Ur et IT 6eor- Moans Cone) Cnie-E Mobile cormputing - Nobile computing vs Wiele cs Networking — Mobile Computing Applicators — thewackeristes of Mobile Computing. Shruchwe 3 tobile Computing Applicaltoas. MAC Protocel- Nizless MAC Dseues. Fixed Assignment Sthemes. fandom Assignment Schemes. Reservatten Based Shemes Dwhak is Mebile Computes.» Mobile computing ( Sometimes Galled Ubiguitous Computing ond alge called Nomadic camputing) is widely desevbed as He ability te compu rremetely while on He meve. Mobile Gempuling \ v capa bitty Capability do aufomabeally © charge loaben cory out certain processing vhile communica Keg related to a Service fe Ynvolve compubdeg tnvetaltens on o Temete Services of Some remote computers: compster.v-Lt \ e-2 Mobile Computiog ME Wireless. Nebverking Mobile ampuling essentially denotes acces sing Nejermalten and runete computational sarvices eshile on the move. Wireless netuewking provides the basic Commun co kon Ye prra shucks, necessor to mate this possible. Mobile computing \s based on uheless Nehserking and helps one de invoke computing Cenvices on Temebe Sarvers uthile on the move. Wireless netuorkiag Vs an \npovtont Yagredient ypomabile camputing- Mobile Ginputirg ls Subaven of Uirelece nehucry, Dporder te plement mobile compubcs applica Hons se need te have a geek knosledge of the basics 4 wireless communi ca ben AechnolestesU-T fon of Wireless Netuerks °-3 * Th lede [920°, Vendors Stohed eperieg wireless products, uahich here subsitute the dred benal wsived Lany . producs » tv Wiveless nehorks onere intreduced te aveld tre cost of Yostalling LAN cab Ling and ease He task of ~reloabing ov modifying de he Tn}rastry clave. y Wiweless Metworks amb canbe Classified Inte @ basic types, 1) Exhension of wired natoorks. 2) Ad-hee nedworks. eae a} Ulved nedwerks user Steed Shrudures such os base ShKens te provide sgl hop wivelers commun! @ Hen a ducrhop wireless eM a uted afer or a Cellulecs communica Non with mobile. ES oi Eee — re coe \ AES. a > & For wivelers nfo Cased on Arced Tyre shruchree, z)v-D + The lke type af ustvalers ols te an ot adhe aja & Ad-hoc ts an Indrashruckire leer nf and Ys based on malb-hep wireless Communieabon, Loo a Fig: wireless ale hag veal one popular example oy} a fixed wireless ale is 9 Wiveless Law (wien), Het “oaplermerts Be 12BE BORN protecl: vonjous wireless nehuertt techncligier, yy WHEL (eee goat) 2% Bluetooth ( Deee Fo2.ts) ap Da rored 4) WiMax (Peee 202-16) ( Rom)or PS v Wi D Wireless Remote Access by Provelers %Comme, 2% Steck Coding whee 2 Medteal 2 MerDency Core. 4) Edu cahen Sy Gre 5) Disastee Wecovery and Management 6) Dntelligene ond Militoay. 1) Law Endercement: 2) Package Delivery, Sy Dy sere Llc lege te) Truckin, Andushy. ) Charactershes ef Mobile Computes, NESS > ww Mebile Computing is a: competing environment Yn which — ailher Senden or wrecdver ov bol Gan be on the move while tran seitteg 95 we cdwirs, Tojormabien: 1) Ubigly ( Present Pay where) 27 Locabten Aworeness 2) Adeptahion: 4) Broadcast 5) PerrenciizabenvU-T P-6 Structure o+ Mobile Computing Applications DA mobile computing application ts Usero lly Shucdred based on the tunchonalites Implemented > Moris a tree Her applicahen CBast catty D ) Presemtstion Ter DApplicalion Tew 2) Dato, Tier. Presentation 6 Application (Tiee-2) Dorta € Tiew-3) 2 Presentaben Tiers ae er D Responsible spr user Prlorfa. “D pregram: at this layer Tun 0m the Lient!s computor. D Glled rejeec® rom