4.1. Chemical Reactions HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Chemical Reactions

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Chemical Reactions
The following National Science Education Standards specifically relate to this study
guide:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
o Chemical reactions occur all around us, for example in health care,
cooking, cosmetics, and automobiles. Complex chemical reactions
involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in
our bodies.
o Chemical reactions may release or consume energy. Some reactions such
as the burning of fossil fuels release large amounts of energy by losing
heat and by emitting light. Light can initiate many chemical reactions such
as photosynthesis and the evolution of urban smog.
o A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either
electrons (oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base
reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals
with electrons ready to form new bonds. Radical reactions control many
processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of
polymers, and explosions.
o Chemical reactions can take place in time periods ranging from the few
femtoseconds (10-15 seconds) required for an atom to move a fraction of
a chemical bond distance to geologic time scales of billions of years.
Reaction rates depend on how often the reacting atoms and molecules
encounter one another, on the temperature, and on the properties--
including shape--of the reacting species.
o Catalysts, such as metal surfaces, accelerate chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions in living systems are catalyzed by protein molecules
called enzymes.
Table of Contents
Molecules and Ions ......................................................................................................... 3

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds .................................................................................. 5
Chemical Solutions.......................................................................................................... 8
Chemical Equations ...................................................................................................... 10
Simple Reactions .......................................................................................................... 14
Double-Replacement Reactions .................................................................................... 16
Combustion Reactions .................................................................................................. 20
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Chemical Reactions
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Molecules and Ions
Molecules and Ions

Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Chemical Reactions
View scenes 1 4 and complete the exercise below.
A review of the basic facts about molecules and ions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 1
1. Reactions Everywhere:
These pictures show
common examples of
everyday chemical
reactions. List a few
from Scene 1 or from
life.
Scene 2
2. Define chemical reaction. Give an example.
3. Define reactants and products. Cite examples of each from Scene 2.
4. What does a balanced chemical equation show?
Scenes 3 - 4
5. What is the distinction between covalent and ionic bonds?

6. Formula First: This graphic shows molecular

models and their corresponding formulas.
How do molecular formulas represent
molecules? Give two examples.
7. How do ions form? How are they represented? Give examples.

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

View scenes 5 - 9 and complete the exercise below.
Learn about ionic bonds and ionic compounds.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 5
1. This picture shows the periodic table of elements, distinguishing metals from non
metals. Define cation and anion. Where on the periodic table are cation and
anion forming elements found?
2. Poly Want An Atom? This graphic brackets the polyatomic ions in a reaction.
Define polyatomic ion. Give examples. How do polyatomic ions behave in
chemical reactions?

Scene 6
3. Rule of Eight: This graphic shows the formation of charged ions from neutral
atoms through the acquisition or loss of electrons. Using the illustrated examples,
explain the octet rule.
4. Taking Stock: This chart compares the stock

system for naming metals with the charges of
those named metals. Generally, what elements
in the periodic table have more than one ionic
state? How are they designated?

Scene 7
5. Packing Them In: This image shows the structure of
a crystal of table salt. Explain the formation and
characteristics of ionic compounds.
Scene 8
6. How are ionic compounds represented? Provide examples.
Scene 9
7. A Bit Rusty: This graphic shows how the
crisscross method produces a chemical
formula from a stock system name. Describe
this process, using the example in the
graphic.

Chemical Solutions
Chemical Solutions
View scenes 10 14 and complete the exercise below.
Examine chemical solutions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 10
1. Solving Solutions: This graphic illustrates
the essential characteristics of solutions.
Describe how a solvent and solute
combine to make a solution, referring to
the illustration. Describe how bronze, soda
and air are solutions.
Scene 11
2. A Solvable Soluble: This picture shows the exact amount of
salt that will dissolve into 100 milliliters of water at 25 degrees
Celsius and one atmosphere of pressure. Explain solubility.
When are substances insoluble?

Scene 12
3. Why are liquid and gas solutions used to study reactions? Provide an example.
Scenes 13 14
4. Electrifying Conduct: This graphic shows the electrical conductivity or lack thereof
for various combinations of solute. What is an aqueous solution? Describe its
characteristics. Why does the light bulb go on for an electric current passed
through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride or acid, but not for a solution of
sugar or for plain water?

Quiz: Introduction and Review

Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Chemical Equations
Chemical Equations
Study the fundamentals of chemical equations.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 15 17
1. The following table supplies the reasons chemical equations are superior to word
equations. In each case, what specific shortcoming of word equations does a
chemical equation overcome? Complete the table.
Word Equation drawbacks Chemical Equations
Chemical symbols and nomenclature are
standardized for universal meaning.
Chemical equations account for all
quantities in a chemical reaction.
Scenes 18 21
2. Back in Balance: This illustration
shows the process of balancing an
equation for the combination of
hydrogen and oxygen to produce
water. Describe this process from
the first steps to the last, as
explained in Scenes 18 to 21.

