PLURAL

US I UM A A AE IS ES
alumnus alumni acetabulum acetabula alga algae analysis analyses
alveolus alveoli atrium atria alumna alumnae auris aures
bacillus bacilli bacterium bacteria aorta aortae axis axes
bronchus bronchi calcaneum calcanea axilla axillae basis bases
calcaneus calcanei cecum ceca bursa bursae crisis crises
calculus calculi cerebrum cerebra cannula cannulae diagnosis diagnoses
carpus carpi cilium cilia coxa coxae dialysis dialyses
coccus cocci cranium crania fibula fibulae ecchymosis ecchymoses
embolus emboli curriculum curricula flora florae ellipsis ellipses
esophagus esophagi datum data formula formulae epistaxis epistaxes
focus foci duodenum duodena lacuna lacunae hypothesis hypotheses
fungus fungi endocardium endocardia larva larvae metatarsis metatarses
humerus humeri epithelium epithelia lingua linguae neurosis neuroses
locus loci ilium ilia macula maculae oasis oases
malleus mallei ischium ischia maxilla maxillae paralysis paralyses
malleolus malleoli medium media medulla medullae paranthesis parantheses
microvillus microvilli mediastinum mediastina mucosa mucosae pelvis pelves
nucleus nuclei myocardium myocardia palpebra palpebrae prognosis prognoses
oculus oculi omentum omenta patella patellae prophylaxis prophylaxes
phalangus phalangi ovum ova pleura pleurae psychosis psychoses
radius radii pericardium pericardia plica plicae pubis pubes
ramus rami periosteum periostea scapula scapulae symphysis symphyses
stimulus stimuli residuum residua sequela sequelae synthesis syntheses
streptococcus streptococci sacrum sacra tibia tibiae testis testes
sulcus sulci septum septa trachea tracheae thesis theses
syllabus syllabi spectrum spectra ulna ulnae
talus tali sporangium sporangia vena venae
tarsus tarsi sputum sputa vena cava venae cavae
thrombus thrombi sternum sterna vertebra vertebrae
uterus uteri stratum strata vesica vesicae
vagus vagi
villus villi

US ORA/ERA ON A IS IDES EN INA

corpus corpora criterion criteria arthritis arthritides foramen foramina
crus crura ganglion ganglia dermatitis dermatitides limen limina
genus genera phenomenon phenomena epidermis epidermides lumen lumina
latus latera protozoon protozoa epiglottis epiglottides stamen stamina
pectus pectora spermatozoon spermatozoa iris irides/irises
viscus viscera mitochondrion mitochondria
IX/EX/AX ICES X GES MA MATA
appendix appendices coccyx coccyges carcinoma carcinomata
cervix cervices larynx larynges emphysema emphysemata
cicatrix cicatrices meninx meninges melanoma melanomata
matrix matrices phalanx phalanges oedema oedemata
radix radices pharynx pharynges sarcoma sarcomata
varix varices salpinx salpinges schema schemata
apex apices syrinx syringes stigma stigmata
cortex cortices stoma stomata
index indices trauma traumata
pollex pollices
thorax thoraces

consoana => ges: laryNx -> laryNges

vocala => ces: thorAx -> thorAces

SG = PL SG PL
apparatus caput capita
ductus cor corda
hiatus dens dentes
meatus femur femora
series furfur furfures
species genu genua
stapes incus incudes
stapidies margo margines
tractus os orra
os ossa
pancreas pancreata
pars parties
pes pedes
pons ponties
pulmo pulmones
ren renes
stapes stapedes
vas vassa
 SYNONYMS

