This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: D 822 9601

Standard Practice for Conducting Tests on

Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
Related Coatings and Materials Using Filtered Open-Flame
Carbon-Arc Exposure Apparatus1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in
filtered open-flame carbon-arc devices operated conducted according to Practice G 23. Two basic apparatus types are available for
coating evaluation since open-flame carbon-arc devices can be manufactured with or without automatic humidity control. These

1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Tests for Protective Coatings. Testing.
Current edition approved Jan. July 10, 1996. 2001. Published March 1996. September 2001. Originally published as D 822 45. Last previous edition D 822 896.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 822 9601
are Types E Practices G 151 and EH as described in Practice G 23.2 Each type of device can be operated with different types of
glass filters that filter various amounts of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. All references to use of this G 152. This practice must include
a description also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test
resultsed. Table 1 describes commonly used test conditions. Interlaboratory comparisons must be made only with devices using
the same filter type and test conditions.
1.2 Previous versions of this practice described exposures using either open-flame carbon arcs or enclosed carbon arcs.
conditions.
NOTE 1Previous versions of this practice D referenced carbon-arc devices described by Practice G 5023, which described very specific equipment
designs. Practice G 23 has been withdrawn and replaced by Practice G 151, which describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use
laboratory light sources, and by Practice G 152, which gives requirements for exposing nonmetallic materials in filtered open flame carbon-arc devices.
1.2 This practice does not cover enclosed carbon-arc exposure as of ppaints and relatued coatings, which is described in Practice
D 5031. Another procedure for exposing these products is covered by Practice D 3361, in which the specimens are subjected to
radiation from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc that produces much shorter wavelengths and higher levels of short wavelength
radiation than filtered open-flame or enclosed carbon arcs. Only automatic humidity controlled open-flame carbon-arc apparatus
(Type EH) is applicable to Practice D 3361. arcs.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in Weathering Tests of Coatings2

2
Apparatus and carbon arcs manufactured by Atlas Electric Devices Company, 4114 N. Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60613, and by Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd,
414 Shinjuku 5-chrome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160, Japan, have been found satisfactory for this purpose.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.

2
 D 822 9601
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposure Testing of Paints and Related CoatingsA
Uninsulated Black
Cycle Description Panel Temp,eratureB
F (C)
Cycle Number Cycle Description (C) (F) Typical UsesC
102 min light 145 6 5 general coatings 18 min light and water spray ,D E
(63 6 2.5)
1 145 6 5 general cContinuous light 63 6 2.5
18 min light and water spray
18 min light and water sprayD
Repeat continuously
18 h using:
102 min light 145 6 5 general coatings
102 min light 145 6 5 General coatings and historical conventionE
18 min light and water spray 6 h at 95 64 % 75 6 3
(63 6 2.5)
2 18 h continuous light using: 63 6 2.5 145 6 5 General coatings
(63 6 2.5)
18 min light and water spray
6 h dark using: 24 6 1.5 75 6 3
95 % relative humidity (no water spray)
Repeat continuously
relative humidity with no water spray (246 1.5)
3 46 1.5)
48 min light coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
12 min light and water spray145 6 5
(63 6 2.5)
48 min light at 50 6 5 % RH coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
12 min light and water spray
Repeat continuously
4 h light 145 6 5 exter i or pigmented paints
4 h light63 6 2.5 145 6 5 Coatings used in original equipment manufacturing
4 h water spray (63 6 2. 5) 1 2 h light 145 6 5 exterior wood stains and clea
4 4 h light at 50 6 5 % RH 63 6 2.5 145 6 5 Exterior pigmented stains
4 h dark with water spray
Repeat continuously
12 h water spray (63 62. 5) 8 h light 145 6 5 marine en amels
5 12 h light at 50 6 5 % RH 63 6 2.5 145 6 5 Exterior wood stains and clea
12 h dark water spray
Repeat continuously
10 h light and water spray (63 6 2. 5) 6 h water spray
6 8 h light at 50 6 5 % RH 63 6 2.5 145 6 5 Marine enamels
10 h light and water spray
6 h dark with water spray
Repeat continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications listed.
B
Unless otherwise indicated, black panel temperatures apply during the light-only portion of the cycle. The equilibrium black panel temperature is obtained without a
spray period. For light intervals less than 30 min, the black panel temperature might not reach equilibrium.
C
Typical uses do not imply that results from exposures of these materials according to the cycle described will correlate to those from actual use conditions.
D
Unless otherwise specified, water spray refers to water sprayed on the exposed surfaces of the test specimens.
E
Historical convention has established this as a very commonly used test cycle. This cycle may not adequately simulate the effects of outdoor exposure.

