Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 3

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1: Admittivity measurement of a unit cube of anisotropic material: (a) current injection through E+ and E planes, (b) current

injection through E+ and E planes, and (c) current injection through E+ and E planes.

where n is the unit outward normal vector on . For each

, {, , }, we denote the voltage difference E+ by

+ +

() = . (7)
E+ E
+

Lemma 1 (reciprocity). For , {, , }, one has

+ +
1 +

() = () .
1
1 (8)

Proof. From the boundary conditions of and divergence

Figure 2: A tissue sample contained in the unit cube. theorem, we have

1 1
() = n ( ) = r.
2.1. Definition of Effective Admittivity for a Cubic Sample. 0 E+
0

occupied in the unit cube = {r : 0 < , , < 1 cm} with

Let us consider a rectangular-shaped tissue sample (Figure 1) (9)

its three pairs of facing surfaces (Figure 2): Hence, the symmetry (8) follows from the reciprocity relation
E+ = {r : = 1} , E = {r : = 0} , 1
() = r = ()
E+ = {r : = 1} , E = {r : = 0} , (5) 0 (10)
E+ = {r : = 1} , E = {r : = 0} . , {, , } .

If (r, ) = 0 (homogeneous), then () = () =

frequency /2 is given by (r, ) = (r) + (r), where () and () = () = () = 0 and ef () must
Assume that the admittivity distribution of the sample at

the conductivity (r) and the permittivity (r) values are

be ef () = () = 0 / . If the effective admittivity ef ()

(r, ) is isotropic on a microscopic scale. If we apply a
scalar-valued functions depending only on position r. Hence, is a diagonal matrix satisfying
current of () = 0 cos() through the pair of electrodes
0 0
( 0 0 ) (r, ) r = (r, ) (r, ) r
ef
attached on E+ and E , then the resulting time-harmonic
potential (r, ) satisfies the following equation from a
ef

0 0
ef
suitable arrangement of Maxwell equations (at frequencies
{, , } ,
below about 100 kHz):
( (r, ) (r, )) = 0 for r , (11)
n ( ) |E+ = 0 = n ( ) |E ( {, , }) , (6) 0 0
then it must be = , = , and = 0 / due
n |\(E+ E ) = 0,
ef ef ef

to the following theorem.