Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005

Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005

The Hgngur High-Temperature Geothermal Field, Central-Iceland. Surface Exploration

and Drilling of the First Borehole: Lithology, Alteration and Geological Setting.

Sigurdur S. Jonsson1, Asgrimur Gudmundsson1 and Bjarni Palsson2

1
Iceland GeoSurvey, Grensasvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavik, 2Landsvirkjun, Haleitisbraut 68, IS-103 Reykjavik.
ssjo@isor.is, asg@isor.is, bjarnip@lv.is

Keywords: Iceland, Hgngur, Syri-Hganga, high-
temperature area, geothermal exploration, borehole geology,
alteration, resistivity survey.
ABSTRACT
The Hgngur high-temperature area in Central-Iceland is
considered to represent one of the larger geothermal areas in
Iceland. The area is being explored by Landsvirkjun (The
National Power Company of Iceland). Surface exploration
started with reconnaissance geological mapping and
mapping of geothermal manifestations in 1995 in association
with plans to construct a hydro dam in the area and partially
submerging the thermal area. Acid volcanics suggested the
presence of a central volcano, and a semi-circular alignment
of the acid eruptives imply the possibility of an underlying
caldera. TEM resistivity survey in the area showed a large
(20-40 km2) geothermal anomaly indicating a subsurface
high-temperature anomaly. Sampling of gas and fluid from
geothermal manifestations indicated subsurface temperatures
up to 290C. The first exploration borehole was sited in the
central part of the resistivity anomaly. The well has a 9 "
(244,5 mm) production casing down to 800 m and a produc-
tion part drilled down to 2360 m. The stratigraphy shows
basaltic extrusives and thick acidic units in the upper 700 m
and basaltic hyaloclastite and lava formations down to 1900
m. From 1900 m basaltic intrusives prevail with 100 m thick
acid intrusion at the very bottom. The hydrothermal
alteration shows a progressive increase in alteration from
smectite-zeolite zone near surface succeeded by a chlorite-
epidote zone below 580 meters depth. A preliminary com-
parison with measured temperatures indicates equilibrium.
1. INTRODUCTION
The center for hydro-electric power production in Iceland is
the Thjrs-Tungna area west and southwest of Vatnajkull
glacier. The hydro power plants are owned and operated by
Landsvirkjun. In recent decades large reservoirs have been
build, collecting melt-water from western part of
Vatnajkull glacier and the southern part of Hofsjkull
glacier, controlling and leveling the flow to the power
stations. Plans to build a reservoir in the Hgngur area
initiated the geological and geothermal exploration program
described in this paper. The initial plan was to dam the
Kaldakvsl glacial river, filling the depression north and west
of the Svedjuhraun lava field, eventually creating the
mentioned reservoir Hgnguln (Fig. 1). Geothermal mani-
festations would be submerged and an effort was put in
mapping and investigating the properties and extent of the
poorly known geothermal area.