abnormality = anomaly childbirth = parturition

absorb = take in chiropodist = foot doctor, podiatrist (podolog)
abundant = plentiful clavicle = collarbone
additive = cumulative clotting = obstruction
adequate = proper, appropriate cluster = bundle, group
adenohypophysis = anterior pituitary coccyx = tailbone, rump bone
aim = goal, objective cold = coryza
airways = air passages compulsory = mandatory, obligatory, required
alike = similar, identical condition = problem, trouble
alopecia = baldness contagious = infectious, transmissible,
alveolus = air pockets (sacs) catching, communicative, communicable
ambulation = walking container = recipient
analgesic = painkiller continuous = ongoing, permanent
angina pectoris = chest pain cough = tussis
appearance = occurrence covered = coated
appointment = call covering = protecting
arteriosclerosis = hardening of the arteries coxal bone = hip bone
articulation = joint cranium = skull
assay = test, trial, attempt crave = lust, to long for
atrium = auricle cure = heal
bad breath = halitosis cut = laceration, incision
bedridden = immobilised to bed cutaneous = dermal
before = prior to, anterior to defect = fault
bending = flexion dermis = corium, derma, cutis
bind = to link, unite, merge, combine detalied = minute, thorough
biotransformation = drug metabolism diaphoresis = extreme sweating
bleeding = blood loss, hemorrhage disability = inability
blood = vascular disease = affliction, ailment, illness,
blood clot = thrombus sickness, trouble, malady
blood group = blood type dizziness = vertigo, unsteadiness
blood platelet = thrombocyte doctor = physician, medical practitioner
bloodstream = blood flow dormant = inactive, inert, passive
bony = osseous dormitory = dorm, hostel
bore = hole drops (eye) = instillation
boundary = limit, margin, extremity, edge drowsy = sleepy
breastfeed = lactate duct = tube
bruise = ecchymosis, hematoma dyspnea = shortness of breath, air hunger
bursitis = housemaids knee dyspepsia = indigestion, upset stomach
calcaneum = heel bone eager = willing
cancellous = spongy, porous effort = exertion
cancerous = malignant egg = ovum
candida = thrush emesis = vomiting
cardiologist = heart specialist endocrine glands = ductless glands = glands
carpals = carpal bones = bones of the wrist of internal secretion
carry out = perform endurance = resistance, stamina
cast = plaster endure = resist, withstand
cavity = socket enema = clyster
cerebral palsy = (to be) spastic enlarge = dilate, expand, widen
cerebral infarction/bleeding = stroke epidemic = outbreak
episode = attack, seizure, paroxysm incus = anvil
epistaxis = nosebleed infectious mononucleosis = glandular fever,
eruption = rush kissing disease
eructation = belching, burping influenza = the flu
erythrocyte = red blood cell ingest = swallow
(o)esophagus = gullet inherited = genetic, hereditary
essay = written report injury = wound
etiology = cause, origin innate = natural
exhibit = show inpatient = hospitalised patient
exocrine glands = duct glands integument = skin
expectoration = sputum intern = physician in training
extension = stretching internship = hands-on medical training
fainting = syncope, loss of consciousness intestine = bowel, gut
fallopian tube = salpinx itching = pruritus
fatal = deadly, lethal larynx = voice box
fatigue = tiredness lateral = outside
febrile = fevirish, pyretic layer = stratum
feed = nourish lethargy = fatigue, exhaustion, tiredness
fellow = subspecialist leukocyte = white blood cell
fellowship = subspecialty training likelihood = probability
femur = thigh bone likely to = prone to, susceptible to
fever = pyrexia lining = padding
fibula = splinter bone, calf bone lung = pulmon
fit = healthy malleus = hammer/mallet
fixed = immobile mandible = lower jaw
flatulence = wind matrix = uterus, womb
foramen = opening maxilla = jawbone, upper jaw
frequency = rate, speed medial = inside
freshman = fresher medicine = medication, drug
frontal = anterior/ventral mental hospital = psychiatric hospital
fungus = mold minute = tiny, small
gall = bile moist = humid, damp
gallbladder = cholecyst mouth = oral cavity, stoma
general = systemic mumps = infectious parotitis, epidemic parotitis
germ = microbe, pathogen narrowing = stenosis
gigantism = giantism, macrosomia nas(o) = rhin(o)
groove = sulcus nephro = reno
gum = gingiva nerve cell = neurone
happen = occur, to take place neurohypophysis = posterior pituitary
hay fever = allergic rhinitis neurosurgery = brain surgery
heart attack = myocardial infarction nose = nasal passages
heartburn = pyrosis nosocomial infection = hospital acquired infection
hemorrhage = massive/severe bleeding nutritive = nourishing
hemorrhoids = piles oedema = swelling
herpes simplex = cold sore onset = start, beginning
herpes zoster = shingles ophthalmologist = eye doctor
hiatus = perforation origin = source
histology = microscopic anatomy orthopedist = orthopedic surgeon
homogenous = compact ossicles = bones of the ear
hospital chart = observation chart osteoblast = bone forming cell
humerus = upper arm bone otolaryngologist = ENT specialist
inactivate = neutralize outcome = result
outpatient = ambulatory patient site = place, location
overall = total, general sore = ulcer, wound
pace = rhythm spectrum = array, range
pain = ache spermatozoon = male sex cell
paralysis = palsy stapes = stirrup
paramedic = emergency medical technician state (hospital) = public, government
paramedical personnel = allied personnel sternum = breastbone, chestbone
patella = knee cap sternutation = the act of sneezing
peak = top, tip, apex, summit strabismus = squint
pep pill = stimulant strenuous = exhausting, demanding
personnel = staff striations = stripes
pertussis = whooping cough stuffy nose = blocked nose
phalanx = bone of the finger/toe sudoriferous = sweat glands
pharynx = throat supervise = monitor, oversee
phlegm = thick mucus, sputum supply = deliver, provide, give
phylaxis = protection against infection swallowing = deglutition
pineal = epiphysis system = structure, organisation
pit = fossa/hole tarsals = tarsal bones
pituitary = hypophysis term = semestre
platelets = thrombocytes tendonitis = tennis elbow
poisonous = toxic testicles = testes
poliomyelitis = polio tetany = intermitent cramp
posterior (view) = rear thin = slim, slender
prescription = medication order tibia = shinbone, shankbone
private practice = medical office tongue = glossa, lingua
prophylaxis = prevention to abstain = to restrain
radius = forearm bone to amputate = to cut, to sever
readily = easily to ascertain = to determine
recovery = recuperation to bandage = to dress a wound
recovery period = convalescence to break down = to decompose
relapse = recurrence to breathe in = to inhale, inspire
relieve = allay, alleviate, assuage, calm, to breathe out = to exhale, expel
comfort, dull, ease, mitigate, palliate, soothe to bring about = to cause, to determine (to
ren = kidney happen), to stir
residency = speciality training to care for patients = to attent to patients
resident = specialist in training to catch = to pick-up (a disease)
resist = withstand to chew = to masticate
rhinorrhea = runny nose to compensate for = to make-up for
rigidity = stiffness to constrict = to narrow
root = radix to cut down = to reduce
rubella = German measles to dispose of = to discard, to get rid of, to
rubeola = measles, morbilli dispense with, to eliminate
saliva = spit to err = to make a mistake
scapula = shoulder blade to fall into = to fall under
schedule = timetable to give off = to emit
sclerosis = hardening to inflame = to swell
sebaceous = oil glands to line = to pad
secrete = release, emit, produce to be medically insured = to be covered by
serious = severe medical insurance, to have a medical
shaft = diaphysis insurance
sideways = lateral to mould = to shape
sight = vision to sweat = to perspire
to test/feel/check/measure the pulse variola = smallpox
to weaken = to debilitate verruca = warts
trachea = windpipe vertebral column = spinal column, back
turning = rotation bone, spine
ulna = cubitus, elbow bone waste = residue, debris, residuum
undue = unnecessary weakness = frailty, fragility
urticaria = hives, heat spots, nettle rash while = whilst
varicella = chickenpox worker = employee