D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss3

D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related
Coating Products3
D 610 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces2
D 659 Method of Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paints4
D 660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior Paints3
D 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints3
D 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints3
D 772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scaling) of Exterior Paints3
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels3
D 1005 Test Methods for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers3
D 1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous
Base3
D 1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
Nonferrous Metal Base3

3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.021.
4
Discontinued 1989; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.

3
 D 822 9601
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely Illuminated Opaque Materials3
D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting5
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates3
D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference with a Gray Scale3
D 3361 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus (Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Type) for Testing
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products Using the Dew Cycle3
D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials6
D 4214 Test Methods for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films3
D 5031 Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related Coatings and Materials Using Enclosed Carbon-Arc Light and Water
Exposure Apparatus3
D 5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of Plastics7
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of Test Methods8
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color Difference Measured by Tristimulus (filter) Colormetry3
G 23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus (Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of
Nonmetallic Materials9
G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials10
G 141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing on Nonmetallic Materials10
G 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests10
G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light Sources10
G 152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials10
G 169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to Weathering Tests10
3. Terminology
3.1 The definitions given in Terminology standard G 113 are applicable to this practice.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Organic coatings on exterior exposure are subjected
4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to attack by degrading elements resist deterioration of the weather, particularly ultraviolet
light, oxygen, its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many
applications. This practice is intended to evaluate coating films for their stability in an apparatuas that exposes specimens to
ultraviolet (UV) light, heat, and moisture. If induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the spectral
power distribution effects of the light source used for sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure tests does used in this practice
is not adequately intended to simulate that of terrestrial solar radiation, it may produce a different type of degradation and distort
the ranking of materials obtained in outdoor exposure. Fig. 1 deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as
atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and Fig. 2 compare representative spectral power distributions of the open-flame
carbon-arc (with two saltwater exposure.
4.2 CautionsVariation in results may be expected when different types of glass filters) with that of terrestrial sunlight. Soda
borosilicate glasses remove more short wavelength UV radiation than potash lithia glasses8 and their use can provide carbon-arc

5
Discontinued; see 1990 Annual
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. 02.05.
6
Discontinued 1998; see 1997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. 06.01.
7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 08.03.
8
Pyrex No. 7740 and Corex No. 7058 Glass Filters, manufactured by Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY 14831, or equivalent, have been found satisfactory for this
purpose.
8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
9
An example of such a statistical analysis is described in Simms, J. A.,
9
Discontinued 2000; see Journal1999 Annual Book of Coatings Technology ASTM Standards, Vol 50, No. 748, 1987, pp. 4553. 14.04.
10
6000 Series Respirator and #2040 High Efficiency Filters manufactured by 3M, St., Paul, MN, or equivalent respirator/filter combination, have been found satisfactory
for this purpose.
10
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.

