Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1. Introduction
This example is an introduction to the basic features of Rubis. The exercise is by no means intended to
reproduce a realistic scenario. It is assumed that you have installed the Kappa Generation5 Workstation to
follow this tutorial. An isothermal three-phase model will be built and simulated, the scenario comprising a
water injector and a producer.
The tutorial will use the five following files installed in the example directory during the main installation of
KAPPA Workstation 5.10: NUMEX01_FieldMap.bmp, NUMEX1_TopHorizon.txt, NUMEX01_ShaleThickness.asc,
NUMEX01_SandPermeability.asc, NUMEX01_SandPorosity.asc and NUMEX01.wellsketch.
Because this tutorial is longer than its Saphir and Topaze counterparts, intermediate save files are also
available in the same directory, allowing you to skip one or several steps in the tutorial: they are named
NUMEX01_chapter_xx.kr5, where xx references the tutorial chapter from which you may start.
Click on to accept the PVT definition, and then click on in the following dialog to finalize
the file creation stage.
Make sure that the radio button Change reference point is activated in the following dialog. Then:
Next, click on the Contour icon in the map ribbon. Starting anywhere on the contour indicated by
the field image, proceed around the reservoir by moving the cursor and clicking until the rubber
band of the overlaid trace is complete. Finish with a double-click or a right-click.
The sealing faults are to be created next. Click now on the Fault icon in the map ribbon, and draw
the two inner sealing faults symbolized by thick black lines on the reservoir bitmap.
At this stage the image can be hidden. To do so, click on the Show icon, and untick the Images
option in the Display settings dialog before accepting the changes with OK.
To complete the definition of the reservoir geometry, the number of layers as well as the individual layer
horizon and thickness needs to be defined.
Click on the Geometry icon (in the workflow panel or from the map ribbon) to open the
Geometry definition dialog. In this dialog, first set the number of layers to 3 and rename (by
double clicking on the header) the top layer to Sand, the middle layer to Shale and the bottom
layer (Layer 3) to Bottom as illustrated next.
In this dialog, create a new dataset by clicking on and rename it to Top Horizon. Click on and load
the NUMEX01_TopHorizon.txt ASCII file in the examples directory. This file contains tabulated data for the
top horizon of the reservoir in a {x,y, top_depth} format, in ft. Make sure that the columns format type and
the units are defined correctly. Click on to finish the loading process.
After the load is completed the data are displayed in the Spatial data dialog as a table and spatial
distribution of the points displayed on the Map. Click on to validate and return to the Geometry
definition dialog.
directly pick them with the mouse. While in the spatial data dialog, click on to directly define the data set
point by point by clicking on the map. Impose a thickness of 50 ft in the south-west of the reservoir and 40 ft
in the north-east, with a maximum thickness of 70 ft in the center, as displayed below:
Click on to accept the changes and return to the Geometry definition dialog.
The new dataset is of type thickess' and can also be assigned to any other layer.
Finally, change the shale layer thickness to 1 ft before validating all changes with OK:
To access the Reservoir properties dialog, click on the Properties icon in the top ribbon or the
control panel on the left. By default the entire reservoir carries the same properties, as illustrated
by a unique property set called Default same petrophysical properties, same initial state
description, same KrPc.
In the current example, specific rock property sets for each layer will be defined. To achieve this, change the
reservoir topology to Layered:
Edit the default property set, by selecting it in the left-hand side table. Select permeability in the grid on the
right and change its type from constant to data set. Load the data set value from the
NUMEX01_SandPermeability.txt file, located in the Examples directory. Repeat this operation with the sand
porosity, which is also to be defined as a dataset its values are stored in NUMEX01_SandPorosity.txt.
To finish, select the shale property set and change its permeability to 0.001 mD, its porosity to 0.05 and its
lower leakage factor (modeling a reduction of the layer to layer connection) to 0.01:
Let the property set for the bottom layer be the default values. Specific petrophysical properties have been
defined for the Sand and Shale layers. Next, input a unique description of the initial state and KrPc
properties for the whole reservoir, although these properties could be defined layer by layer or zone by zone.
To edit the unique initial state, select the default property set in the table on the left and click on .
In the following dialog, set the parameters:
Click to accept the changes and close the Initial state dialog.
By default this well is fully penetrating the three layers. Activate the Edit perforation option by clicking on
the icon above the cross-section view, then click on the perforation nodes and shift them manually in
order to make the well partially penetrating through the top layer only (to snap the perforation interval to
the top and the bottom of the layer right-click on the perforation while the Edit mode is active).
Then click on the Wellbore icon at the bottom-left to edit the wellbore model that will be applied to
compute the pressure drop along P01. Keep all default values in the following dialog, and validate the
creation with OK:
The new production step will appear in the well P01 schedule dialog:
In practice, those numbers imply that P01 will be produced at a constant surface pressure of 200 psia unless
the total bottomhole rate gets above 10000 B/D, in which case the production will switch to a constant rate
production fixed at the later value (of 10000 B/D).
Click on to accept the changes and close the well P01 dialog.
The production well P01 is now defined. Proceed now with the creation of the injection well I02.
Click on to save the parameters and exit the Editing schedule steps dialog then click on
to finalize the well I02 definition.
Two wells have been added to the model and are displayed on the 2DMap as illustrated next:
The loaded well completion diagram versus measured depth can be observed in the well schematic section,
click on to accept the changes.
After all the geometrical elements and input parameters have been defined in the model, it is
possible to pre-visualize the grid by clicking on the Grid icon in the top ribbon to preview the
model parameters and eventually change the grid settings:
To simulate the model, click on the Simulate icon in the control panel on the left and change the
simulation time to 25 years:
Click on to generate the run with the parameters defined in the previous sections.
7. Looking at Results
The file NUMEX01_chapter_7.kr5 may be used as a starting point for this chapter.
Click on the Show icon and uncheck all channels; keep only the GOR and the Water cut display:
As the user navigates through different time steps, using the options in the
Navigation panel, the corresponding curves are highlighted in the tracks.
First maximize this plot, and increase the vertical gain by using the sliding bar at the bottom left of the plot.
Superpose the background scale grid by selecting it in the plot menu (accessed by a right-click in the 3D plot
preview):
The water saturation fields can be played back step by step by clicking on or in one go using to
track the time at which the water front reaches the producer.
Even though it is only qualitative, this result is consistent with the evolution of the water cut observed at this
well in 7.2.