ECD Lab Project Final Report

FM Transmitter

Submitted by:-
Hassan TariqMajeed
Ali Hassan Khan

Submitted to:-

Miss FazeelatMazhar

Department of Electrical Engineering

FAST National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences

Chiniot Faisalabad Campus

Objectives:-
The objective of our project is to design an FM transmitter that transmits signals
using frequency modulation.

Introduction:-
FM transmitter is a transmitter that transmits the radio audio signal on carrier
wave by frequency modulation. In FM transmitter, we apply an audio signal on input of a certain
circuit, that circuit does some changes in signal and broadcast in the air, then a receiver catch this
signal converted into audio signal and then we can listen the actual audio signal.

Theory:-
Audio signal from the microphone is very low level signal, of the order of milli volts.
This extremely small voltage needs to be first amplified. A common emitter configuration of a
bipolar transistor, biased to operate in class A region, produces an amplified inverted signal.

Another important aspect of this circuit is the colpitt oscillator circuit. This is a LC oscillator
where energy moves back and forth between the inductor and capacitor forming oscillations. It is
mainly used for RF application.

When this oscillator is given a voltage input, the output signal is a mixture of the input signal and
the oscillating output signal, producing a modulated signal. In other words, the frequency of the
oscillator generated circuit varies with the application of an input signal, producing a frequency
modulated signal.

Block diagram:-
Circuit Diagram:-

Components:-
Resistors
Capacitor
Inductor
Transistor (BC547 , 2N2219)
Batteries
Headphone jack
Connecting wires

Working:-
Audio input from the microphone or any other device is first amplified using the
common emitter configuration of BC547 (Q1). First of all we apply some audio single at base of
transistor (Q1), signal passing through the coupling capacitor C1 (4.7uf) . Base Emitter junction
of transistor become forward biased, and then transistor is in active mode.This amplified signal is
then given to the oscillator circuit through the coupling capacitor C3. In this project, we use
colpitts oscillator. The oscillator circuit consists at two parts, first is capacitor and second is
inductor. First of all capacitor starts charging, at a certain time capacitor become fully charged,
then capacitor discharging through inductor, then inductor fully charged and vice versa. By this
mechanism, we generate a sinusoidal signals.
The output signal from the emitter of the transistor is coupled to the input of the power amplifier
transistor using the coupling capacitor. As this signal is amplified, the variable capacitor in the
power amplifier section tends to maintain an output matching with that of the oscillator. The
amplified RF signal is then transmitted using antenna.

The transmitter uses the frequency modulation technique. So it evident that in Frequency
Modulation, the amplitude of RF carrier stays constant while as frequency varies according to
the intensity of the audio signal. As the input amplitude of signal increases (i.e. during the
positive half cycles) the frequency of the carrier increases too, on the other hand when the input
signal decreases in amplitude (negative half-cycle or no signal) the carrier frequency decreases
accordingly. When we speak something through our mouth the sound waves, which are pressure
waves, hits the diaphragm of the capacitor microphone which are converted into electrical signal.
This electrical signal is fed to the transistors base which changes the output frequency of the
transmitter. The output frequency of the transmitter is adjustable from 88 to 108 MHz under
commercial FM band.

Calculations:-
Pre amp designing:-
OF Q1(BC547)=285;

Let us assume biased current value to be about 1mA.

VCC=9V;

VCE=VCC/2=4.5V;

BECAUSE VE =0,SO

VC=VCE+VE;

VC=4.5+0=4.5V;

RC=(VCC-VC)/IC;

RC=4.7K;

IB=IC/ =3.5A;

RB=(VBB-VB)/IB;

RB=1M;

gm=IC/Vt;
gm=40mA/V;

Av=-gmRc;

Av=188

Coupling capacitor c1= 4.7 uf

Coupling capacitor c3= 4.7 uf

Designing of Oscillators:-
We know for oscillations f = 1/2(LC)^1/2 . We are required to generate frequencies between
88 MHz to 108MHz. So first we select inductor L. Let L = 0.2uH .so my putting all values in
above formula we have C6=5pf 20 pf.

Beta=208;

Vcc=9v;

Vce=9/2=-4.5v;

Ic=1mA;

Vb=Ve+0.7;

Vc=6.2;

Vb=1.7+0.7=2.4;

Ve=1.7;

Rc=Vcc-Vc/Ic=2.8k;

Ib=Ic/beta=4.8uA;

Ie=Ic/alpha=1.004mA;

Re=Ve/Ie=996;

gm=Ic/Vt=40mV;
re=alpha/gm=24.88V;

Av=-gm*Rc/1+gm*Re = -2.742

Beta =

Designing of power amp:-

Since we require a low power output, we prefer using a class A power amplifier with LC tank
circuit at the output. The values of the tank circuit components are same as that in oscillator
circuit. Here we select the biasing resistor to be about 20K and coupling capacitor of about 10
pF. At the collector of transistor we use an antenna to transmission of signals

Graphs:-
Output pre amp:-
Hardware Circuit Diagram:-

Applications:-

FM transmitters are commonly used to broadcast stationary audio source.

It can be used for commercial and non-commercial broadcasting.
It can also be used as cordless mic in educational institutions.
It can also be used for spying purposes

Advantages:-
This circuit is small and can be easily used.
 It is constructed at low price.
Its operation range is quite large.
It is less affected by building and can receive indoors.
The efficiency of transmission is very high.

Disadvantages:-
This system is not secure.
Receiver for required for everyone.
It requires at least one free channel between the channels to prevent
interference.
The biggest problem with FM transmitter is outside interference. Outside
interference may occurs with nearby ration channels.

Improvements:-
Use a multi-turn variable capacitor; this will allow better fine tuning of your
carrier frequency.
Replace the standard LC-tuned oscillator with a solid state oscillator

Vary the length of the antenna until you maximize the length of the
transmission.

Cost:-
The cost of this project is PRs 500.