Geological Survey of India

GUIDELINESFORINVESTIGATIONSANDEXPLORATIONSREQUIREDATDETAILED
PROJECTREPORT(DPR)STAGEOFPROPOSEDHYDROELECTRICPROJECTS,IN
HIMALAYANTERRAIN
By
ENGINEERINGPROJECTEVALUATIONDIVISION,DGCO,
GEOLOGICALSURVEYOFINDIA,NEWDELHI
PREFACE
The Engineering Project Evaluation (EPE) Division of GSI carries out technoeconomic
evaluation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) of proposed hydroelectric projects within India and
neighboring countries that are received through Central Electricity Authority (CEA). The work
includes geotechnical evaluation of the DPR and accordingly suggests recommendations to make
theDPRrealistic/bankabletominimizegeologicalsurprisesaswellastimeandcostoverruns.
So far the Division has appraised more than hundred fifty DPRs, prepared by both
Government and Private agencies and it is found that there are inadequacy in geological
investigation and deficiency in proper geotechnical evaluation in many DPRs. It is also felt that
uniformity in investigations by the agencies does not exist. These need to be standardized and
followedbyallagenciespreparingDPRs.Itnecessitatestoprepareaguidelineforthepreparationof
thegeological&geotechnicalvolumeoftheDPR.
IntheDetailedProjectReport,aseparategeologyandgeotechnicalvolumecontainingthe
different chapters like i) salient features of the project, ii) introduction, iii) regional geology, iv)
projectgeology,v)geologyofprojectstructures,vi)subsurfaceexploration,vii)detailedgeological
andgeotechnicalevaluationofalltheprojectcomponents,viii)seismicity,ix)constructionmaterial
with x) conclusions and recommendations are to be incorporated. Detailed geology including the
explorations/investigations carried out for each project component along with their geotechnical
assessment and remedial measures, seismic design and construction material are to be discussed
alongwithrelevantmapsandsectionsatappropriatescale.
ThemostimportantaspectforpreparationofbankableDPRarequalityworkforexample,
(a.)qualitygroundsurveywiththehelpofinstruments,(b.)faithfulrecordingofgeologicaldata(c.)
qualitydrillingwith80%ormorecorerecovery(d.)holisticgeophysicalsurvey(e.)interpretationof
dataundersupervisionofexpertsetc.
ThefollowingsectionsprovideageneralguidelinethatmaybeusefulforpreparingtheDPR.

RegionalGeomorphologyandGeology
A chapter on physiography, geology, structure, tectonics, seismicity on regional scale is to
be incorporated in the DPR. General lithostratigraphic/ tectonostratigraphic succession (with
proper reference) at the project area, specifically mentioning the Group/Formation/lithounit in
whichtheprojectisproposedistobementioned.

ProjectGeomorphologyandGeology
This should briefly discuss the geomorphology, geology, seismology, status of
explorations/investigations, geotechnical appraisal, requirement and availability of suitable
constructionmaterialfortheproposedproject.Specialfeatureslikepresenceofhotspringinand
aroundtheprojectsite,ifanymaybeincorporated.

RemotesensingandPhotogeologicalstudies
AphotogeologicalstudyoftheprojectareamaybeincludedintheDPR.Lineamentmapon1:
50,000scale,showingthemajorandminorlineamentsshowingandtheprojectlocationshouldbe

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Geological Survey of India

incorporated.Iftheselineamentsareaffectingtheprojectcomponentstheymaybestudiedand
discussed in detail and plotted on the large scale maps and sections. The study should be
supplementedwithsatelliteimagerystudyofthearea.

Seismicity
Bothregionalandlocalseismicityistobediscussedwithrelevantplates.Sitespecificseismic
parameters are to be determined. MEQ studies and active fault studies are to be conducted, if
required.

StudiesforAlternativeProjectLayout
The DPR should contain various alternative studies of project layouts on the basis of
regionalandlocalgeology,topographyregardingtypeandlocationofdam,alignmentsofHRT,type
of powerhouse, etc. The alternative locations are to be studied based on geological mapping,
geophysicalexplorations and drilling. From these alternatives, the final site may be selectedwith
thesuitabletypeofdiversionstructurelikeabarrage/weirordam(concrete,rockfill,CFRD,arch
dam, earth dam etc), HRT alignment finalized and surface or underground powerhouse is to be
decided. Advantages and disadvantages of all these alternative locations are to be discussed on
technoeconomicconsideration.