Opposites
dis like, satisfaction, infect
anti pyretic, biotic, tussive, inflammatory
(mal) dys trophy, lexia, function

abductor adductor extracellular intracellular

ability disability, inability febrile antifebrile
able unable flabby muscle tone
abundant scarce formation malformation
activation inactivation front rear
active passive function dysfunction
acute chronic harmful harmless
adequate inadequate healthy unhealthy, sick, ill
adverse benefic heterogeneous homogeneous
anterior posterior humidified dehumidified
appropriate inappropriate hydration dehydration
balance imbalance, unbalance hypo hyper
benign malignant hypoventilation = hyperventilation
body antibody ill healthy, fit
breathe-in breathe-out indication contraindication
coagulant anticoagulant infectious noninfectious
comfortable uncomfortable inflammatory noninflammatory, anti-inflammatory
compatible incompatible inhale exhale
compose decompose inspiration expiration
congestant decongestant internal external
connected disconnected, unconnected intra extra
conscious unconscious intravenous extravenous
contagious noncontagious mature immature
continuous discontinuous mild severe
contraction relaxation movable immovable
coordinated uncoordinated mycotic antimycotic
diagnose misdiagnose normal abnormal
directly indirectly organic inorganic
diuretic antidiuretic organization disorganization
donor recipient organized disorganized
dorsal ventral outer inner
dry moist outer-most inner-most
edible inedible overexposure underexposure
effective ineffective oxygenate deoxygenated
efficient inefficient painful painless, pain-free
endocrine exocrine palatable (gustos) unpalatable
permeable impermeable superficial deep, profound
plentiful scarce systole diastole
proper improper to constrict to enlarge, dilate
pyretic antipyretic to continue to discontinue, to interrupt, to
reactive non-reactive stop, to cease
regular irregular to cure a disease to heal an injury
responsible irresponsible to increase to decrease, to reduce
rhythmic arrhythmic to infect to disinfect
rigid soft to inhibit to slow, to stop
sensitive non-sensitive, insensitive to pass to fail
sepsis asepsis to provide to get rid of
septic antiseptic, aseptic to supply to receive
skill-full skill-less understand misunderstand
smooth rough used blood cleansed blood
soluble insoluble utopia dystopia
specific nonspecific vascular avascular
stable unstable visible invisible
sterile contaminated, unsterile vital non-vital
structure structureless voluntary involuntary
structured unstructured wide spread localised