Figure 1: Location of the Hgngur high-temperature area and simplified geological map. Resistivity anomaly (from
Karlsdottir, 2000) in the Hgngur area at 0 m a.s.l. Isopaths in m.
1
Jonsson, Gudmundsson and Palsson
Preliminary investigations on the dam site were published in
1994 (Verkfristofa Sigurar Thoroddsen) and reports on
preliminary geological research followed (Kaldal & Vil-
mundardottir 1995, Gudmundsson 1995). A report on the
extent of the geothermal manifestations was published in
1996 by Fridleifsson et. al. and samples of run-off water,
steam and gas was collected and analyzed. Landsvirkjun was
granted a permission for damming of the river Kaldakvsl by
The Environment and Food Agency on several conditions,
one being large-scale mapping of the distribution of the
naturally occurring geothermal activity. A map in 1:2000
scale was published in 1997 by Fridleifsson & Vikingsson.
Geothermal exploration of the Hgngur area was elevated
to the next stage when the Landsvirkjun applied for
exploration license and subsequently submitted a detailed
exploration plan to the Environment and Food Agency in
2002, including plans to drill two exploration wells in the
area. The well-sites were located and preparations for the
drilling operation were launched in mid-summer 2003.
Drilling of well HG-01 commenced in late July same year
and the well was completed in early September. Since
completion, samples of gases and fluid have been collected,
temperature and pressure have been monitored during the
wells warming up. After discharge, deliverability has been
monitored continiously and samples taken to estimate
properties and quality of the wells fluid.
This paper describes the first assumptions for the size and
potency evaluations for the Hgngur high temperature area,
settings, previous research and propagation of the areas
exploration. Results from geological mapping and drilling of
the exporation well HG-01 are used to establish a conceptual
model of the high-temperature area. Geological and minera-
logical information are used to evaluate the concordance and
equilibrium between temperatures indicated by alteration
minerals and measured values.
1.1 Location
The research area is within the central volcanic zone in
Iceland, a few kilometres of the western edge of Vatnajkull
glacier as shown in Fig. 1. Belonging to the central-
highlands, at an elevation of about 800 m a.s.l., the area is
far from habitation and very remote. Access to the area is
provided from the Sprengisandur highland road, and a
mountaion track heading towards Vonarskard. A new 10 km
track had to bu built to the HG-01 and HG-02 drill-site.
2. PREVIOUS RESEARCH AND ASSUMPTIONS
2.1 Geological settings
General geological investigations have been sporadic and
scarce in the study area, between the glaciers Vatnajkull
and Hofsjkull. Rather little is known about the Hgngur
high-temperature area except being confined to the northern
margin of the Eastern Volcanic Zone with abundance of
exposed Pleistocene and Holocene volcanics. On a published
geological map of Central Iceland, general age-relations and
lithological classification of the larger units are shown
(Jhannesson & Saemundsson 1989). Naming and definition
of relations of adjacent central volcanos is vague in the light
of the scarce investigations. It is presumed that the
Hgngur area is an independent central volcano
(Jhannesson et. al. 2003) but it has also been suggested that
the Hgngur area is in direct relation and a part of an
elongated central volcano from Tungnafellsjkull (including
Vonarskard) from the northeast, extending southwards to the
Hgngur area (Fridleifsson et. al., 1996). Sub-parallel to the
Tungnafellsjkull-Hgngur system to the east, is the
Brdarbunga central volcano in Vatnajkull, and further to
2
the east is the Grimsvtn central volcano, also in
Vatnajkull. Recent investigations support the idea of
Hgngur being an individual central volcano (Haukur
Jhannesson, pers. comm.).
All exposed volcanic formations in the area have a normal
magnetization and thus younger than 700.000 years (Piper,
1979). The rhyolites in Sydri-Hganga and Nyrdri Hganga
are surrounded by younger basaltic formations (200-300 ky)
(Vilmundardottir & Kaldal 1995) and is thought to be 300-
500 ky. Interglacial lava flows are conspicuous in the area
and two successions are especially notable; the Krosshnka-
tholeiite (~200 ky) and the Hgngu-tholeiite and Hgngu-
porphyritic basalt (~100 ky) (Vilmundardottir & Kaldal,
1995). Extrusive volcanic activity seems to have been
dormant for the last 100 ky in the Hgngur central volcano.
In the vicinity of the Hgngur area and somewhat within
the defined area, younger volcanics have been described
(sub-glacial hyaloclastites <10 ky) but on the basis of their
composition in can be concluded that they owe their origin
to the Bardarbunga central volcano. Furthermore there is no
evidence of Holocene volcanic activity within the Hgngur
area. Porphyritic Holocene lava flows (Svedjuhraun lava
field and Hgnguhraun lava field (Fig. 1) in the area are
from the Bardarbunga central volcano east of Hgngur.
The Hgngur high-temperature area stands out and is in
many ways quite unique compared with other high-
temperature areas in Iceland. It is almost entirely buried in
glacio-fluvial sediments, supposedly filling an old lake
basin. Any direct connection with recent volcanic or tectonic
activity is lacking.
The rhyolite domes Sydri-Hganga and Nyrdri-Haganga
with smaller unnamed rhyolite domes (see Fig. 1) are lined
on a semi-circumferential line in the western part of the area.
The domes are probably intrusive and it is attempting to
conclude that their formation is in relation with subsidence
and eventually a caldera formation in later stages of
evolution and development of the central volcano.
2.2 Mapping of geothermal surface manifestations
First attempt to map the distribution of geothermal surface
manifestations was carried out by a team of scientists from
Orkustofnun in 1995. Three individual clusters of steam and
mud pools were the only surface manifestations noted. One
small cluster emerges in the fluvial sediments north of the
Svedjuhraun Holocene lava field (Fig. 1) comprising two
patches (d=10-20 m) with steam and mud pools. A similar
cluster was evidently buried by the (~2000 years BP)
Svedjuhraun lava field, but the thermal flux has managed to
diffuse through the lava succession and thermal alteration,
mineral encrustations and steam outflow is noted in the near
centre of the Svedjuhraun lava tongue. The largest cluster in
the fluvial sediments west of Svedjuhraun is comprised of
about five patches of steam vents and mud pools, fringed by
hydrothermal alteration minerals and encrustations. The size
of the largest patch is about 50 by 200 m. In the first
expedition a preliminary mapping was carried out and an
attempt was made, on the grounds of the distribution of the
thermal manifestations, to estimate the extent and size of the
high-temperature area. Fridleifsson et. al. (1996) estimate
the size of the geothermal area to be at least 10 km2 and
possibly 40 km2 as indicated in Fig. 1 with lines, showing
the minimum and maximum extent of the system.
In the following year, the three areas where mapped (Frid-
leifsson and Vikingsson, 1997) with sub-centimetre pre-
cision GPS and a map was produced. Upon completion, the
dam near Sydri-Hganga was closed in 1999 and the
 Jonsson, Gudmundsson and Palsson