Detailedgeologyandgeotechnicalinvestigationsofprojectstructures
DiversionStructure
Geomorphology, geology in and around proposed dam area, including both
banks/abutments, river bed to accommodate all the project components of diversion structure
complex are to be described. Detailed geological mapping of project area, about 200m upstream
(u/s)and300mdownstream(d/s)ofdamaxisaretobecarriedouton1:1000or1:2000scale.
Boreholes should be drilled in river bed, each abutments/bank along dam axis, toe of the
dam, spillway, bucket area and plunge pool to know the bedrock configuration and rockmass
conditionofthefoundationmedia.Ifrequiredboreholesbetweendamaxisandbucketareamay
also be drilled. In all these boreholes, drilling should be done at least 20m within bedrock as
presenceofhugeboulder/rockblocksasfluvioglacialdeposit/landslidedebrisetccannotberuled
out.Amongtheaboveholes,atleasttwoholestobeextendeddownto2/3rdHalongtheaxisand
oneholeatthebucketportiondowntoHdepthmaybedrilledattheriversection,whereHis
heightofFRLfromfoundationlevelofthatpoint.Thesedrillholeswillhelptoassesstherockmass
condition, depth of grout curtain and detectany adversefeatures like fault/shears etc below the
dam body that may endanger the stability. From the results of all the drill holes and depending
uponthesitegeology,additionalholescanbeplannedasrequired.
Permeabilitytestsaretobecarriedoutinallthedrillholes.Testgroutingofthefoundation
media should be carried out to know the efficacy of grouting as well as to determine spacing,
orientationofgroutholesforconsolidationandcurtaingrouting.
Inordertoworkoutthestrippinglimits,driftonbothabutmentsshouldbeexcavatedalong
damaxis.Afewdownstream(d/s)andupstream(u/s)crosscutsaretobedonetoknowthelateral
rockmassvariation/condition.Thenumberofdriftsaretobedetermineddependinguponthedam
heightforwhichtheBISguidelinemaybeadopted.Thedriftmaybeatabout50mintervalofdam
height, where the height is to be calculated from the deepest foundation level. The minimum
length of the drift should be at least 30m, or more if required as per geology of the site/space
requiredforseatingthedamand/orspillway.Insitutestswithindriftslikesheartest(rocktorock
andconcretetorock),deformabilitytest,etcaretobeconducted.Laboratorytesttodeterminethe

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Geological Survey of India

engineering properties, required in the design is to be carried out. For rock and earth fill dam,
exploration of the abutments through drifting may also be done, depending upon the geological
considerations.
Ifthebarrageandweirsaretobefoundedinrock,thentheinvestigationrequiredforthat
ofconcretedamshouldbefollowed.Iftheyarefoundedonperviousfoundation/riverinematerial,
holes should be drilled down to the hard rock level or to a minimum depth of 30m below the
deepest river bed level, to determine characteristics of foundation material. One or two deep
boreholesmaybedrilledtoknowthenatureofriverinematerial,identifyliquefiablezones(ifany)
presentbelowthefoundation.Liquefiablezones,ifpresent,shouldalsobedelineatedthroughSPT
and/or geophysical investigations. Exploration through drifting may also be done, if required to
know and detect the continuity of shear zones/faults, etc or any other adverse geological
features/conditions.Therequiredinsituandlaboratorytests(aspertheBISguideline)shouldalso
becarriedoutfordesignpurposes.
In all the above cases, geophysical methods are also to be employed to obtain geological
informationofthegapareas.
Structural analysis of discontinuities through stereographs, rose diagrams and wedge analysis
aretobecarriedouttoworkoutthesupportsystemalongthecutslopeforthedamfoundationon
boththebanks.

RiverDiversionArrangement
Cofferdam
Geologicalmappingofu/sandd/scofferdamsitesaretobedoneinthesamescaleasthatof
dam. Drill holes to know the details on bedrock configuration, rockmass condition and depth of
overburden/cutoffalongaxesetc.ofbothu/sandd/scofferdamisrequiredtobedone.