10 toes = degete picioare

2 thumbs = deget mare mana
8 fingers = degete maini
cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae neck, trunk, lower back

Enteral - per os: ora, ossa

- suppository
Parenteral: IV, IM, SC, IA
Topical ointment = unguent
- liniment = alifie
- drops = picaturi
NSAID = AINS

triangle => triangular

rectangle => rectangular nose = pyramidal
square => square gallbladder = pear-shaped
circle => circular liver = triangular
sphere => spherical heart = conical
cone => conical kidney = bean-shaped
pyramid => pyramidal eye => spherical
tube => tubular esophagus => tubular
dome => dome-shaped
pear => pear-shaped
bean => bean-shaped
verb => noun The cure for HIV is complex.
to cure => cure I need something to cure my addiction.
to prescribe => prescription I just got the medical prescription.
to refer => referral After you finish med school you can prescribe
to contaminate => contamination medication.
to administer => administration Please refer to me by my first name.
to diagnose => diagnosis The doctor game me a referral.
to experience => experiment You must be careful not to contaminate others.
to withdraw => withdrawal The contamination extended beyond the city border.
to examine => examination Did you administered the shot?
The administration of the drugs was done 2h ago.
We must rule out a possible diagnosis.
Its hard to diagnose some infections from other.

to lay laid laid (a organiza)

to lie lay lain (a sta culcat)
to lie lied lied (a minti)

inpatient = pacient internat

outpatient = ambulatoriu
diabetus millitus = diabet zaharat
root of the neck = apertura toracica superioara
mild moderate severe
epidermis dermis subcutis
gross = per total

a surgeon - operates on a patient

- performs/does surgery
surgery room = operation room (OR)

surgery can reffer to: - the operation room

- the operation itself / the procedure
- the specialty

bedside manners = the way a doctor interacts and communicates with patients
dead on arrival = DoA
a fracture can be -> open or compound
bedsore = hospital gangrene = pressure sore/ulcer/gangrene = decubital gangrene = decubitus
ulcer = nosocomial gangrene

anesthetist anesthesiologist
anesthetist = the person who administers the anesthetic
anesthesiologist = specialist who prescribes the anesthetic, doses
general surgery = focuses on abdominal organs, and on the thyroid
head and neck surgeon = ORL
cardio-thoracic surgery = the organs of the chest
colo-rectal surgety = proctology
pediatric surgery = subspeciality of surgery, involving surgery of infants, children, teenagers
plastic surgery = restauration of form and function
plastic surgery can be: esthetic/cosmetic and reconstructive, microsurgery, for burns
to suture = a coase chirurgical
the suture = sutura
suture = material used for suture (surgical thread)

ailment = durere usoara teaching hospital = spital clinic

complaint = durere locala university hospital = spital universitar
disease = pe termen lung to admit a patient = a interna un pacient
disorder = tulburare to discharge a patient from a hospital = a
sickness = stare bolnavicioasa externa un pacient
attending doctor/physician = medic curant to dispense = eliberare medicamente fara retete
senior specialist = medic primar bedsore = escara
bedridden patient = imobilizat la pat knot = nod
endowments = inzestrare, dotare surgical approach = abord chirurgical
hemodialysis unit = unitate de dializat surgical appliance = dispozitiv chirurgical
hospital stay = perioada de internare curette = chiureta
hospital training = stagiu de pregatire in spital curettage = chiuretaj
hospital wastes = deseuri de spital drain = tub de dren
eye sore = ulcior flap = lambou
leprosy = lepra surgical bone impression = amprenta osoasa
lozenges = drajeuri medicale chirurgicala
nettle = urzica surgical suite = bloc operator
orderly = brancardier surgical wound infection = infectia plagii chirurgicale
pep = vlaga chief surgeon = surgeon-in-chief = chirurg principal
pilgrim = pelerin assistant surgeon = chirurg asistent mana a 2-a
plaster = ghips throbbing pain = durere pulsatila
private/individual room = rezerva istorical record = fisa medicala
rubella = pojarel ward = salon
rubeola = pojar unit = sectie
thrush = afta individual/private room = rezerva
strecher = targa salary = once a month
trolley = pat mobil wage = two times a month