4
 D 822 9601
exposures that operating conditions are a better approximation used. Therefore, no reference to the use of terrestrial solar UV.
Exposures using soda borosilicate glass filters will typically take longer this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report
prepared according to produce photochemical degradation.
4.1.1 Exposures in open-flame carbon-arc devices have been used historically Section 10 that describes the specific operating
conditions used. Refer to simulate Practice G 151 for detailed information on the effects caveats applicable to use of terrestrial
sunlight. As shown in Fig. 1 results obtained according to this practice.
NOTE 2Additional information on sources of variability and Fig. 2, on strategies for addressing variability in the UV spectral power distribution
design, execution, and data analysis of the light from these devices laboratory accelerated exposure tests is significantly different from that of terrestrial
sunlight, especially below the solar cut-on wavelength and found in the 375 to 400 nm region.
4.1.2 The Guide G 141.
4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an open-flame carbon-arc is significantly different from that produced in light
and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The rate and type and rate of degradation
and the performance rankings produced in by exposures to filtered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much different from that those
produced in by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources.
4.2 No artificial exposure test can be specified as a complete simulation of actual use conditions in outdoor environments.
Results obtained from exposures conducted according to this practice may be considered as representative of actual outdoor
exposures
4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the degree same type of rank correlation has been
established for the specific materials being tested. The relative durability of materials in actual outdoor service can be very different
in different locations because of differences in UV radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, carbon-arc, filters, and other
factors. Therefore, even if results from a specific artificial exposure conditions.
4.3 Reproducibility of test conducted according results between laboratories has been shown to this practice are found to be
useful for comparing good when the relative durability stability of materials exposed in a particular exterior environment, it cannot
be assumed that they will be useful for determining relative durability for a different environment.
4.3 Even though it is very tempting, calculation of an acceleration factor relating x hours of exposures evaluated in a
laboratory accelerated test to v months or years terms of exterior exposure or actual use conditions is not recommended. Different
materials and formulations of the same material can have significantly different acceleration factors. The acceleration factor
calculated also varies depending on the variability in rate of degradation in the laboratory accelerated test and in outdoor or actual
use exposures.
4.3.1 Although the use of an acceleration factor is not recommended, laboratories that calculate such a factor for a particular
material shall base their findings on data from a sufficient number of separate exterior and artificial exposures so that results used
performance ranking compared to relate times to failure in each exposure can be analyzed using statistical methods.9 It must be
noted that any acceleration factor is specific to the material and formulation tested and cannot be extrapolated to other materials
or formulations. In addition, use of an acceleration factor assumes that the degradation mechanism is the same in both exterior and
artificial exposures. It is important to note that exterior exposures and artificial a control.11,12 Therefore, exposure degradation
mechanisms can be different.
4.4 This practice is best used to compare the relative performance of materials tested a similar material of known performance
(a control) at the same time in as the same exposure device. Because of possible variability between the same type of exposure
devices, comparing the amount of degradation in materials exposed for the same duration or radiant energy at separate times, or
in separate devices running the same test condition, is not recommended. This practice should not be used to establish a pass/fail,
approval of materials after a specific period of exposure unless performance comparisons are made relative to a control material
exposed simultaneously, or the variability in the test is quantified so that statistically significant pass/fail judgments can be made.
4.5 It is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least one control three replicates of each material be exposed with
each test to allow for the purpose statistical evaluation of comparing results.
4.4 Test results will depend upon the performance of care that is taken to operate the test materials relative equipment according
to Practhice G 152. Significant factors include regulation of the control. The control material should be of similar composition line
voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and contruction humidity control, and be chosen so that its
failure modes are the same as that conditions of the coating material being tested. It is preferable to use two control materials, one
with relatively good durability, and one with relatively poor durability.
4.6 All electrodes.
4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a complete description of the filter glass and test
cycle used.

11
Fischer, R. M., R., Results of Round-Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Exposure Standard Practices, Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic
Materials, ASTM STP 1202, Warren D. Ketola and Douglass Grossman, Editors, ASTM, 1993.
12
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.
Current edition approved July 10, 2001. Published September 2001. Originally published as D 822 45. Last previous edition D 822 96.

5
 D 822 9601
5. Apparatus
5.1 Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Device
5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus that meets conforms to the requirements defined in Practices G 151 and G 152.
5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distribution of the filtered open-flame carbon-arc shall conform to the
requirements in Practice G 1523 for carbon arc with daylight filters.
6. Hazards
6.1 PrecautionInWarningIn addition to other precautions, never look directly at the carbon arc because UV radiation can
damage the eye. Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety switches, but users of old equipment must be certain
to turn off the OPERATE switch power to OFF the carbon arc before opening the test-chamber door.
6.2 The burning carbon rods used in these devices become very hot during use. Make sure to allow at least 15 min for the arcs
to cool after the device is turned off before attempting to change the carbon rods.
6.3 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants. Wear an appropriate high-efficiency dust respirator, gloves, and
safety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to eating
or drinking.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coating system,
film thickness, and method of drying consistent with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon between the producer
and user.
7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation include but are not limited to Methods D 609, Specification D 358,
Practices D 609 or Practice D 1730. D 1730, or Specification D 358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure apparatus.
7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Practices D 823 and Test Methods D 823, then measure the film thickness in accordance
with an appropriate procedure selected from Test Methods D 1005, D 1186, or D 1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred
because panels so measured need not be repaired.
7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condition them at 73 6 3F (23 6 2C) 23 6 2C (73 6 3F) and
50 6 5 % relative humidity for one of the following periods in accordance with the type of coating:
Baked coatings 24 h
Radiation-cured coatings 24 h
All other coatings 7 days