reservoir filled and the clusters of thermal activity were Arnorsson, 1995). Several chemical gas thermometers were
submerged. The patch in the centre of the Svedjuhraun lava applied to the samples from the Hgngur high temperature
flow is still visible even though the thermal spot underneath area and the results are shown in Table 1.
the lava flow is submerged by elevated ground water level in
the lava. 2.5 Proposition of an exploration well
In order to get a fuller and better understanding of the inner
2.3 TEM-resistivity survey structure of the Hgngur high temperature area a drilling of
In order to establish a fuller knowledge of the internal a full scale exploration well was proposed. In light of the
structure of the Hgngur high-temperature area a transient existing knowledge a site for the well was selected on the
electromagnetic (TEM) resistivity survey was conducted in northern flank of the Svedjuhraun lava flow, close to the
April 1998 to get reliable data on the size and thermal centre of the resistivity anomaly (see Fig. 1). In 2002 a
conditions of the geothermal system. The results of the TEM permission from the Environment and Food Agency and
survey were reassuring and revealed a high-resistivity core local authorities was granted and logistical planning,
of about 28 km2 at about 1000 m depth. Including the low building of roads and bridging the glacial river Kaldakvsl
resistivity cap surrounding the high-resistivity core the size followed. Landsvirkjun signed a contract with Iceland
or the confinement of the high-temperature area is in the Drilling Corp. for drilling and completion of the well.
vicinity of 50 km2, equivalent to the resistivity depicted at Iceland GeoSurvey (ISOR) was awarded a contract for
the same level in the Krafla high-temperature area in scientific consulting of the drilling operation and VGK was
Northern Iceland (Karlsdottir, 2000). In Fig. 1 the resistivity awarded contract for drilling engineering consulting.
anomaly at 0 m above sea level is shown with the low Drilling of shallow wells to acquire water for circulation and
resistivity cap and high resistivity core marked seperately. cooling started in June 2003, and a drill-rig was erected on
Exploration well HG-01 is located in the near centre of the the well site.
high-resistivity core.
3. DRILLING OF WELL HG-01
Table 1. Results of gas chemical thermometers 3.1 Selection of drill site
application on samples from the Hgngur high
The aim of drilling the exploration well HG-01 was to
temperature area (from Fridleifsson et. al. 1996).
acquire information on the properties of the deep-seated
Sample Location CO2 H2 S H2 CO2/H2 H2S/H2 Average geothermal system in Hgngur. Valuable information
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
would be gathered regarding the geological structure and
95-0127 Hgngur 281 293 288 292 283 287 5 lithology, state of alteration, permeability, temperature,
95-0128 Hagngur 286 297 294 298 291 293 5 pressure and chemical composition of the systems
95-0129 Hagngur 303 311 298 295 286 299 5 geothermal fluid. The drill pad was placed on the northern
95-0130 Hagngur 282 297 287 290 277 287 6 flank of the Svedjuhraun lava field which extends to the
95-0133 Hgngur 310 299 294 288 290 296 7 centre of the resistivity anomaly (Fig. 1), and is close to the
95-0135 Vonarskard 284 324 311 321 299 308 17 main geothermal surface manifestations.

