RUST CONVERTING CAPACITY OF TANNIC ACID FROM BANANA ETHANOLIC

EXTRACT

An investigatory project in partial fulfillment

of the requirements in
Research II B

Edward Jairus T. Doce

John Voltaire R. Jalalon
Maverick Lance N. Loyola
Ma. Sofia Issabelle DC. Antonio
Beatrice R. Bacason
Rio Angela F. Castro
Gwyneth Marian P. Torrecampo

QUEZON CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

SY. 2015-2016

Mr. Ian Mark F. Allas

Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona
Research Advisers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii.

Acknowledgement iii.

Abstract iv.

List of Tables v.

List of Figures vi.

List of Plates vii

Introduction

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 1

Hypothesis 1

Objectives 1

Significance of the Study 2

Scope and Limitations 2

Review of Related Literature 3

Methodology

Flowchart 8

General Procedure 9

Results and Discussion 10

Conclusions 14

Recommendation 15

Bibliography 16

Appendices

Appendix A 18

Appendix B 19
 APPROVAL SHEET

The investigatory project entitled Rust Converting Capacity of Tannic Acid from Banana Ethanolic
Extract, was prepared and submitted by Ma. Sofia Issabelle D.C. Antonio, Beatrice R. Bacason, Rio
Angela F. Castro, Gwyneth Marian P. Torrecampo, Edward Jairus T. Doce, John Voltaire R.
Jalalon, and Maverick Lance N. Loyola, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research II B.

_____________________ Ms. Ma.Pilar P. Carmona

Date Research Adviser

Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research II B.

Mr. Ian Mark F. Allas Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona

Research Adviser Research Adviser

ii.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Utmost gratitude is hereby extended to the following who never ceased in helping until the
completion of this research:

The Research Advisers, Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona and Mr. Ian Mark F. Allas for their trust and
support,

The Consultants, Mr. Dalton Fortin of De La Salle University, Dr. Evangeline Amor of the Institute
of Chemistry-University of the Philippines Diliman, and Mr. Vince St. Mesias of the Bureau of Soils
and Water Management for their unwavering guidance and for sharing their scientific expertise,

Maria Kristine L. Bautista and Felicidad Christina Ramirez of Analytical Services

Laboratory-University of Santo Tomas and Mrs. Maribel Jalalon of the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management, for performing a crucial process in this research,

For the unwavering moral, emotional, and financial support of the proponents family, teachers, and
friends.

Above all, heartfelt appreciation to the Almighty God for the divine intervention in this academic
endeavour.

iii.
 ABSTRACT

Metals are very common materials used in construction of several structures. However, due to
oxidation, rusting occurs, lessening the metals quality. Due to this problem, commercial rust converters
are manufactured. However, their price makes them unavailable to certain individuals. In order to address
this, a comprehensive research on rust conversion has been organized.

This study aims to test the rust converting capability of tannic acid extracted from commonly
found banana peels and to utilize it as a cheaper and equally effective alternative for commercial rust
converters.

The extract was obtained by oven-drying pulverized banana peels for 60 OC for 24 hours and
soaking them in 95% ethyl alcohol before having them rotary evaporated for 12 hours to isolate the
needed component. The resulting extract was then subjected to column chromatography. It was applied to
rusted iron plates with different treatments. The plates underwent a color test program for the results to be
analyzed. Data were then gathered and organized.

The results showed that the tannin extract yielded a lower amount of converted rust molecules
compared to the amount of rust conversion by the 1.0 g concentration of commercial tannic acid.
However, it displayed a higher amount of converted rust compared to the 0.1 g and 0.01 g concentrations
of commercially available tannic acid.

