReactors 6075% 6070% 2040 2540% 11.5 2530%

AnaerobicFilters 7080% 7080% 1025 1525% 0.81 1520%

CEPT 7075% 8090% 3050 3550% 24 5080%

Constructed 8090% 8090% 3060 4060% 24 5080%

Wetlands

Reusefor 7595% 7590% 3050 4050% 0.20.4 58%

IrrigationSystems

Submarine 99.9% 99.9% 330 430% 0.10.15 2.53%

Ourfalls

UASBAnaerobic 9095% 8095% 530 630% 11.5 2530%

Filter
Combination

UASBLagoons 8590% 7080% 3050 3850% 11.5 2.53%

Combination

CEPTSand 8090% 8090% 4050 4050% 24 5080%

Filtration
Combination

UASBSand 8090% 8090% 3050 3850% 11.5 2530%

Filtration
Combination

UASBDissolved 8090% 8090% 3050 3850% 11.5 2530%

AirFlotation
Combination
ManyThanksforYour
Attention