3.2 Well design

2.4 Chemical composition of water and steam
In 1995 samples of steam and water were collected for
chemical analysis, five samples from steam vents, two
spring-water samples and one sample form the glacial river
Kaldakvsl (Fridleifsson, et. al. 1996). For comparison of
chemical composition of the steam one sample was collected
from a steam-vent in the Vonarskar high temperature area
northeast of Hgngur high temperature area. The gas-
fraction in the steam is comparable to other high-
temperature areas. Gas-ratios differ from other areas with
methane and nitrogen being exceptionally high and
considerably higher than in the Vonarskard area. With
respect to hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, the Hgngur
samples are much lower than Vonarskar. Another notable
distinguishing feature is the unusually high concentration of
mercury in the steam samples from the Hgngur field. A
difference by an order of magnitude is observed when
compared to the Vonarskard area. Measured values of other
chemicals were comparable and similar to values in other
high temperature areas in Iceland analysis (Fridleifsson, et.
al. 1996). The three water samples were congruous, while
one sample showed increased silica due to mixing of thermal
run-off water (Fridleifsson, et. al. 1996).
Prior to the drilling nothing was known about the physical
conditions of the area. Well HG-01 was the first well drilled
in the area and all safety measures were made as if the well
were over-pressurized. Two shallow reconnaissance wells
were drilled on the main wells drill pad prior to the pre-
drilling and cementing of casing in the primary section of
the drilling operation.
3.2.1 Casing program
Prior to primary section a 24 conductor casing was
cemented to 3 m depth.
Primary section (small rig). 18 surface casing cemented
form surface to ~100 m.
First section (large rig): 13 anchor casing cemented from
surface to ~300 m.
Second section (large rig): 9 production casing cemented
from surface to ~800 m.
Third section (large rig): 7 perforated liner hanging from
end of production casing to near bottom.

2.4.1 Chemical thermometers

Temperature in geothermal reservoirs can be calculated from
the composition and concentration of gas collected from
steam vents (see Arnorsson & Gunnlaugsson, 1985) and
from the chemical composition of geothermal water (see

3
Jonsson, Gudmundsson and Palsson

with the well design. The well was logged by an on-site

geologist and drilling depth of each section was determined
by the geologist on the grounds of the prevailing temperature
recorded by different alteration minerals. Thus the
production-casing section depth of the well (803 m) is
determined by the appearance of epidote, where a
temperature of 230-240C can be anticipated.

sG/SSJo
22-08-2003
Hgngur
Days
Drilling progress of well HG-01
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
0
Installation of rig, cementing of 18 5/8" surface casing.

Drilling with 17 1/2" bit

Wire-line logs, casing run.
Cementing and Cement Bond Logging.