Since the tannic extract has the second highest and closest color depth values, it can be concluded
that it is effective in converting rust to iron tannate. Therefore, tannic acid from banana peels is an
effective rust converter.

iv.
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. (Highest bin with frequencies of the color depth values for the different treatments) Page 12

v.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. (Red, Green, and Blue Values of 0.1g Tannin Treatment) Page 10
Figure 2. (Red, Green, and Blue Values of 1.0g Tannin Treatment) Page 10
Figure 3. (Red, Green, and Blue Values of 0.01g Tannin Treatment) Page 10
Figure 4. (Red, Green, and Blue Values of Tannin Extract Treatment) Page 11
Figure 5. (Red, Green, and Blue Values of Control Group) Page 12

vi.
 LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1. (Gathering and preparation of banana peels) Page 8

Plate 2. (Obtaining of crude banana extract from pulverized oven-dried peels) Page 8
Plate 3. (Filtering and subjecting of crude extract to rotary evaporator) Page 8
Plate 4. (Testing of extract for tannic acid) Page 8
Plate 5. (Obtaining of final extract through column chromatography) Page 8
Plate 6. (Rusting of iron strips) Page 8
Plate 7. (Preparation of different set-ups) Page 8
Plate 8. (Subjecting of samples to treatments) Page 8
Plate 9. (Running of color test program) Page 8
Plate 10. (Data gathering and conclusion of results) Page 8

vii.
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rust is the common name for the compound Fe2O3 which is also known as Iron oxide. This
compound is produced through the process of corrosion- an electrochemical process which involves an
anode (a piece of metal that gives off electrons), an electrolyte (a liquid that helps electrons move), and a
cathode (a piece of metal that accepts electrons). This is caused by oxygen and iron interacting with each
other.

Ninety percent of metals refined these days are iron. When a drop of water hits an iron, two
things will immediately occur: First, the electrolyte (water) will combine with the carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere to form a weak carbonic acid, which is a better electrolyte. As this acid is formed, the iron
dissolves. At the same time, some of the water begins to break down into oxygen and hydrogen
molecules. The oxygen molecule will then bond with the dissolved iron forming the said iron oxide.

As a result of this problem, many researchers tried to formulate different solutions. Finally, rust
converters were created. Those that have tannins and phosphoric acid had been paid special attention
among numerous others that are composed of different chemicals. However, the efficiency of rust
converters was controversial due to several factors, such as the type of acid and its concentration.

Statement of the Problem

Can the tannic acid from banana peels be used as an effective rust converter?

Hypothesis
Tannic acid from banana peels will be an effective rust converter.

Objectives
a. General
- To determine the effectiveness of tannic acid from banana peels as a rust
converter.
b. Specific
- To test the rust-converting capacity of tannic acid from banana peels
- To apply tannic acid to strips of rust-covered iron to measure its rust converting
capacity.

1
Significance of the Study
Bananas are popular fruits consumed worldwide with a yearly production of over 150 million
tonnes each year. It is eaten raw or cooked by removing the outer peelings. The discarded peelings
contribute to the massive amount of organic waste rotting in various dumpsites, therefore releasing
multiple toxic gases into the atmosphere.

This study will provide a way to take advantage of the abundance of wasted banana peelings. The
tannic acid extracted from banana peels will be used for rust conversion, which will not only reduce the
probability of acquiring rust-related diseases (e.g. tetanus), but also lessen the number of metals or steel
components that are wasted due to rust corrosion. This will likewise benefit society economically (less
money will be spent on purchasing metals), environmentally (reduction of discarded banana peels), and
agriculturally (boost in banana production).

Scope and Limitations

This study aims to cover the extraction of tannic acid from banana peels and its application to
rust-covered iron to test the effectiveness of tannic acid in converting rust.

Rust converters usually have two components: tannic acid and an organic polymer like 2-
Butoxyethanol. Aside from that, they may also include other acids that may speed up the process of rust
conversion, such as phosphoric acid. However, this study will only test tannic acids effectiveness in rust
conversion. No organic polymers or additional acids will be included.

2
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Banana

Banana plants are giant perennial monocotyledonous herbs of the order Zingiberales, a sister
group to the well-studied Poales. A huge amount of morphological variability is presented in the
cultivated banana. They are not trees, but rather giant herbs with a pseudostem or stems formed from the
bases of leaves rolled tightly around each other. Members of this genus are the largest perennial herbs in
the world, growing up to 15 meters tall. Main taproots are absent in banana plants cultivated vegetatively.
The diversity within the banana fruit is huge, ranging from sweet to savoury, bent to straight, and they
also vary in color.

