Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
W3 Mass, linear momentum and energy conservation laws for open systems.
Bernoullis
Bernoulli s equation and applications
W4 Momentum and kinetic energy correction factors. Fluid friction loss and
pump work. Applications
W5 Dimensional analysis
W6 Steady laminar flow in pipes and thin layers: differential form of mass and
linear momentum balances. Connection between the integral
(macroscopic) and differential (microscopic) forms of conservation laws
W7 Turbulent flow in pipes: universal velocity profile and friction factor.
Analysis of pipe networks
W9 Skin and form friction. Flow metering (orifice and Venturi) and control
(
(valves)
)
Definition
D fi iti off a Fluid
Fl id Fluid as a Continuum
Basic Equations Velocity Field
Methods of Analysis Stress Field
Dimensions and Units Viscosity
Surface Tension
Description and Classification
of Fluid Motions
Fluid can be defined as a substance which can deform
continuously when being subjected to shear stress at any
magnitude.
magnitude
Conservation
C ti off mass
Newtons second law of motion
The principle of angular momentum
The first law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics
y
Not all basic laws are always required to solve any one problem
problem.
System, Control Volume, and Control Surface
A fluid system is a continuous mass of fluid that always contains the same
fluid particles. By definition, the mass of a system is constant.
For example,
e ample one dimension is length whichhich has units
nits of foot
foot. The foot was
as
defined as the physical length of a king's foot; a rather arbitrary definition.
SI (kg, m, s, K)
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s, oR)
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s, oR)
Fluid as a Continuum
How to define?
m
Ideally, mathematical definition: = lim
V 0 V
But in practice it is not correct (in most point it would provide 0, no particle at point)
To resolve this issue V should be not 0, but as small as possible
By doing this procedure the fact that the fluid is made up of discrete
molecules is ignored and Fluid is considered as a Continuum!
T
P=const
= F(T, P)
T=const P
The same variations in density occur for a gas when subject to changes in
pressure or temperature, but these changes are much larger for a gas than
for a liquid.
In typical flow situations for liquid flow T is considered constant (isothermal conditions),
We are not going to consider density variations for liquids.
In general it is not always acceptable (strong shearing, for example engines lubricants)
PM PM
Ideal Gas: g = Real Gas: g =
RT zRT
P= Absolute pressure
M = molecular weight z = compressibility factor
T= Absolute temperature
R=Universal gas constant
Compressible
Co p ess b e vs
s Incompressible
co p ess b e
All fluids are compressible - even water - their density will change
as pressure changes.
h
Under steady conditions, and provided that the changes in pressure
are small, it is usually possible to simplify analysis of the flow by
assuming
i iit iis iincompressible
ibl and dhhas constant d
density.
i
Specific volume
Volume per unit mass, the inverse of density v= 1/ .
Specific weight
Weight per unit volume g.
Velocity field
Vector
ec o
In general, all fluids flow are 3D, with pressures and velocities and
other flow properties varying in all directions.
But in many cases the greatest changes only occur in two directions
or even only in one.
In these cases changes in the other direction can be effectively
ignored making analysis much more simple
simple, so we have 1D
1D, 2D and
in general 3D Flows
1D 2D
unsteady: If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with time,
the flow is described as unsteady (transient).
Re<2100
Re>2100
the force may be resolved in two components, one normal to and the
other tangent to the area.
The normal stress and a shear stress are then defined as:
Fn Ft
n = lim n = lim
A 0 A
n A 0 A
n
n n