500 Drilling with 12 1/4" bit

Well depth (m)

Wire-line logs, casing run,
cementing and Cement Bond Logging

1000

Casing depth: Drilling with 8 1/2" bit

Surface casing: 107 m
Anchor casing: 308 m
Production casing: 803 m
Production section: 2360 m

1500

Figure 2. Design of well HG-01. POOH, bit change

3.3 Drilling progress 2000

Drilling progress

The primary section of well HG-01 was drilled with a small

rig using a 21 bit, down to about 110 metres. The well was
drilled using compressed air and foam, and later with drill
mud and rotary drilling and tricone bit as large aquifers were
inhibiting the use of air-hammer. Followed was running of a
18 casing and cementing with a heat-resistant cement.
Wire-line logging, stimulation, step-testing
and completion of well with liner
2500
12. g 16. g 20. g 24. g 28. g 1. sept 5. sept 9. sept 13. sept 17. sept

The completion of the primary section took about 21 days,

and the small rig was disassembled and a larger rig
assembled and erected on the well. Setup and installation of
the large rig took about 7 days, and drilling of the first
section succeeded.
The first section, using conventional rotary drilling, was
drilled with a 17 tri-cone TC tipped bit, using water-
based benthonite drill mud as circulation fluid. The casing
depth was 308 metres. The well was circulated with water,
string was pulled out and 13 casing was run and
cemented. Completion of the first section took 6 days and
after assembly of BOP the drilling continued with a 12
TC tipped tri-cone bit and a PDM motor. Water-based
benthonite mud was again used for circulation and no
circulation losses were encountered. The wells second
section reached final depth of 803 m after 3 days of drilling.
Following circulation with water for cleaning and cooling,
and running of a 9 casing and cementing, the well-head
was fitted with valve and prepared for drilling of the
production (third) section. Drilling proceeded on the 23rd day
with a PDM motor and an 8 TC-tipped bit using water as
circulation fluid. The drilling of the well ended on the 31st
day at the depth of 2360 metres. The well was circulated
clean and the drill string was pulled out. A string of drill
pipes with uni-directional valve was run in and later used in
attempts to open fractures or aquifers using repeated cooling
and heating. After pulling out the drill-pipe string the well
was wire-line logged and finally a perforated liner was
installed. The completion of the well took roughly 40 days
as depicted in Fig. 3. The drilling was in good accordance
Figure 3: Diagram showing the progress and major
events in the drilling of well HG-01.
4. GEOLOGY
4.1 Lithology
Samples of drill cuttings were collected at two metres
intervals and analyzed by the on-site geologist. Good quality
samples were gathered from the entire well. Rock-types of
each sample were identified with the aid of a stereoscopic
binoculars and an attempt was made to distinguish the mode
of occurrence (extrusive, intrusive, sedimentary). Age
relations of individual units thought to be intrusive, were
established on the basis of the stage of hydrothermal
alteration and general properties, including grain size, and
presence of vesicles in the rock. It must be emphasized that
rock and mineral identification is preliminary and further
studies await, i.e. X-ray identification of minerals, including
clay, thin-section studies and correlation with geophysical
logs. Alteration minerals were identified and paragenetic
sequences were recorded. First occurrence of significant
secondary minerals was particularly observed.
A simplified lithological log is presented in Fig. 4. The
uppermost 330 metres are predominated with intercalated
tuffacious hyaloclastites and interglacial lava successions
but intrusives are barely notable. From 330 metres depth and
down to about 760 m depth a thick acidic (rhyolite?)
formation is very conspicuous, intersected by a roughly 100