Banana plants are grown in the tropical countries. They are found in Africa, Caribbean, Latin
America, Pacific and etc. They need as much warmth as can be given to them as well as wind protection.
They will thrive on most soils, except on salty ones. They also grow best on rich and well-drained soils.
Aside from this, they also favor acidic soils with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5.

Bananas contain high levels of minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and potassium as well as
vitamins A and C. They also have a lot of cardiovascular health and digestive benefits: bananas can lower
blood pressure and regulate the speed of digestion. Bananas also have many medicinal uses. The flowers
can be used to treat bronchitis and diabetes. The astringent plants sap is reputed to be effective in treating
hysteria, epilepsy, fever, and diarrhea and can also relieve hemorrhoids, insect bites, and stings. The
young leaves are used as poultices on burns. The roots are used for digestive problems, and the peel and
pulp of ripe bananas are found to have anti-fungal and antibiotic properties. Aside from this, bananas also
contain high levels of tannic acid.

Tannin

Tannin or Tannic Acid (Acidumtannicum) generally occurs in the roots, wood, bark, leaves, and
fruits of many plants, particularly in the nutgalls formed by insects on twigs of oak trees
(Quercusinfectoria and other Quercus species). It is a group of pale-yellow to light-brown amorphous
substances in the form of powder, flakes, or a spongy mass.

3
 It is used mainly in tanning leather, making ink, dyeing fabric, and also used as medicine. In
addition to its primary applications in leather manufacture and dyeing, tannic acid is also used in the
clarification of wine and beer, and also in boiler water to prevent scale formation.

Tannic acid may be classified chemically into two main groups, hydrolyzable and condensed.
Hydrolyzable tannic acid is decomposable in water, with which they react to form other substances. It
yields various water-soluble products, such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and sugars. The best
known hydrolyzable tannic acid is the gallotannin, or the common tannic acid. It is produced by
extraction with water or organic solvents from Turkish or Chinese nutgall. The condensed tannic acid,
meanwhile, forms insoluble precipitates called tanners reds or phlobaphenes. Some important condensed
tannins are the extracts from the wood or bark of quebracho, mangrove, and wattle.

Tannic acid is a primary active ingredient of commercial rust converters, together with organic
polymer. Rust converters are chemical solutions used to convert iron oxides or rust into a protective
chemical barrier by applying directly to an iron or iron alloy surface. These compounds interact with iron
oxides, converting them into an adherent black layer that is more resistant to moisture and protects the
surface from further corrosion. In this solution, tannic acid chemically converts the reddish iron oxides
into bluish-black ferric tannate that acts as a wetting agent and provides a protective primer layer in
conjunction with an organic polymer emulsion. Rust converter is usually applied to objects which are
difficult to sand blast, such as vehicles, trailers, fences, iron railings, sheet metals, and the outside of
storage tanks. It may also be used to restore and preserve iron-based items of historical importance.

According to Chrurch, Muto, and Striegel (2012), as compared to other commercially available
rust converters, the one that is tannic acid based stood out the most, which is Rust-oleum Rust
Reformer. In this rust converter, tannic acid acts as a chelating agent while the copolymer has a pH of
2.13. At the end of their experimentation, only the samples treated with the tannic acid based converter
showed no slight signs of any failure and no active corrosion.

As mentioned earlier, tannic acid is found in many plants. Some common plants that contain it are
cranberries, grapes, bananas, persimmons, and mangos. Bananas, compared to other common plants, have
the highest amount of tannic acid found in their peel. They are the fourth largest fruit crop in the world,
meaning they are easy to find. Since tannic acid is mainly found in banana peels, it can be used to convert
rust (iron oxide). One method of extracting tannic acid from banana peels is through the use of C18 in
reversed phase chromatography.

4
Reversed Phase Chromatography

Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC) is the total opposite of the Normal Phase Chromatography
(NPC). In this type of Chromatography, the solid phase substance is a non-polar silica gel that will retain
other non-polar organic materials as well. The retention is due to the adsorption of the hydrophobic matter
to each other. Decreasing the polarity of the organic solvent system used as a washing agent will reduce
the retention of the hydrophobic matter to the solid phase thus de-sorption will occur. Since the RPC is
the opposite of the NPC, the elution will also be in the opposite manner.

