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Abyev` : kwn`yj Bmjvg
wPvi ^vaxbZvi hyM (wMm I ivg)

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Rb : 16-10-1861
Ges mwZ mwZB Zviv hv KiwQj ZvI
gZz : 01.06-1927
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wkvevZv-45
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wkvevZv-46
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gZvgZi Rb GvbvvMvivm `wZ nqwQjb, m-wj h
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cfvekvjx GKwU hywev`x Mvw Mo DVwQj| Zviv
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Ame Ki ZzjwQj| Zv-Qvov ag`vwnZv (Blasphemy)
AvgY KiZ AvgY Kij GvbvvMvivmK| Zviv
AvBbi wU mKji PvL coZ i KiwQj, KviY
evmdwg ev ag`vwnZvi wei GK AvBb cvk Kwiq wbj|
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aibi Dk AekB wQj| Ze wKQz LuvwU Muvovwg
GvbvvMvivm wkv w`Zb h, `eZviv weg~Z
_K nqwQj GUvI mwZ| kvmKkwYi fq wQj h, Gic
(Abstraction) Ges mvaviY G_evmx mKvj-weKvj h
m`nev`x (Sceptical) wPv wkwZ I AeKvkfvMx kYxi
m~hi Dcvmbv Ki, Zv GKwU Rj c`v_ gv| ZvB ZuvK
evBi mvaviY gvbyli ga Qwoq coZ cvi| wMK Ges
mnRB ag`vnx cgvY Kiv hvq| mvU cwiwKm ZuvK gZzi
ci ivgvb`i ga Ggb GKwU mvaviY wekvm wQj h, ag
nvZ _K iv Kib wK ZuvK weivU AsKi Rwigvbv w`Z
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nqwQj| wZwb G_ Qo jvmvK&&m Pj hvb| mLvb
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ZuvK iZ I mvbi mv_ MnY Kiv nqwQj|
wnme Gi cqvRbxqZvq wekvm KiZb Ges `vkwbKivI
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Aviv wjwce AvQ| AbZg cavb mvwd cvUvMvivm Pv KiZb bv| mvaviYZ huviv cwZwZ ag wekvm KiZb
(wLt c~t 490-421 wLt c~t) `eZv`i m^ (On the bv, Zviv Zv wbq ewk n P KiZb bv eis evBi Zv gb
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hvq cvPxb RMZi cwiek Zv Kiv hZ bv| Ze G_i
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( 470-399 wLt c~t)| wkvwe``i ga wZwb wQjb k
RvbZ cvwi bv Zvi GKvwaK KviY AvQ| welqwUi
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G_ _K cvwjq hvb| wK wPvi ^vaxbZvK `wgq BwZevPK dj w`Z bv wVK Ze cgvY KiZv h, ^xKZ

wkvevZv-47
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Kmva welq| vb I bwZK DrKlZv mK Zuvi Aek
wKQz mywbw` gZvgZ wQj| m-jv `kbi BwZnvm mevP
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AvMni avivwU GLb Avgv`i cqvRb AwZ Riwi| hv`i
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m K_v ejZb Ges mg Rbwcq wekvmK wZwb hywi
mvgb `uvo KivZb, gy gb mKj cki Di LuyRZb Ges
msLvMwii gZvgZ ev KZci wb`ki AvjvK Kvbv
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h, Kvbv gZev`i mZZv wbYq wZwb msLvii mg_bi
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cavb `vkwbK wnme ^xKwZ jvf KiwQjb| Zuv`i ga
KD KD G_i BwZnvm wewk f~wgKv iLwQjb|
G_ hw` m-w`b msev`c _vKZv, Zvnj mvsevw`Kiv
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wL:c~:)| GB me DrcvZ mI mwUm e eqm
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G_evmxK wkv`vbi KvR wbhy wQjb| Zvici mi
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nbbKvix wnme Zuvi wePvi nq Ges ZuvK cvY` `qv nq
(399 wLt c~t)| GUv Avhi evcvi h, G_evmx hw`
ZuvK mwZ GKRb wecbK ew gb KiZv, Zvnj Zviv
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bIqv nq| BQv Kij wZwb cvwjq hZ cviZb| hw`
wZwb Avi wkKZv bv-Kivi AxKvi KiZb, Zvnj GUv
wkvevZv-48
wbwZ h, wZwb Qvov cZb| h, 501 Rb mvaviY
G_evmx Zuvi wePvi KiwQjb, ek eo msLvjNy Ask
Zuvi gywi Rb fvU w`qwQjb| Ggb wK, wZwb hw` ZLbI
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KiwQjb| mwUmi mePq gavex Qv `vkwbK
GbmvBKvcwWqv-weUvwbKvi mekl msiYi cdmi
RvKmb AZ fve Zv Zzj aiQb|
cUv (427-347 wL. c~.) The Apology of Socrates
(mwUmi KwdqZ) eBZ mwUmi AvZc mg_bi
welq Zvi mviggwU wjwce KiQb| Zuvi wei cavb
AwfhvM wQj GB h, bMievmx h-me `eZvi c~Rv KiZv
wZwb Zv`i ^xKvi Kib bv| GUv cwivi h wZwb IB
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Kwi cavb h `y-wU welq wZwb cwZwZ KiZ ciwQjb
Zvnjv :
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KZc ev wekl Av`vjZi wbeZbg~jK c`c A^xKvi
Kivi kw ARb KiZ ne hw` wZwb m-jvK fzj ej
gb Kib| A_vr Avgv`i fvlvq wZwb gvbyli Zwi
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KvR ej gb Kib| wZwb wekvm Kib h, `vkwbK weZK
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