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13. What is the one distinct difference between P-f and Q-V control?
The surplus of megavars tends to increase the frequency of a system. The changes are
not uniform but will be greatest at the buses where the Q surplus is the greatest. This is one
distinct difference between P-f and Q-[V] control.
16. What is the difference between large signal and small signal analysis?
Voltages and powers may undergo sudden changes of magnitude that may approach 100
percent of normal operating values. Usually, this type of analysis leads to differential
equations of nonlinear type. Small signal analysis is used when variable excursions are
relatively small, typically at most a few percent of normal operating values.
26. What is the need for very large mechanical forces in speed governing system?
Very large mechanical forces are needed to position the main value (or gate) against, the
high steam (or water) pressure, and these forces are obtained via several stages of
hydraulic amplifiers.
29. Specify the use of static and dynamic response of the ALFC loop.
The static response of the ALFC loop yielded important information about frequency
accuracy. The dynamic response of the loop will inform about tracking ability and stability of
the loop.
36. What are the points to be considered in static performance of AVR loop?
The AVR loop must a. Regulate the terminal voltage V to withi
accuracy limit. b. Have sufficient speed of response.
44. What are the disadvantages of switched capacitors are employed for compensation?
When switched capacitors are employed for compensation, these should be avoiding
excessive voltage rise and Ferro resonance in presence of transformers.
Automation and Control System. It oversees the distribution system including connected loads.
63. What is meant by SCADA?
SCADA refers to a system that enables an electricity utility to remotely monitor,
coordinate, control and operate transmission and distribution. Components, equipment and
devices in a real time mode from a remote location with acquisition of data for analysis and
planning from one control location.
67. What are the uses of distribution automation through SCADA systems?
Distribution automation through SCADA systems directly leads to increased reliability
of power for consumers and lower operating costs for the utility. It results in forecasting
accurate demand and supply management, faster restoration of power in case of a failure and
alternative routing of power in an emergency.
contingency
85. What are the two assumptions for deriving the loss coefficients?
The two assumptions for deriving the loss coefficients are, a. The ration X/R for all the
transmission lines is the same. b. The phase angle of all the load currents is the same.
which uses high voltage overhead power lines as the means of transmission
90. Why the DP techniques in scheduling of power generation system are developed?
The DP techniques in scheduling of power systems are developed for the following. a.
The economic dispatch of thermal systems. b. The solution of hydrothermal economic
scheduling problems. c. The practical solution of the unit commitment problem.
114. What are the two approaches to treat a thermal unit to operating temperature?
The first allows the unit boiler to cool down and then heat back up to operating
temperature in time for a scheduled turn on. The second requires that sufficient energy be input
to the boiler to just maintain operating temperature.
115. What are the techniques for the solution of the unit commitment problem?
118. What are the optimization techniques for long range hydro scheduling problem?
Dynamic programming, Composite hydraulic simulation methods, Statistical production
cost.
139. What are the known values in short term hydro scheduling problem?
The load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are assumed known.
141. What are the functions of security constraints optimal power flow?
In this function, contingency analysis is combined with an optimal power flow which
seeks to make changes to the optimal dispatch of generation. As well as other adjustments, so
that when a security analysis is run, no contingency result in violations.
146. What are the priorities for operation of modern power systems?
Operate the system in such a way that power is delivered reliably.
Within the constraints placed on the system operation by reliability considerations, the system
will be operated most economically.
155. What are the advantages of pool operation with respect to LFC?
i) 50% of the added load in area 2 will be supplied by area 1 through the tie line.
ii) Frequency droop will be only half compared with that of single area.
It is a device by means of which the speed governing system may be adjusted to change the
speed or power output of the turbine.
16 marks questions
PART B
1. Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system. (16)
2. What are the components of speed governor system of an alternator? Derive a transfer
function and sketch a block diagram. (16)
3. Draw and explain the basic P-f and Q-V control loops. (16)
4. Briefly explain about the plant level and the system level controls. (16)
5. Briefly discuss the classification of loads and list out the important characteristics of various
types of loads.(16)
6. i) Briefly explain the overview of system operation. (8)
ii) Explain about the Static characteristics of various loads (8)
7. Write a detailed technical note on the operating problems in power systems.
8. Short notes on the following
a. Generator response to load change
b. Load response to frequency deviation.