Elution in the Reverse Phase Chromatography is from polar to non-polar due to the adsorption of
the solid phase, in this case a non-polar silica gel, to the non-polar substance thus retaining it. The polar
substance will be the first one to be eluted and the further elution will be in decreasing polarity.

C18

C18 is a type of silica gel that contains 18 Carbons thus getting its name, C 18. It is a polymer-
based silica gel and is normally used in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (commonly known as
HPLC) Reverse Phase Chromatography. In a previous research study, after using Sephadex LH-20 to
extract phenolic flavonoids, C18 HPLC Reverse Phase Chromatography was used to extract the anti-
oxidants in the said extract. Since tannins and anti-oxidants are both polyphenolic compounds, C18 could
also be used to extract tannins from banana extract.

Iron

Iron, according to Grolier International Encyclopedia (Deluxe Home Edition), is a silvery white
solid metal that appears in Group VIII of the periodic table. Its atomic number is 26 and it is a transition
element in the periodic table. The chemical symbol of the said element is 'Fe' which is derived from the
Latin word ferrum. Iron is a well-known metal because of its many uses, including its contribution to the
formation of numerous useful alloys. In terms of Biology, iron is also very important.

Iron, in its pure form is soft and malleable. It melts at 1,535 C and boils at 3000 C. When an
iron is at room temperature, it exhibits ferromagnetism which is a strong magnetic behavior that allows
the metal to retain its physical properties even at the absence of an external, magnetic field. However,
when iron is heated at 768 C, it loses its ferromagnetic property and exhibits paramagnetism, a weaker
attraction to an applied magnetic field. Although iron can conduct electricity, compared to other metals
such as copper or silver, it is a poor conductor.

5
 Iron easily reacts with oxygen and this process is called oxidation. When iron atoms in steel react
with oxygen in the air, the result is the compound Iron (III) oxide, the principal component of rust. Iron
(III) oxide is very stable, which explains why rust does not readily change back to steel and oxygen.

Oxidation is the process by which a substance loses one or more electrons (Beall, Brower,LeMay,
&Robblee 1996). Oxidizing agents bring about the oxidation of another substance by accepting electrons
from that substance. When an iron is oxidized enough, it will start to corrode.

Corrosion, according to Grolier International Encyclopedia (Deluxe Home Edition), is the

reaction of iron, oxygen, and water to form hydrated iron oxide, which is commonly known as rust.
Corrosion of metals, such as iron, generally happens on the surface. The very thin layer of oxide in iron
protects the iron in dry air. In the presence of moisture, the thin oxide layer reacts with the hydrogen
atoms on the air thus forming an iron oxide and corrosion proceeds. Corrosion poses a problem in terms
of structural and economic safety because it results in the loss of structural strength of metals (Beall et
al.,1996). Consequently, rust converters were made to avoid this problem.

Rust Converter

Rust converters are primers or solutions that are designed to be applied directly on any rusted
surface. Unlike the old regime which is the scrape, prime and paint; using a rust converter saves the user a
lot of time because he does not have to bring the surface down to bare metal. The surface that is rusted
turns into a protective film (usually phosphates) that protects against rust. The surface also provides as a
primer so the user can add paint directly to the converted area.

The main component of a rust converter is tannin. Tannin or Tannic Acid reacts with the iron
oxide (or commonly known as rust), converting it to iron tannate. Iron tannate usually appears as a
blueish-black color corrosion product. Tannins are a group of water and alcohol-soluble natural products
extracted from a variety of plants. Little is known about their true nature and what it can certainly do
because of its complex structure. In the 1950's, a research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of
tannin solutions as rust primers. Since then, tannin has become a component in preserving corroded iron
artifacts on archeological sites.