7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens may be used if agreed upon between all interested parties.
7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum specimen area required for support by the holder is covered. Do not
use this covered area of the specimen as part of the test area.
7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three replicate specimens of each test and control material.
7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G 147 for identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of test,
control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after exposure.
7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the masked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperature and
humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.
7.9 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all materials evaluated.
7.9.1 When destructive tests are run, it is recommended that a sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that the property
of interest can be determined on unexposed file specimens each time exposed materials are evaluated.
NOTE 2The procedures and specifications described 3Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-dependent, users are cautioned that
over prolonged exposure periods, or where small differences in 7.2-7.4 the order of acceptable limits are recommended but others anticipated, comparison
of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid. Nondestructive instrumental measurements are recommended whenever possifble.
7.10 Specimens should not ordinagrily be removed from the exposure apparatus for more than b 24 h, then retwurned for
additional tests, since this does not produce the same results on all interested parties.
7.5 The use materials as tests run without this type of at least three replicates of each test material and each reference
interruption. When specimens are removed from the exposure apparatus for 24 h or control material is recommended in order to
allow statistical evaluation of results. more, then returned for additional exposure, report the elapsed time as noted under Section
10.
8. Procedure
8.1 Table 1 lists several exposure cycles that are used for filtered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of nonmetallic materials.
Obtain mutual agreement between all concerned parties for the specific exposure cycle used. Additional intervals and methods of
wetting, by spray, condensation, or both, may be substituted upon agreement among the concerned parties.
NOTE 4Each set point and its tolerances found in Table 1 represent an operational control point for equilibrium conditions at a single location in the
cabinet, which may not necessarily represent the uniformity of those conditions throughout the cabinet. ASTM Committee G03 is working to refine these
tolerances and address the uniformity issue.

6
 D 822 9601
8.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, maintain relative humidity at 50 6 5 % equilibrium during the light-only interval.
8.2 If no other cycle is specified, use Cycle No. 1.
8.3 Mount test specimens in the device following the placement and specimen repositioning procedures described in Practice
G 23.
8.2 Table 1 lists test-cycle conditions commonly used G 152. It is recommended that all unused spaces in the specimen exposure
area be filled with blank metal panels.
8.4 If the irradiance uniformity within the exposure area does not meet the requirements of Practice G 151 for evaluation
exposure without repositioning, use one of paints, varnishes, lacquers, the procedures described in Practice G 152 to ensure that
specimens receive as uniform a radiant exposure as possible.
8.4.1 If specimen repositioning is used, and related coatings. As discussed no repositioning schedule is specified, use the
following procedure for specimen repositioning:
8.4.1.1 Once per week, move all holders in 3.1, each the top half of the specimen exposure area to the bottom half and move
all holders in the bottom half of the exposure area to the top half. Do not reposition the specimens within the holder.
NOTE 5Incident energy at the top and bottom of the specimen rack is often only 70 % of that at the center. This condition requires that the procedures
described in 8.4 be run using different types followed to ensure uniformity of glass filters. The filter glass radiant exposure.
8.5 Water Purity:
8.5.1 The purity of water used must be agreed upon between all interested parties.
8.3 It is very important. Without propecr treatment to remmove cations, anions, organics, and particularly silica, exposed panels
will develop spots or stains that may not occur in exterior exposures.
8.5.2 Follow the requirements for water purity described in Practice G 151.
8.5.3 If specimens are found to have deposits or stains after exposure in the apparatus, the water purity must be checked to
determine if it meets the requirements of 8.5.2. On some occasions, exposed specimens can be contaminated by deposits from
bacteria that can grow in the purified water used for specimen spray. If bacterial contamination is detected, the entire system used
for specimen water spray must be 60 flushed with chlorine and thoroughly rinsed prior to resuming exposures.
8.5.4 The typical temperature of water used for specimen spray is 21 6 9F (16 5C (70 6 5C). Water 9F). However, if
ambient water temperature is low and a holding tank is not used to store purified water, the temperature of water used for specimen
spray must meet may be below the typical range just given.
8.5.5 When the water purity levels specified requirements are met and there is disagreement between parties on the extent of
problems caused by stain or deposit, run referee tests in Practice G 23 in order to avoid unrealistic water spotting.
8.4 When mutually agreed upon, cycles at least one other laboratory that can meet those water qualisty requirements described
in Table 1 may 8.5.
8.5.6 For devices with humidity control, it is recommended that deionized water be used. The term cycle used when
generating water vapor to control humidity.
8.6 Some tests for lightfastness are run without any specimen wetting. When this type of test is defined as required, omit the
set of exposure conditions (light, light plus period where water spray, dark periods) that are repeated. is sprayed on specimens.
8.7 Identification of any control specimen used shall accompany the report.
9. Periods of Exposure
9.1 Use one Exposure and Evaluation of the following methods Test Results
9.1 In most cases, periodic evaluation of test and control materials is necessary to determine the du variation in magnitude and
direction of property change as a function of exposure time or radiant exposure.
9.2 The time or radiant exposure necessary to produce a defined change in a material property can be used to evaluate or rank
the stability of materials. This method is preferred over evaluating materials after an arbitrary exposure under this practice:
9.1.1 A mutually time or radiant exposure.
9.2.1 Exposure to an arbitrary time or radiant exposure may be used for the purpose of a specific test if agreed upon between
the parties concerned or if required for conformance to a particular specification. When a single exposure period is used, select
a time or radiant exposure that will produce the largest performance differences between the test materials or between the test
material and the control material.
9.2.2 The minimum exposure time used shall be that necessary to produce a substantial change in the property of total hours.
9.1.2 The number interest for the least stable material being evaluated. An exposure time that produces a significant change in
one type of material cannot be assumed to be appl hicable tou other types of materials.
9.2.3 The relation between time to failure in an exposure required conducted according to this practice and service life in an
outdoor environment requcires determination of a mu valid acceleration factor. Do not use arbitrary acceleration factors relyatingr
time in an exposure conducted according to this practice and time in an outdoor environment because they can give erroneous
information. The acceleration factor is material dependent and is only valid if it is based on data from a sufficient number of change
separate exterior and laboratory accelerated exposures so that results used to relate times to failure in each exposure can be
analyzed using statistical methods.
NOTE 6An example of a statistical analysis using multiple laboratory and exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described by J.A.