sen ond Prove, Curput fo OSenc. D web brow sexsDApelicaben Tors D> Respenstble Jor making legial cectsion ond pes serming elulablens > doda processing and mevicg dome at tis layer. ~> Dt precesse: the otput and crelurn 4 bo USES. Ymplemanted using Vertour sNeT, ete. userk “input aud produce > This leyer is technologies Dire, Tora, no tee te dodabere ledeper dent. > usually His layer Implemented ons Pred Server. » Dede Layers -> This layer ts respon sible oer Me basic Jadliletes of date Storage, access and manipulahen 9 D+ contains a Sotabose. ~> This layer alco Implemented en 9 Fixed Server.2 Zesertelhon Tew Brock he Usb Sam op all he Koplicaben| Sales rade fa OS * sales ‘pPpltaen) last year - Tee ——~ Sales! | ! Quay | Solera | any 7 Sales zi se FuneHonaletes provided by each Her Sheuchere Of 2 mobile ampubrs- apeiaben .Ont Pag ee PI a weless neloosk multiple nodes may contend to transmit on He Same Showed channel ot the Same Hee. 5. In His giluahien, He Aransmitted dade crould get gembled unless a suitable medium depleyed: Scheme ov techique access >. Cmaed > vsually the dedergee tk Medium feces Contrel prodotel ,whrh Ire sub layer @} dos Oinle layer Which ie ared dp access the Shaved channel withoot collision, 5 The Other objechves ef MAC P ap ub eben OF Yea channel avercye laters of mols el Ave dp Marcin zaBer ad Mimimiaaton of transmission « 5 Alse 4 Should ensuwe Het no node hag to wwcdt er an unduly lerg me, befre eb is allowed A dransmy.VD Pale 2 . Reoperher Requival of MAC Probeols > A eed MAC protecel needs to Saket, the following deateres, ent seme vules thet ne when multiple ser Showed ty DE Should — tmplem help te enjorce dirci p& nodes cotend(make use of) chevnnel 1 Dt Should help maieniaa Be ub bealeo “st oe D> Chena allecrbe node. Should bo discriminated agave Ame and mode te weil fer on long Hime tor ransmisshors > BL should be Capable ef supper hing several types of tragic having different maximum and average bit veles: ) Dt Shoulh be robust tn the Joe of eqeiprend failures and thonging Mefwrewt condibens. needs Jo be dai. No of ob ony un dalyPa Wireless MAC Profscals + Some Dssues® Rae AR SR Se 2 Teese fon ts a pepulor and standaod MAc Protec jer wireless nehwrles. > Dees 902.) based netsevk cards and reuters are used te \nexpensraly and easily cele wireless CANS 9 We know Mat Wireless nehsesks Gan be divided matuly Yate twos Ctegetias so nilus(wlan) OD Then shucks based ow DInfrashuchwerless wireless nfus(ad-he<) B Compore tuo He abeve too types of wirelen ohis Qnfrachruchiweless wireless nl has More Complexity, 1 A MAC profecel Yn ao wireless medium ts much more Complex thal wired nfus. > ene complencthy Is, collision detechen Scheme, is dipiult to Implement in o wireless enviverment Sma mulkple nodes share He Common mediurs dor tranemissien, so thet detector of collision ts hard. wiweless Mac probed fuuc tuo Issues,Wo Hidden Terminal Problem Gy Exposed Texminal Problem. jy Hidden Texminal Problems DN NO 9 the Hidden Teeminal Probleer arises least tree nodes (AB & CD when at communicate among each Stor. Radio Reege © tela a 5 Radic Range ef Node & mila we NX =p Nede A has th own Radie Ronse 3» Nede c has alse th own Rodis Range. D> Nede 2 Ts In the radio Yorge of A and also in he vadic verge of Nede Cc. > Node A and C are not io the vrodts Tanga Of} each olher. DB beh A and C shat te transmits B ot the Same Hime, Hen the data received ot nole B usd get gorbled. DThis stktahion