4

metres thick coarse-grained basaltic layer. It is not certain
weather this thick basaltic formation is intrusive or a thick
layer of lava, resulting from a ponding inside a caldera. A
fairly homogeneous hyaloclastite formation, mostly of
highly altered tuffs, underlies the acidic intrusion and
reaches a depth of about 940 m. From that point a fairly
uniform succession of basaltic extrusive and intrusive
formations reaches a depth of about 2200 metres, where an
acid intrusions extends to down to the bottom of the well,
intersected by a 60 m thick gabbroic intrusion.
The rocks below 940 m are probably formed in the early
stages of the central volcanos development, in aerial
effusive eruptions. The hyaloclastites above 940 m are
formed in sub-aerial eruptions during glaciations and lava
successions intercalated with the hyaloclastites are formed in
interglacial periods. In later stages of a central volcanos
evolution acid volcanism is prominent, often followed by
caldera collapse.
Figure 4: Simplified lithology in well HG-01 with
occurrence and distribution of alteration minerals from
analysis of drill cuttings.
4.2 Alteration
No particular alteration is noted in the uppermost 100 metres
and the rocks appear fresh and practically unaltered. First
signs of secondary mineralization are thin crusts of calcite
and chalcedony, lining small vugs in perlitic glass-grains in
a tuffacious hyaloclastite formation at 120 m. Then
following is the appearance of low-temperature zeolites,
chabazite at 130 m, analsime (132 m), scolecite (170 m),
5
Jonsson, Gudmundsson and Palsson
heulandite (210 m) and stilbite at 260 m depth indicating a
temperature below 100C. Crystalline quartz is first noted
near the upper boundaries of the acidic intrusion at 330
metres depth and the temperature assumed to be near 180C.
With increased depth, formation temperature is elevated.
Epidote is first noted at 560 m at the upper boundaries of the
basaltic layer intersecting the acidic intrusion from 330-760
m. Formation temperature exceeding 240C is established at
the production casing shoe and slightly further below, other
temperature indicating minerals appear. Wollastonite is
found at 814 m, prehnite at 880 m and well defined fibres of
amphibole (actinolite?) appear first at 862 metres. Formation
temperature is estimated to be slightly below boiling curve
temperature as calcite seems to be sporadically present to the
very bottom of the well.
4.3 Temperature and mineral equilibrium
On Fig. 5 proposed formation temperature, indicated by first
appearance of certain alteration minerals, is plotted with
boiling curve and two temperature logs, measured with
mechanical thermometers. First temperature measurement
was done four weeks after completion of the well. The
temperature profile is distorted near the most active aquifers,
near and below 800 metres, where the well is colder. As
depth increases temperature is gradually increasing. About
eight weeks after completion of the well another temperature
log was produced and shows significant heating of the well.
Faster heating is observed in the part just below 800 metres
than near the bottom.
Looking at the formation temperature as indicated by the
alteration minerals confirms the conditions present, being
mostly confined inside the boundaries of the boiling curve.
Hence, an explanation is given of notable deposition of
calcite. As the system re-heats and stabilises further, ridding
itself of the kink caused by drilling and circulating effect, the
temperature could become uniformly increasing towards the
bottom.
5. CONCLUSIONS.
The well drilled in the Hgngur high-temperature field is
promising but more wells are needed for prediction of the
fields capabilities. When temperature data are viewed, the
conclusion can be drawn that the field seems to be in
acceptable equilibrium at the bottom of the well, but
measured temperature is slightly less just below 850 metres
(Fig. 5). This pattern is probably due to the cooling of the
wells immediate vicinity through a fairly large aquifer,
during drilling and later stimulation, and the formations
slow respond time to regain its former temperature
equilibrium.
A structural outline of the Hgngur central volcano has
been suggested by Haukur Jhannesson (pers. comm.) and
the semi-circular alignment of the acidic formations to the
west are thought to represent a caldera rim. The eastern
boundaries of the caldera rim are probably buried by the
productive central volcano Brdarbunga east of Hgngur,
in western Vatnajkull. Lithological data from well HG-01
support the caldera hypothesis with thick acidic formations
and coarse grained basaltic formation, even thought to be a
ponding formation inside the caldera.
Drilling of the research well HG-01 has conclusively
confirmed the presence and potency of the large high-
temperature field indicated by surface manifestations and
geophysical surveys. Future exploration includes drilling of
well HG-02, planned in 2006 and detailes study of samples
from HG-01.
Jonsson, Gudmundsson and Palsson
Figure 5: Proposed formation temperature indicated by
alteration minerals, with boiling curve and two measured
temperature logs from HG-01.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The management of Landsvirkjun (the National Power
Company) is thanked for allowing the publication of this
paper. Hjalti Franzson is thanked for his support and fruitful
discussion. Haukur Jhannesson made some unpublished
data available to the authors. He is sincerely thanked for his
contribution and valuable comments. Iceland GeoSurvey has
been very supportive in the production of this paper and
given the ISOR authors the opportunity to work on this
project. For that we thank cordially.
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