Polygons

is a plane shape with straight sides.

many-sided figures, with sides that are line segments.
Polygons are named according to the number of sides and angles they
have.
Polygon comes from Greek. Poly- means "many" and -gon means
"angle".

Types of Polygons

Regular or Irregular
If all angles are equal and all sides are equal, then it is regular, otherwise it
is irregular

Regular Irregular

Concave or Convex
A convex polygon has no angles pointing inwards. More precisely, no
internal angle can be more than 180.

If any internal angle is greater than 180 then the polygon is concave.
(Think: concave has a "cave" in it)

Convex Concave
Simple or Complex
A simple polygon has only one boundary, and it doesn't cross over itself. A
complex polygon intersects itself! Many rules about polygons don't work
when it is complex.

Simple Polygon Complex Polygon

(this one's a Pentagon) (also a Pentagon)

Names of Polygons

If it is a Regular
Polygon...
Name Sides Shape Interior Angle
Triangle (or Trigon) 3 60

Quadrilateral (or 4 90
Tetragon)
Pentagon 5 108

Hexagon 6 120

Heptagon (or Septagon) 7 128.571

Octagon 8 135

Nonagon (or Enneagon) 9 140

Decagon 10 144

Hendecagon (or 11 147.273

Undecagon)
Dodecagon 12 150

Triskaidecagon 13 152.308
 Tetrakaidecagon 14 154.286
Pentadecagon 15 156
Hexakaidecagon 16 157.5
Heptadecagon 17 158.824
Octakaidecagon 18 160
Enneadecagon 19 161.053
Icosagon 20 162
Triacontagon 30 168
Tetracontagon 40 171
Pentacontagon 50 172.8
Hexacontagon 60 174
Heptacontagon 70 174.857
Octacontagon 80 175.5
Enneacontagon 90 176
Hectagon 100 176.4
Chiliagon 1,000 179.64
Myriagon 10,000 179.964
Megagon 1,000,00 ~180
0
Googolgon 10100 ~180
n-gon n (n-2) 180 / n

Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral just means "four sides"
(quad means four, lateral means side).

Any four-sided shape is a Quadrilateral.

But the sides have to be straight, and it has to be 2-dimensional.

Properties

Four sides (edges)

Four vertices (corners)

The interior angles add up to 360 degrees:

 Try drawing a quadrilateral, and measure the angles. They should add to
360

Types of Quadrilaterals

There are special types of quadrilateral:

The Rectangle

means "right angle"

and show equal sides

quadrilateral with four right angles

opposite sides that are parallel,

opposite angles that are congruent,

opposite sides that are congruent,

 consecutive angles that are supplementary, and

diagonals that bisect each other.

Characterizations

A convex quadrilateral is a rectangle iff (if and only if) it is any one of the
following:

a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d whose area is

.

a convex quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d whose area is

[7]

equiangular

a parallelogram ABCD where triangles ABD and DCA are congruent

a parallelogram with at least one right angle

a parallelogram with diagonals of equal length

a quadrilateral with four right angles

Formula

If a rectangle has length and width w

it has area ,

it has perimeter ,

each diagonal has length ,

and when , the rectangle is a square.

The Rhombus

A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length.

Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.

Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second

figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In other words they "bisect"
(cut in half) each other at right angles.

Formulas

Area

Perimeter

The Square

means "right
angle"
 show equal sides

A square has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90)

Also opposite sides are parallel.

A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90), and
a rhombus (all sides are equal length).

Area

Perimeter

Diagonal length

Area of inner circle

Area of outer circle

The Parallelogram
 A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also
opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are
the same).

NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!

Example:
A parallelogram with:

all sides equal and

angles "a" and "b" as right angles

is a square!

Perimeter

Area

The Trapezoid
 Trapezoid Isosceles Trapezoid

Isosceles trapezoid
In an isosceles trapezoid, the base angles have the same measure, and the
other pair of opposite sides AD and BC also have the same length.

Right trapezoid
A trapezoid is right, if one or more angles are right (90 degrees).
A right trapezoid always has at least 2 or 4 right angles.

Area of a trapezoid
The area of a trapezoid can be calculated with the formula:

Calculating the height

The height of a trapezoid can be calculated with the formula:

or a more complicated formula, if only the side lengths are known:

Calculating the diagonal lengths
The lenghts of the diagonals can be calculated with the formulas:

The Kite

It has two pairs of sides.

Each pair is made up of adjacent sides that are equal in length.

The angles are equal where the pairs meet. Diagonals (dashed lines)
meet at a right angle, and one of the diagonal bisects (cuts equally in
half) the other.

Irregular Quadrilaterals
The only regular quadrilateral is a square. So all other quadrilaterals are
irregular.

The "Family Tree" Chart

Using the chart below you can answer such questions as:

Is a Square a type of Rectangle? (Yes)

Is a Rectangle a type of Kite? (No)