Is called Hidden Terminal Problemvr > Because A and C ome “hidden! dren” each ober, B Since Hey ome outside each othes's transmission Da ths do Sense He medtunr (1s oud) behore deansin)ssion, but Jt cannet Sense that othes node \s alse transmttirg, range. s¥uatien, when one node stowt > This crentes a Very Adal and Important prblen that a MAG pretetel needs +o wreselve: > Bese Tomita! Problems > The Exposed Terminal problem onises Tao Stkehen, Where Hee nodes (A84c) cammuniete ameng enh ole, ushered In beles Figuse.ut ely 3 MAC protec! usually Inhibit (oreven) arensmission when ‘reensmissteo jrom terminal ts detected. A wtll act be able te \s transmits another 3 As a result Avansmit Fe any rede, when @ abe C) be cae A and @ within each olbeds transmission Yange - > Suppose te A work fo send dota Deshile & transenitti'es te Cy ten WM AL heewerse bat he do node, A hes deshaeben node c is ret i9 werge of FA and ©, eeuatier leads to Mnefpictent wellas unnecessory foe Frauanussee > The overall Spectrum usage as srensmission delays unless Haase ove Gerefully advessed by a orweless MAC proteuls-ot Pa Jee! A ‘Taxonomy ot 5 MAC Preleccls Go be broadly Aivided yore de jollowing Horse Categories, OQ Fixed Assignment Schemes. ondem Assignmest schemes: aid Reseevatice Sse4 Schemes. igneert Schemass ) Axed A 2 A dew important assigament HAC Protocols codename ) teed cedegeries of Hees are the llewirg, W Frequency Olvision Multiple Access (FRMA) Access (TDMA) QD Time. Division Muttiple Access CODMA) til) Code Division Multiple _FRMAR 5 In PEMA annilable gorge) is divided nto many pends ealled chamels. bandusid (Frequenay newre see frententywD _ . em > Below digure Shass a division o} ee exishing barduidit Yate many channels. \ bl Dank sd aa Doe pes ye P ena Sy tach user \s. ollecded @ dorvand Link (hand) ae Communi cabog trem Tb Cmebile hondser) te He bose Stollen on a veverse Channe) nc Gommuntetirg rom base skatton Cs) 7 mobite. handset. “5 Thes cathe User mating a cll Vs alloatedt deve Unique freq uenty bonds C Channels) , ove dee transmithiey Wone pr vrecevig Signols doring He calls. > When a call ts snderesosg Ne omer user would be allocated He Same drequenty bond fo make a Goll-D aused dransmieston me tn io og band thet occurs when the epee Galles pauses blo craocmisst on Cor) eshen fo user is allowted a band, goes Mle and is wasted 5 Therepre Pome does not athive a high chonne! ubiaaben. > TDMBe> aR 5 T. comp, muttole nodes ome allotted Lerent Ame slot do access the Same shysicat channe}- Aivtded o> Tht is, he Hom dine is volo jinxed. sizeh Bme Slots and ese ove Ayurdeh mong mlbele oder whe can Aron seit, > Here ol! nodes use He Some channel, bok dole deere? Hmes ge shen smi ssten. > The hme steh are allocated de users mannerx, wrth ech fo a round robin Pme. Sloe per User be assigned one Jrrome. ce ”.—____4 Frome. Lew fo fora] - - - UL oe Time 5 Dn tome, unused Rme slots go Tdle, leading D) CDMAL REA fe fers channet ubGoabens Be COMA, mulHple users ave allotted dyperert codes Hat consie& ef seq uerce of eo ond ) te access > A Qpecic\ coding scheme. allows slgnels rom mulbplezed| over the the Same Channel. ts used Hot mulbiple uses fe be same prysel Channel. st=Onme Jed, Me Vereen Lifer -5 Relees digere \Mastet. use G@he have been assigned cepowette same ih ° Codes ore mull plexed © cae8 & ma User-} Gode, ime Usera Gde > eperabin 23. COMP BE users use the Same time I a “cehemebe ) Bn come, mulbele Wime and 70 