7
 D 822 9601
Simms.13 See Practice G 151 for more information and additional cautions about the use of acceleration factors.
9.3 After each exposure increment, determine the changes in exposed specimens. Test Methods D 523, D 610, D 659, D 660,
D 662, D 714, D 772, D 2244, D 2616, D 4214, E 1347, or Practice D 1729 may be used. Consider product use requirements when
selecting appropriate methods.
9.3.1 Other methods for evaluating test specimens may be used if agreed upon between all interested parties.
NOTE 7For some materials, changes may continue after the specimen has been removed from the exposure apparatus. Measurements (visual or
instrumental) should be made within a standardized time period or as agreed upon between interested parties. The standardized time period needs to
consider conditioning prior to testing.
9.4 It is recommended that the following procedure be followed when results from exposures conducted according to this
practice are used in specifications.
9.4.1 If a standard or specification for general use requires a defined property level after a specific time or radiant exposure in
an exposure test conducted according to this practice, base the specified property level on results from round-robin experiments
run to determine the test reproducibility for the exposure and property measurement procedures. Conduct these round robins
according to Practice E 691 or D 3980 and include a statistically representative sample of all laboratories or organizations that
would normally conduct the exposure and property measurement.
9.4.2 If a standard or specification for use between two or three parties requires a defined property level after a specific time
or radiant exposure in an exposure test conducted according to this practice, base the specified property level on at least two
independent experiments run in each laboratory to determine the reproducibility for the exposure and property measurement
process. The reproducibility of the exposure/property measurement process is then used to determine the maximum or minimum
level of property after the exposure that is mutually agreeable to all parties.
9.4.3 When reproducibility in results from an exposure test conducted according to this practice has not been established
through round-robin testing, specify performance requirements for materials in terms of comparison (ranked) to a control material.
All specimens shall be exposed simultaneously in the same device. All concerned parties must agree on the specific control material
used.
9.4.3.1 Conduct analysis of variance to determine whether the differences between test materials and any control materials used
are statistically significant. Expose replicates of the test specimen and the control specimen so that statistically significant
performance differences can be determined.
NOTE 8Fischer illustrates use of rank comparison between test and control materials in specifications.14
NOTE 9Guide G 169 includes examples showing use of analysis of variance to compare materials.

10. Evaluation of Specimens After Exposure

10.1 Determine the changes in exposed test specimens in accordance with ASTM Test Methods D 523, D 610, D 659, D 660,
D 662, D 714, D 772, D 2244, D 2616, D 4214, E 1347 or Practice D 1729. Consider product use requirements when selecting
appropriate methods.
10.2 Evaluate test specimens by ranking their performance relative to a control or reference material exposed at the same time.
10.3 Plot properties of test specimens and controls as a function of exposure time and compare rate of change with that of the
control or reference material. When this method of evaluation is used, the control or reference material must be exposed at the same
time and in the same device as the test specimen.
10.4 Other methods for evaluating test specimens may be used if mutually agreed upon between all interested parties.