9. Explain the speed droop characteristics of governor.
10. Explain Composite regulating characteristics of Power systems.
11. Explain Transfer of power between active sources
2. Derive the transfer function of an uncontrolled load frequency control of a single area system
and derive the expression for static error following a step load change. (16)
3. Draw the transfer function block diagram for a two area system provided with governor
control and obtain the steady state frequency error following a step load change in both the
areas. (16)
per kVA of generator capacity. Calculate the frequency to which the generated voltage drops
before the steam flow commences to increase to meet the new load. (16)
5. The data pertaining to a single area power system with linear load-frequency characteristics
are as follows:
Rated Capacity = 2000 MW System Load = 1000 MW Inertia Constant = 5
sec Speed regulation = 0.03 pu Load damping factor = 1 pu
Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz Governor Time constant = 0 sec Turbine time
constant = 0 sec
For a sudden change in load of 20 MW, determine the steady state frequency deviation and the
change in generation in MW and reduction in original load in MW (16)
6. The data pertaining to a single area power system with linear load-frequency characteristics
are as follows:
Rated Capacity = 1200 MW, System Load = 600 MW, Inertia Constant= 4 sec, Speed
regulation = 4%
Load damping factor = 0.85 pu Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz, Governor Time constant
= 0 sec, Turbine time constant = 0 sec, For a sudden change in load of 40 MW,
determine the steady state frequency deviation (16)
7. A two area power system has two identical areas with parameters are given below: Rated
Capacity of the area = 3000 MW. Nominal Operating load = 1500 MW Inertia Constant = 4 sec
Speed regulation= 4%. Load damping factor = 1 pu Nominal Frequency = 50 Hz, Governor
Time constant = 0.06 sec Turbine time constant = 0.3 sec, A load increase M2 = 30 MW,
occurs in area 2 Determine i) the steady state frequency deviation ii) P12s
(16)
3. Explain different types of static VAR compensators with a phasor diagram (16)
5. The load at receiving end of a 3 overhead line is 30 MW, 0.8 pf lag at the line voltage of
66kV. A synchronous compensator is situated at sending end and the voltage at both ends of the
line is maintained at 66kV. Calculate the MVAR of compensator. The line has a resistance and
reactance of 6/ph, 24 /ph, respectively. (16)
7. Two sub-station are connected by two lines in parallel with negligible impedance, but each
containing a tap-changing transformer of reactance 0.22pu on the basis of its rating of 200
MVA. Find the net absorption of reactive power when the transformer, taps are set to 1:1.08,
and 1:0.95 respectively. Assume pu voltages to be equal at the two ends. (16)
2. Explain Priority list method using full load average production cost. State the merits and
demerits. (16)
3. Explain with a neat flowchart the procedure for finding the solution for unit commitment
problems using forward DP method. (16)
4. There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the system load.
The fuel cost data and generation operating unit data are given below:
F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 + 0.001093 P12
F2 = 217 + 5.495 P2 + 0.001358 P22
F3 = 65.5 + 6.695 P3 + 0.004049 P32 , P1, P2, P3 in MW
Generation limits : 150 P1 600 MW
100 P2 400 MW
50 P3 200 MW
There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit commitment table.
Adopt Brute force enumeration technique. Show the details of economic schedule and the
component and total costs of operation for each feasible combination of units for the load level
of 900 MW.
6. Obtain the priority list of unit commitment using full load average production cost for the
given data for the load level of 900 MW.
F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 + 0.001093 P12
F2 = 217 + 5.495 P2 + 0.001358 P22
F3 = 65.5 + 6.695 P3 + 0.004049 P32 , P1, P2, P3 in MW
Generation limits: 150 P1 600 MW
100 P2 400 MW
50 P3 200 MW
There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit commitment table.
(16)
7. Derive the expression for base point and participation method. (16)
8. Give iteration algorithm for solving economic scheduling problem, without transmission
loss. (16)
9. Derive coordination equation for economic dispatch including losses, in the power system.
Give steps for economic dispatch calculation. Neglecting losses (16)
10. Consider the following three units: IC1 = 7.92 + 0.003124 PG1
IC2 = 7.85 + 0.00388 PG2
IC3 = 7.97 + 0.00964 PG3
PD = 850 MW
PG1 = 392.2 MW, PG2 = 334.6 MW, PG3 = 122.2 MW
Determine the optimum schedule if the load is increased to 900 MW by using Participation
Factor method.(16)
PART B
1. Explain the different system operating states. (16)
2. Discuss about automatic substation control using SCADA. (16)
3. Explain about SCADA configuration. (16)
4. Briefly discuss the various functions of energy control centre. (16)
5. Explain the hardware components and functional aspects of SCADA system using a
fundamental block diagram. (16)
6. Explain the various controls for secure operation. (16)
7. Explain briefly how the system states are continuously monitored and controlled (16)
1. Explain the methods availabilities for providing economic operation of power system
2. Write short notes on load curve load duration curve energy curve
3. Explain about spinning reserve, hot reserve, cold reserve
4. Explain the solution for solving priority list method by dynamic programming method.
5. Explain about load forecasting and weather sensitive load model
6. Explain the static state estimation of power system.
7. Explain the algorithm for system when operating non steady state condition.
8. How to detect and identify the bad data?
9. Derive the equation for loss coefficients
10. Explain about base point and participation factors?
11. Explain the solution technique for solving hydro thermal scheduling problem?
12. Explain the operating states of power system?
13. Explain the preventive action taken for emergency and restorative control?
14. Write short notes on long range hydro scheduling problem short range hydro scheduling
problem
15. Explain the mathematical tech. For hydro thermal scheduling problem?
16. Explain about system equivalency.