Jrequensy ak the same Scheduled is applied. conde: cath sends signe) > AN the a emmen medium . sieullenecusly HereoghU-D 5 The berdrdts oh the medium 5°? tmuth lorgerr Mao the paw tet would be alloted te each packet dre nm bsshon » The Signals of ath usenet tn be Ashngptshed dro <= othe by means Cre Special coding Scheme - used — frequents oprecdlirg, > The Commonly J code veccemmmns 1S colleh Os Npn-bit_pseude - aed code. Sequen® — a) Ape dee Sue eath 5 Using om bE, be obtdned, Sve” these codes one coda Sor dransrmisioh. ucesr will use 5 Senhors encode the Stgnods ade ith the codes bere dense Mss, all He enceded send Hesersh Sign oy oor mulBplosed oF Re Meyle channel + The weceiver twhe lnevss the Code(Sprend Ghent) uM able te vreceke Me emiptoal Lat (pated) ottew vecelve notre Lis. >U-D 9 TH is possible te distnguich - dransmission Jrrom Aiperent nedes by ensumrg, Some properies 0° He codes -9> The tee ereperta oe ” orthogonal ( He vrecher Taner predudy's or) 25 Aube correlations Cbineny © vraprecented as -t “Pr binerry | KOS a1) 5 Proc & CPM > Each Sender hes a key ond 2190 ete te 5 the gender Ort we crandem aumbec Key: >The receive Sonal (sent verde) numbos 2e- below example. unigue Yonur de be Aroasenit. whune” lo be his es bid Knows the ~» Consider he Two transmitters * RY work t > dole, be Me vrecelver creansentdots fag > Sender. Xdele 2) and peende rendu 2 key Keys (ooo!) > Ds aude arrrelah'en rreprre tenlabon Cetoon) = (at -p-tt tH) >The Signal te be calotshed oF Sendo Xp c Xadate oF Key is Ais ott ek (abr bea? M2 (-btb yoy tye D Similarly Sen cher Vdelase and Yvy= Ciro) D Bt are cowelbeo 5 Crrotet) 2 CAbtb-¥ o=-) tb) 5 at Signed Yse Yedodam Ye kes 2 (tlt ab abd tnD yA) Ye. (ond 2tg00 received by receiver > The zis ae Xsts.v-P eg. Ze (4 : 2 (beyebey dye) + (y-ray bth) 22 2,0) -2,42,0)- > At He rracelver, 10 order te Wecelve the dede sent by Senden * 7 the Signo Dis disprend ( demitsplaxd > BY 2 wank fe get Infpemalre gt Serdar Ades, Yen SZ has de *Oe Us tyre bo ae Me Bey [-2, 78) -% 449) a(t abe) (2% 0703 23% 9) 2 Coporejrt2te) 26 sol pest bye) a <> So Phe original bi # \ = Simi lonly > 2 Yates ) = (22,630) 240) OH —B Ahh?) 2 C200) -2,-%®) 2 lateto— fe We evtoined Ee Sent 29or P-2q TE) Random Assignment Schemess 2 There ore 0.0} vracdeer assignment Schames that ave used io Mac ‘Prntocels 5 A jew importer} schemes ave giver below o> ALOHA b> Stebted ALOHA <) CSMA ay csma/co e> csMalea 3D is a simple cammunitaheo Scheme that -was Aescloped at He university ef Havait, 5) The basic ALOHA Colse called Pune Ate 44D scheme sa Simple protecel: 3 Ty anode has dodg to Send, H begins te Aransmit 5 BP Pure ALotta, & node dees net chede die whether the. channel Is busy before treansmHirg, Dy Me Srome & succeashully reaches the destnalien Ureceiver), then Me neat frome te Sent Dh the drome Soils be reach he deshaehen, Ben BH is sent again.o-2 0-25 2 The simple ALoHA Scheme wevks In 4 siluaban, where small aco} Senders Send data in frequently, > an this Scheme te Collision an become. unacceptably high Ib the ne-ef senders ger Aransmissien is high. | Slotted Alonas Aes 3 Do the SleHed ALOHA Scheme, He chances 5 collision ove attempted te be reduced by riewreien the tellocina, wastichsns, 0) The time is divided inte equal sized Slots An which a Packel can be sent, Hus the size ef the packet is veshicteds Bh a node wont +o Send dele a packel then 4 can Stort dodo se only at He beginning et a Slot. 1m a Sled ALOHA System, a beaten signals Setervals Met te used te oe Slot) uibso a node hears shat be sed data ie o ave sent at precise mock Ye beginning of Re beacon Signal can Perkedar Hme Slets: >This prefecel dees net covks Very well Ye ae.ep Stahions contendiig te sent date, is high.vz P-26 > The CSMA Schemes > Cariex Sense Matliple Access C CSMA) D Th Ais technique, a ede Senses the medium before. Stoxbing te transmit. 