11. Report
110.1 Report the following information:
11.1.1 Complete description
10.1.1 Type and model of exposure procedure used including device.
10.1.2 Type of light source.
10.1.3 Average distance from specimens to light source.
10.1.4 Type and age of filters at the following:
11.1.1.1 Light/light plus water/dark cycle used,
11.1.1.2 Operating black-panel temperature beginning of the exposure, and whether any of the filters were replaced during all
portions the period of exposure.
10.1.5 Type of black panel (uninsulated or insulated) used.
10.1.6 If required, irradiance in W/(m2nm), or radiant exposure in J/m2, at the sample location, and the wavelength region in
which the measurements were made.

13
Simms, J.A., Journal of Coatings Technology, Vol 50, 1987, pp. 45-53.
14
Fischer, R., Ketola, W., Impact of Research on Development of ASTM Durability Testing Standards, Durability Testing of Non-Metallic Materials, ASTM STP 1294,
ASTM, 1995.

8
 D 822 9601
10.1.6.1 Do not report irradiance or radiant exposure cycle,
11.1.1.3 Operating relative humidity,
11.1.1.4 Type unless direct measurement of spectral irradiance was made during the exposure.
10.1.7 Elapsed exposure time.
10.1.8 Light and dark-water-humidity cycle employed.
10.1.9 Operating black panessl temperature.
10.1.10 Operating relative humidity.
10.1.11 Type of filter glass used, and
11.1.1.5 Temperature spray water, if water spray was used.
10.1.11.1 Total solids and silica level of water used for water spray.
11.1.2 Total hours of test.
11.1.3 Test specimen preparation.
11.1.4 Identification spray (if above limits specified in 8.5).
10.1.12 Type of c spray nozzle.
10.1.13 Speciment repols usitioning procedure.
110.1.514 Results of propevrty tests. Where retention of characteristic property is reported, calculatie results according to
Practice D 5870.
NOTE 10In some cases, exposures are conducted by a contracting agency but property tests performed on specimens and control or standard samples.

12. are conducted by the contracting party. In these cases, the agency that conducts the exposures cannot report
results from property tests.

11. Precision and Bias

12.1 Precision:
12.1.1 The
11.1 PrecisionThe repeatability and reproducibility of results obtained in exposures conducted according to this practice will
vary with the materials being tested, the material property being measured, and the specific test conditions and cycles that are used.
In round-robin studies11 conducted by ASTM subcommittee G3.03, the 60 gloss values of replicate polyvinylchloride (PVC) tape
specimens exposed in different laboratories using identical test devices and exposure cycles showed significant variability. The
variability shown in these round-robin studies restrict the use of absolute specifications such as requiring a specific property level
after a specific exposure period.
12.1.1.1 If a standard or specification for general use requires a definite property level after a specific time or radiant exposure
in an exposure test conducted according to this practice, the specified property level shall be based on results obtained in a
round-robin that takes into consideration the variability due to the exposure, and the test method used to measure the property of
interest. The round-robin shall be conducted according to Practice E 691 or Practice D 3980 and shall include a statistically
representative sample of all laboratories or organizations who would normally conduct the exposure and property measurement.
12.1.1.2 If a standard or specification for use between two or three parties requires a definite property level after a specific time
or radiant exposure in an exposure test conducted according to this practice, the specified property level shall be based on statistical
analysis of results from at least two separate, independent exposures in each laboratory. The design of the experiment used to
determine the specification shall take into consideration the variability due to the exposure, and the test method used to measure
the property of interest.
12.1.2 The round-robin studies cited in 12.1.1 demonstrated that the gloss values for a series of materials could be ranked with
the high level of reproducibility between laboratories. When reproducibility in results from an exposure test conducted according
to this practice have not been established through round-robin testing, performance requirements for materials shall be specified
in terms of comparison (ranked) to a control material. The control specimens shall be exposed simultaneously with the test
specimen(s) in the same device. The specific control material used shall be agreed upon between the concerned parties. Expose
replicates of the test specimen and the control specimen so that statistically significant performance differences can be determined.
12.2 Bias used.
11.2 BiasBias can not be determined because no acceptable standard weathering reference materials are available.

132. Keywords
13.1 accelerated; aging; carbon-arc;
12.1 carbon arc; degradation; durability; exposure; light exposure; ultraviolet; weathering

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 D 822 9601
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