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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 5

From this, we have In biological materials is produced by the ionic con-


duction and 0
() is produced by dielectric relaxation.

ef
() =
ef
() +
ef
() , (22) The dielectric response of biological tissues is always fre-
quency dependent, and the electric charge movement inside
2 2

ef
() =
ef
(0) + (
ef
()
ef
(0)) , the material in response to an externally applied electric
1 + 2 2 field is controlled by the dielectric properties of the material.
(23)
1 The free charge movement inside a material affected by an

ef
() =
ef
() + (
ef
(0)
ef
()) , external field is controlled by its conductivity (). Biological
1 + 2 2
tissues display extremely high dielectric constants at low
where frequencies, and as the excitation frequency is increased, the
dielectric constants of the tissues fall off in more or less
(1 ) int + ext
= , distinct steps [8]. Interfaces play a significant role in the
(1 ) int + ext frequency dependence of complex materials, particularly at
ext int
audio and subaudio frequencies [8]. The frequency response

ef
(0) = , of biological tissue admittivity is highly influenced by the
(1 ) int + ext dielectric polarization, dielectric relaxation, and dielectric
ext int
dispersion.

ef
() = , Electric polarization (Figure 4) may be defined as the
(1 ) int + ext
(24)
electric-field-induced disturbance (shift from average equi-
int ext + ext int ext int
librium positions) of the charge distribution in a region [8].

ef
() = ,
(1 ) int + ext (1 ) int + ext
Dielectric dispersion in biological tissues can be assumed to
depend upon the permittivity (Figure 5) of tissue material
int ext + ext int ext int with applied electric field frequency [8]. In other words, a

ef
(0) = .
(1 ) int + ext (1 ) int + ext
significant change in dielectric properties over a frequency
range, by convention, is called a dielectric dispersion [21].
Writing = () (0) and = () (0),
ef ef ef ef ef ef As there is always a lag between the changes in an applied
electric field and changes in polarization, the permittivity
we have
of the biological tissues is a complex-valued function of the

ef
=
ef
. (25) frequency of the applied electric field. The term dielectric
relaxation [22] in a biological tissue connotes the delay or lag
Here, is referred to as a relaxation time, since its value in its response to create the dielectric polarization following
controls polarization time [8, 21]. It is remarkable to observe the application of electric field across the tissue sample. In
that the relaxation time = ((1 )int + ext )/((1 )int + other words, the dielectric relaxation of a tissue can be defined
ext ) may be obtained by solving the elliptic PDE (17). as the lag (momentary delay) in the dielectric constant which
Using (23), the average current density J = 0
1 is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization with
respect to a change in applied electric field. According to the
generated inside the dielectric due to the average electric field
previous simple computations of (23) in the 1D model (17),
E = 0 is given by
1
the central frequency of the dispersion is = 1/2 =
(1/2)((1 )int + ext )/((1 )int + ext ).
J = (
ef
() + 0
ef
()) E, (26) Schwan [23, 24] studied the properties of biological
tissue and cell suspensions over a large frequency range and
which can be expressed as observed that the dielectric properties of biological tissues
are characterized by three major dispersions, -dispersion
J = E + 0 (

()

()) E, (27) [23, 24], -dispersion [23, 24], and -dispersion [23, 24]
occurring at low frequency, radio frequency, and microwave
where =
ef
(0) and frequency, respectively. We consider each of these dispersions
below.
1


() =
ef
() + (
ef
(0)
ef
()) , (i) -dispersion (10 Hz /2 10 kHz): The -
1 + 2 2
dispersion is associated with tissue interfaces such as
1 2 2
(28)


() = ((
ef
()
ef
(0)) ). membranes [23]. Below about 10 kHz, the dielectric
0 1 + 2 2 studies of biological or any other electrolyte systems
become very complex and difficult to characterize.
Here,

() and
() are referred to as the dielectric Foster and Schwan, 1989 [25], reported that -
constant and loss factor of the dielectric material, respectively. dispersion is believed to be associated with a coun-
The average current density can also be written as terion layer (electrical double layer) polarization in
tissues.
J = ( + 0 ())E +


0 ()E.


(ii) -dispersion (10 kHz /2 10 MHz): In
(29)
ef () ef () biological tissues, the -dispersion is caused by the

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