5 DE UY Senses that Some gsfyonsmicsion is already undensey , ¥ defen Ib trancmission, 5 In coma Stheme, Ka pessibstty of ollitten SHIL exists beause of propogahen delay DA Shaken may sense Me medium and find ts Woot bye ml ante, siti? har net yet beeo Teceived. D Teo popules extentions of the baste cma dedndues owe, CsmAlen & esmefea HD csmalco> ee > coma with Cetlisten Detechon. CS 5 20 Hy technique, a Stahen oth % messege te send must moniter the chanoe) te Sea if any other Staben Sendieg , the Second Saben mary ened) He Sending Slaben has Qinizhed. Theo Th may send Th message. is unk’)OR D Bh ao Stakeo was sending, ot the time 7 Yhed 34 dit Ushned dre cdahen may send Vs SQ Gamediately . 5 ay due or mere Sabens hove soe bo Send at We same Hime and trey Ore Separoted by MyniPeant Aislante (Covexoge, onze each may begio transmitting od voughly Ke Same Vine withed bein aware ae} he ole~ Slaben. wp fe thee tea Sm ee ceceiver end, 14 Jeads Yo waite benduidh hme. > & Ho probel has en abilily +e doled Me callsion, them may eluce fe waste ot Lander olf. » csmelee dechnique ts sdleble dor Actechss Ihe Collisions. 5 On Weis technique ) He Seder she's de tronswid Vy Senses the channel + be gree / “ j Ld shew de Senclias msg.Vr 2D wher a collision ts debeckeg, Pr Ken Sends Jam Signaby fo Hod all the et Slehern Sendlly M54 Go Conse He deenseri cston, and wart der wordem amour) of Bme poved Calle back off ne). csme/[co OpewstiensuU-D P89, D> Be a wireless nehsork Ihe csmafen technigue. dees not usrk Very ell, 9 Ce cause Ya a wiveless nlw Mis vey digieutt for a tranemibing node to deted a Cllision, Sioa any received Qignal fren olbex nodes would be deo vreak and Ga be easily get oelsed. desknaten code may recaival leads bo oy thanne) 380 Me Me corvrepted drame y this ape Fran S073 sie G. wash ub raken . > Te overcame this problem, % collisive gnerdence Stheme can &% used Aveidane « +» esme oath Celli ster -> Qa this technique , al! He nodes axe Gereed. de vetl Jer a vendo Bme exer Fg the: channel ts deund Mle.u-2 P-20 2D Thea the nedes Sense the medium egcin , i} the medium is Sensed b be busy pa node wciigg be traermit has be dd dev aduclher tandem amount ef me %& Se on. Thus the chore of tee Nodes Bech de trons] at the Same Hime would be greatly ovetded . ons eo# 3D Ba esmelea technique, Collisi ane aveided by using tree F o Dates Fame Space b> Contenben us todow ©. Acknoss lednemento. 2) Dnterdvame Space? <> “When an pdle chonnel is gourd, the Shaben dees not Send Ammene Lortely , D+ welds fer a Pered Bh He Called Doter- Frome Spae cares): A Shorter 9 The Stabe Mat is assigne Jes has o higher Priority.5» Grteben calntows are an amount lime ,whide ove olvided Ink hme Slots. >A Sdalen Hat ls ready to Send chooses a ‘vondsm nove} Slots as tts carting Hoe. 5 Tq tis melhed, Had Staben ceeds * ore He channe) after exch Ame wy Th He Sheber oe fo te oho has Me docs nok veslent Me process, nw jest Stops Yhe Winey Qvestesls i+ when jhe Choare) ty sensed as idle. poke! 2 Ackreesledbcors? 