Rust converters are used in conjunction with primers and surface paints called rust primers. The
use of rust converters is not easy because the user doesnt know the thickness of the accumulated rust on
the surface of the metal. Therefore, he cant determine how much is needed to be used. Aside from this,
the composition of the rust accumulated on the surface of the metal may vary so the rust converted varies
with the composition of the rust formed. If too much rust converter is applied to the rusted surface, an

6
acid surface will remain. But if insufficient amount of rust converter is applied, not all the rust will be
converted and thus will leave residual rust. The residual rust will serve as the starting point for new
corrosion processes. Because of these reasons, rust converters are not, therefore, permitted in many areas
of steel construction. They are useful as a chemical rust removal measure after which excess solution is
rinsed off before a coating is applied.

7
 METHODOLOGY
A. Flowchart

8
B. General Procedure
Fresh bananas were gathered from the local market. The peels were removed and oven-dried at
60C for 24 hours. The oven-dried peels were pulverized through blending and were soaked in 95% ethyl
alcohol. The resulting extract was filtered and the solvent was evaporated at 400C in a rotary evaporator
for 12 hours before being tested for tannic acid through the ferric chloride test. The remaining solvent was
evaporated through air-drying. The extract was subjected to column chromatography by using a C18
column. The final extract was compared to a standard (commercially available tannic acid) through the
ferric chloride test.

Twenty-five strips of iron were submerged in a bleach and vinegar solution (1 part vinegar to 2
parts bleach) for 1 day, then removed and air-dried completely. As a control, five strips of iron received 7
mL of water and no tannic acid. The next five strips were applied with 7 mL of tannic acid from banana
ethanolic extract. The next five strips were exposed to a 7 mL solution of 0.01g commercially available
tannic acid and water. The next five received a 7 mL solution of 0.1g commercially available tannic acid
and water. The remaining five strips received a 7 mL solution of 1.0g commercially available tannic acid
and water. These set-ups were prepared simultaneously, were left to dry for 1 day, then tested for rust by a
color test program created through Visual Basic 2010. Data were gathered and organized.

9
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results
shown in Figure 1
show that the highest
bin for the red value
of the plates treated
with 0.1g tannin is 40
with a frequency of
19,005, while the 2nd
highest bin is 20 with
a frequency of
17,115. The highest
bin for the green
value is 20 with a
frequency of 38,190
and the highest bin
for the blue value is
Figure 1. Red, Green, and Blue Values of 0.1g Tannin Treatment
20 with a frequency
31,004.

Since red, blue, and green form black when combined, and since tannin reacts with rust to form
iron tannate which is black in color, having close values of the color depths would indicate that most of
the rust was converted. Having higher red color depth values and lower green and blue color depth values
indicate that a large number of rust remained. However, having extremely high red color depth values and
extremely low blue color depth values would indicate that little to no rust was converted.

Since the red value of the 0.1g tannin treatment is higher than the blue and green value, this
indicates that a large number of the rust remained and was not converted. However, the red values are
close to the blue and green values, which indicates that, many rust molecules were converted to iron
tannate.

Analysis of
the 1.0g tannin
treatment yielded the
following results: the
highest bin for the
red value is 60 with
a frequency of
28,450, the highest
bin for the green
Figure 2. Red, Green, and Blue Values of 1.0g Tannin Treatment

10
value is 60 with a frequency of 34,374, and for the blue value, the highest bin is 60 with a frequency of
31,556 (Figure 2).

Since the R, G, and B values all have the same highest bin and frequencies close to each other,
this indicates that a large number of rust had been converted. Figure 2 also shows that the next highest bin
for the red value is 80 with a frequency of 27,359, indicating that a portion of the rust still remained.

The results of
the 0.01g tannin
treatment are as
follows: for the red
value, the highest bin
is 80 with a
frequency of 18,090.
The highest bin for
the green value is 40
with a frequency of
23,183 and for the
blue value, the
highest bin is 20 with
a frequency 24,789
(Figure 3).These
results indicate that
Figure 3. Red, Green, and Blue Values of 0.01g Tannin Treatment
though there was
conversion, only a small amount of rust was converted and the majority of the rust remained.