Chemical Reactions
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Chemical Reactions
Complete Interactive Lessons # 1.
Practice constructing formulas.
Interactive
Lesson
Chemical Reactions
A review of terminology.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Solutions
Quiz
Quiz: Chemical Equations

Quiz

Scene 22
3. Rules Ruled: This graphic from Scene 22 lists the rules for balancing chemical
equations, with examples. Unfortunately, in example A the formula BaSO 3 is
incorrect a violation of the first rule! Actually, barium in barium sulfite has a
charge of +2; the sulfite ion and the nitrite ion each have a charge of -1. Try to
balance equation A as written. Then substitute the proper formula for barium
sulfite and balance the corrected equation. Additionally, using the values Al+3,
SO4-2 and OH-, balance the equation in example B.

Scene 23
4. Symbolic Arrows: These highlighted boxes show special reaction symbols which
are frequently used in chemical equations. Identify them. (Note that the highlight
boxes are not part of the symbols!) Also, explain the symbols (s), (g), (l) and (a).
(Note that the symbols (l) and (a) are not shown in this illustration.)
Chemical Reactions
Practice balancing equations.
Interactive
Lesson

Simple Reactions
Simple Reactions
Examine combination, decomposition, and single replacement
Multimedia reactions.
Presentation
Scene 24
1. List five common reaction types.
Scenes 25 26
2. Simple Synthesis: This illustration shows various kinds of combination reactions.

What is the general form of a combination, or synthesis, reaction? Explain in detail
the characteristics of the combination reaction categories shown in the graphic.

Scene 27
3. Explain decomposition reactions in detail, with examples.
Scene 28
4. Explain single-replacement reactions in detail, with examples.
Scenes 29 30
5. Pecking Order: The list of elements in this chart is an
activity series. Explain its importance, citing an example.
Chemical Reactions
A review of the different types of reactions.
Interactive
Lesson
Chemical Reactions
Complete Interactive Lessons # 5 and 6.
A review of single replacement reactions.
Interactive
Lesson

Double-Replacement Reactions
Double-Replacement Reactions
Study a variety of double replacement reactions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 32 33
1. Explain double-replacement reactions in detail, with examples.

Scene 34
2. Crystal Flask: If you wish to mix two
solutions, what are the criteria for
predicting that something will happen, as
in this picture, or nothing at all?
Scenes 35 36
3. Exceptional Rules: This solubility chart
shows rules (with exceptions) for
determining whether an ionic
compound will settle out of solution.
Explain how to use this chart, using
two examples from the lesson.

Scene 37
4. What is the drawback of using molecular equations to show ionic double
replacement reactions? What kind of equation gives a more accurate
representation? Provide a detailed example.
5. This graphic illustrates how ionic compounds can be shown as separate ions with
all ions in the compound accounted for. Describe how this is done when writing
complete ionic equations.
Scene 38
6. What is a net ionic equation? Provide an example.

Scenes 39 41
7. Incomplete Grade: This graphic shows the sequence of equations developed in
Scenes 39 to 41; however, in this version the molecular equation is not balanced,
the complete ionic equation
does not show the numbers of
ions accurately and omits the
physical state of the ions, and
the net ionic equation is
missing. Tell why the missing
information is essential, and
correct all the mistakes.
Chemical Reactions
Complete Interactive Lesson # 7.
A review of terminology.
Interactive
Lesson
Chemical Reactions
A review of solubility.
Interactive
Lesson

Combustion Reactions
Combustion Reactions
Examine combustion reactions and review major topics.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 42
Name Reactants Products
methane CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
ethane 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
pentane C5H12(l) + 8O2(g) 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
octane 2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
acetylene 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(s) + 2H2O(g)
1. This list shows the combustion reactions of several hydrocarbons. What is a
combustion reaction? Provide everyday examples of the combustion of
hydrocarbons.
Scene 43
2. Carbon Copies: This graphic shows the different
carbon-based products that result from the combustion
of hydrocarbons when varying amounts of oxygen are
present. Complete the table by supplying the relative
amount of oxygen in each case.
Amount of O2
+ hydrocarbon C (soot)
+ hydrocarbon CO
+ hydrocarbon CO2

Scene 44
3. What are carbohydrates? Explain metabolism, using examples.
Scene 45
4. Burning Question: This graphic shows diverse metal combustion reactions. How
do metals burn? Explain in detail.

Scene 46
5. Summarize the topics you have studied in this lesson.
Chemical Reactions
A review of spectator ions.
Interactive
Lesson
Chemical Reactions
A review of combustion.
Interactive
Lesson
Comprehensive Exam: Chemical Reactions

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

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CyberEd Study Guide

Molecules and Ions ......................................................................................................... 3

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

Page 2 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Molecules and Ions

Molecules and Ions

3. Define reactants and products. Cite examples of each from Scene 2.

4. What does a balanced chemical equation show?

Page 3 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

6. Formula First: This graphic shows molecular

7. How do ions form? How are they represented? Give examples.

Page 4 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

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4. Taking Stock: This chart compares the stock

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Quiz: Introduction and Review

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Quiz: Chemical Equations

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2. Simple Synthesis: This illustration shows various kinds of combination reactions.

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Comprehensive Exam: Chemical Reactions

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