Combining forms
blood hemo-, hemato- -centesis = surgical puncture
bone osteo- -clasia = crushing, breaking up
bronchia bronch(o)- -desis = fusion of two parts, stabilization
cancer onco- -ectomy = surgical removal
fluid hydro- -odynia = pain
heart cardio- -oma = tumor
lung pneumo- , pulmo- -opsy = looking at
muscle myo- -oscopy = viewing of
nervous system neuro- -ostomy = surgical creating a hole
nose rhino- -otomy = incision
pus pyo- -pexy = fixing, lifting, securing
renal system nephro- -plasty = modifying, reshaping
tissue histo- -rrhaphy = strenghtening with suture
-rrhexis = breaking, rupturing, splitting
-tomy = cutting, incision
 Education
Levels of education
- Pre-school - kindergarden
- nursery school
- Elementary school: 1-8
Primary school: 1-4
Gymnasium: 5-8
- Secondary school = Highschool
Junior: 9-10
Senior: 11-12
- Higher education = invatamant superior
Formal education = until 10th class
Profil: real = sciences; uman = humanities
academic year = an universitar
to enroll = a se inscrie
enrollment = inscriere
to attend (lectures/seminars) = a frecventa
attendance list = lista de prezenta
to make the roll call = a face prezenta
to expel = a exmatricula
to drop out = a abandona/ renunta
to take a year off = a lua pauza 1 an
to miss a class, to skip a class
headmaster/headmistress
teachers staffs room = cancelaria
baccalaureate diploma
to be on a leave = a fi in concediu
to be on a sick leave = a fi in concediu
medical
timetable/schedule = orar
mark/grade = nota
school report = situatia scolara
to assess = a asculta
assessment = evaluare
average = medie
GPA = grade point average = nota de trecere
overall GPA = media anilor de scoala
to take/sit for a test
to flunk = a pica
to pass = a trece
to pass with flying colors
resit = restanta
to cheat
subject = materie (history, geography, math)
to be good at/ bad at
to be proficient in a language
proficient = expert, competent
the 3 Rs: Reading Writing, Arithmetics
illiterate = analfabet
illiteracy = analfabetism
assignment = tema
spelling = ortografie
midwife = moasa
freshman = student in anul I
sophomore = student in anul II
bachelors degree = diploma de licenta
masters degree = diploma de master
bachelors/masters degree of arts/sciences
undergraduate education = licenta
graduate education = masterat (educatie
universitara)
postgraduate education = educatie
postuniversitara
PhD = doctors degree
MD = ptr cei ce au terminat facultatea de
medicina
grade record = foaie matricola
academic year/ grade record
curriculum = plan de invatamant curricula
syllabus = programa
certificate = adeverinta
private/ state university
vocational school = scoala profesionala
substitute teacher = profesor suplimentar
academic rank:
- asistent universitar = assistant lecturer
- sef de lucrari/lector = lecturer
- conferentiar = associate professor
- profesor universitar = full professor
teaching load = norma didactica
care subjects = materii de
baza/fundamentale
required subjects = materii obligatorii
elective subjects = materii optionale
university = universitate
faculty = facultate
department = departament
chair = catedra
rector vice-rector
dean vice-dean
head of department
head of chair
registrar = secretar de facultate
chief registrar = secretar sef
personal assistant = secretar particular
evening courses = cursuri de seara
distance education
registration fee = taxa de inscriere
tuition fee = taxa de scolarizare
lecture hall = sala de cursuri
term = semestru
lab = laborator
dormitory = dorms = camin
exam session = sesiune de examene
entrance examination = examen de admitere
examiner = examinator
oral exam; practical exam = colocviu
make-up exam = examen de diferenta
score = punctaj
revision = recapitulare
revise for a exam
to defend your doctors dissertation
the public defense of a PhD thesis
thesis = teza, dizertatie
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