Figure 4 shows that the results for the tannin extract treatment are as follows: the highest bin for
the red value is 60 with a frequency of 37,192; bin 40 is the highest with a frequency of 55,279 for the
green value; for the blue value, bin 40 is the highest with a frequency of 53,851,

Based on the
results, a large portion of
the rust was converted
since the R, G, and B
values are close.
However, the highest bin
of the red value, which is
60, is higher than the
highest bin of the green
and blue values, which is
40. This indicates that
many rust molecules have

Figure 4. Red, Green, and Blue Values of Tannin Extract Treatment

11
been left unconverted.

Results for the control group are as follows: the highest bin for the red value is 160 with a
frequency of 29,864; the highest bin for the green value is 80 with a frequency of 29,548; the highest bin
for the blue value is 20 with a frequency of 27,613 (Figure 5).

Because the blue value is extremely low and the red value is extremely high, these results indicate
that little to no rust was converted.

Figure 5. Red, Green, and Blue Values of Control Group

Discussion
As previously discussed, there are two possible results: that the amount of rust converted by the
tannic extract and the different concentrations of the commercially available tannin is significantly
different, and that the amount of rust converted is not significantly different. The results support the first
possibility for two concentrations but not for the highest concentration.

Table 1. Highest bin with frequencies of the color depth values for the different treatments

Red Green Blue

Treatment
Highest Bin Frequency Highest Bin Frequency Highest Bin Frequency

0.01g Tannin 80 18,090 40 23,183 20 24,789

0.1g Tannin 40 19,005 20 38,190 20 31,004

1.0g Tannin 60 28,450 60 34,374 60 31,556

Tannic Extract 60 37,192 40 55,279 40 53,851

Control 160 29,864 80 29,548 20 27,613

12
 As shown in Table 1, the 1.0g tannin treatment, being the one with closest color depth values,
converted the most rust. This is followed by the tannic extract, which has the next highest and closest
color depth values, then the 0.1g tannin concentration, 0.01g tannin, and the control group, which had no
conversion.

13
 CONCLUSION

This purpose of this research was to test the rust converting capability of tannic acid extracted
from commonly found banana peels. The results showed that the tannin extract yielded a lower amount of
converted rust molecules compared to the amount of rust conversion by the 1.0 g concentration of
commercial tannic acid. However, it displayed a higher amount of converted rust compared to the 0.1 g
and 0.01 g concentrations of commercially available tannic acid. In general, the experimental data
supported the hypothesis that tannic acid from banana peels will be an effective rust converter. Although
Chrurch, Muto, and Striegel reported that samples treated with tannic acid based converter showed no
slight signs of any failure and no active corrosion, signs of unconverted rust were found in this
experiment. Discrepancies in the findings could be attributed to the lack of an organic polymer, which is
an essential component of rust converters. In Church, Muto, and Striegels experiment, a complete rust
converter with both tannic acid and an organic polymer was used, whereas in this study, only tannic acids
rust converting capability was tested.

14
 RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend that further studies should use Sephadex LH-20 to make the tannin
extraction easier and much less time-consuming. Also, it is suggested that the extracted tannin be
lyophilized so that its powder's consistency will accurately match that of the commercialized tannin.
Further investigations should also scan the iron plates' red-blue-green pixels before and after the
application of the various treatments. Moreover, it is advised to use qualitative data to yield more accurate
results.

15
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 APPENDIX A
A. Average of color depth values of 0.1g tannin treatment
Red Green Blue

57.81726 34.50183 35.20135

B. Average of color depth values of 1.0g tannin treatment

Red Green Blue

63.59406 53.07849 60.79024

C. Average of color depth values of 0.01g tannin treatment

Red Green Blue

89.55850 48.17734 38.40475

D. Average of color depth values of tannin extract treatment

Red Green Blue

46.53940 34.42014 39.87568

E. Average of color depth values of control group

Red Green Blue

161.40206 85.52478 36.37515

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 APPENDIX B
A. Preparation of banana peels by blitzing using a food processor and oven drying

B. Iron plates treated with water

C.

Iron plates treated with 0.01g Commercial Tannin

D. Iron plates treated with 0.1 g Commercial Tannin

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E. Iron plates treated with 1.0 g Commercial Tannin

F.

Iron plates treated with Tannic Extract

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