5 The posibve ackinoeletge ment - me out car help guecrantes rwaceived ond the Het the Tecelver has tha same:esroalee Spersbers u-® P-%2- set backe; i} a eocit bacea Hme- AlNOM eae Sheena arent ) A basic fore of the reservation Scheme is He RTS/cTs scheme. sender transmit an 5 Do Mis Scheme a cket do the weceiver RTS C Ready te Send) Po bejore the acthal dode transmission. pon receiving this; Ke receiver Sends oTsl ace! (cleow te send’) packet) rok the doha trancmssien commences only after the dushen the otha nodes Shoring the medium sense nak. Hog ceadede Petes trom Aransmitting Unhl the Hraasenssven geen Sendieg, nede is comelete- > Dn a Contensien-based MAC protect, 0 Mede wanting te Send a Messoge first Teserree Vhe medium by using an appropriate Conrhrs! fesg.. > Re 2; eservaher of mediunn dan be achieved by transmitting q RTS MAD and dereres pending dehnaien code accepting this Yequest answer uh a CTs msg, 3 Even node Hat hears the ATS and ere wsgs defers it transmission during the Spedfe Hime Pewiod Ynorder 4 oveld cell’sion.v-P D vorious types af Teseabten based s e-3y ocse) MACA, MACAW, MACA-8D, PAMAS, DETMA, MARCH, SHNGC | aca winele ss Dual bur mace G& mnvilaten » MACA® be ace a i tah oe ral tie Se | Foes Auore seul Aen ah > Multiple Access Colli'sivn Aveidance. “89 thy = profiel used bo Solve hides exposed eeminal pretlams. by woals tie. Re transmits paner. MaAcA Yeguest® mendien an RTS fe the DA node scanning be use wecdver. erepagate oma) director tha senders vedio 4 than > Since xadio Signele every terminal withic vronge. will -heax this RTs mi ar Tefroia from Aransen’ Hing. “DAs Soon as the vecelver V6 ready to rrecane dat, it responds wilh a CTS 5 The below Figure Wastrades how MACA Whe biden terminal pootlem. oveidso-t P82 Radio wange e3 A Roadie wronge of & Fig: Hidden tecminal Solution Tr MACA ROLL we oben at Ale dannemtosion A @ends RTs msg fe B RTs Wsg, thot contalnies, Yhe Sendes's name, and Me Tecelvess name, as well as the leg ef He quivre dro seni 8810. 3Dn vesponse te Ye rem @ is tMagered Iodicabing OTF meg, DB veceves the RTS, an aaknorledee meds 3 The CTS msg ondains name ef Me Sender, ond receiver, and the length of He planned sreansmi ssion.u-t 9-26 ~~ This eT9 ts heard by C, Slow Cre ore In te Same Foege, anh C Iden bbes Mat the medium is reserved jor Use by A dew the durvolten of ihe shransmi Sslon. D on Teceipt of a CTs Grom B refrains geom transmitting anything h™ He time Indicated Yo he CTS. > Thas the collision Cannef occur at Q dusing dota transmiesion and te hidden terminal Probie <5 D Gren trough This Vs 4 collision avetdan prbeal a collision can occur Aunving Me Sendieg of an RTS SQ: SB beth A och & Send an RTS Msg be at he Same Hime, Hen there Iso Chana der callision, bat the exebe bility 9b al\icton Temains mad less, bemute Me sia ey} ts fs les than Ha origicn! dade, de be Sent > B veslve Mis problem by acknowledping only one Salen Ye the ets,VD a2 DTe below Figure Mlusteates hou the expe sed terminal problem is Selved tn MaACA. pA Radic mae” i a ere ve RTS ets ets \Y “Le” Expesed teeminal Soluben in MACE > Assume thot @ needs to transmit to A 5 B has de transmit an RTS Hire, He RTP would contein He names of Me Wecelver(A) and Sander C8) >C does not ack In wespense te Mis RTD meg as iF is net he Weceives, but A rsesponds with a CTS > C dees net wecelve His CTS and Conchudes Hot A Ts outside the desknalen Tonge. Tas C cen Stage Yh dransm) sshen assuming tec no Callison would occur Pr As