DiversionTunnel
Geological mapping, tentative distribution of different classes of rock mass anticipated at the
tunnel grade such as stretch wise Rock Mass Quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR), rock
category,withapproximatepercentagelikelytobeencounteredalongtunnelalignmentetc.hasto
becarriedout.Geology oftheportalsitesshouldbediscussedelaboratelyalongwiththeirslope
stabilitymeasures.
Boreholesaretobedrilled(ifrequired)toassesstheoverburdendepthandrockmasscondition
attheportalsandalongthetunnelalignment.Ifanydeeplyincisednalas,weak/shearzonesare
cutting across the alignment then holes should be drilled to know the rock cover as well as
rockmass condition. Stretch wise structural analysis of discontinuities through stereographs, rose
diagrams and wedge analysis may be carried out along the tunnel alignment to work out the
supportsystem.

WaterConductingSystem
Intake
Geologyoftheintakeportal,depthofweathering,i.efreshrockprofile/strippinglimitistobe
reflectedanddiscussed.Backslopestabilityistobestudied,measuresenvisagedanddiscussedin
the DPR. A drill hole at the site to assess bedrock depth, nature of bedrock may be drilled. Cut
slopesoftheportalsmaybedesignedasperthestructuraldataandshearparameters.
Structural analysis of discontinuities through stereographs, rose diagrams and wedge analysis
aretobecarriedoutstretchwise,alongtheintaketunneltoworkoutthesupportsystem.

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Geological Survey of India

DesiltingChamber
Geological mapping of all chambers are to be done. Geological sections along and across the
desiltingchambers,adit(s)toDCandSFTarealsotobeprepared.
Incaseof Undergroundstructure,theorientationofthechambersshouldbeworkedoutonthe
basis of geological data (rock type and structural data). Drift should be excavated for the entire
length of the chamber with cross cuts, rockmass condition and discontinuity planes assessed,
structuralanalysisofdiscontinuitiesthroughstereographs,rosediagramsandwedgeanalysisareto
be carried out along the chambers and accordingly treatment measures planned and discussed.
Boreholes are required to be drilled to know the rock mass condition above the cavern.
Hydrofracture test, to assess in situ stress field of the rockmass should be conducted and
orientationofchambersoptimised.Othertestslikedeformationmodulus,shearparametersofthe
rockmass,etcmayalsobecarriedouttomeetthedesigncriteria.
In case of Surface Desilting basin, slope stability studies including engineering properties
(throughbothinsituandlaboratorytests)oftherockandoverburdenmaterialisrequired.

HeadRaceTunnel(HRT)
Geologicalmapandsectionsofthetunnelalignmentouton1:5,000/10,000scalehavetobe
prepared based on surface geological observations and sufficient bore hole information. Salient
featureslikeorientationofthetunnelwithrespecttoregionalstrikeandweakzonesoftherock
formation, maximum and minimum cover over tunnel alignment, joint sets, low cover and high
coverzones,weak/shear/faultzoneslikelytobeencountered,verticalandlateralrockcoversatall
nalacrossingsetcaretobediscussed.Incasetunnelissituatedwithinafoldedsequence,orother
discontinuityplaneslike,thrustorfault,lineament,thentheorientationofthetunnelwithrespect
tothosestructuralfeaturesalongwithotherdiscontinuities(foliation,joint)istobediscussed.
Tentative distribution of anticipated rockmass at the tunnel grade (stretch wise Q and RMR
value, rock category, with approximate percentage likely to be encountered along tunnel
alignment), groundwater table, presence of hot springs etc are to be reflected. Discontinuity
analysis should be done stretch wise. Structural analysis of discontinuities through stereographs,
rosediagramsandwedgeanalysisaretobecarriedoutalongthetunnelalignmenttoworkoutthe
supportsystem.TheHRTalignmentshouldbeexploredthroughdrillholesanddrifts(ifrequired)at
locations of anticipated zones of low cover, shear/fractured rockmass, etc. The holes should be
drilleddowntotheinvertlevelofthetunnel.
Geology of the portal of the adits and their stability is to be discussed. If required, bore
holesmaybedrilledatportallocationtoassessthebedrockdepthandrockmasscondition.

PowerHouseComplex
Comprehensive study for the alternative locations is to be conducted on the basis of
geological mapping and subsurface exploration through a few drill holes, if required. Merits and
demeritspertainingtoeachlocationaretobediscussed.
Detailedgeologicalmappingofeachcomponentoftheselectedpowerhousecomplexistobe
carriedoutat1:1000/2000scaleshowingtheexplorations/investigations.

SurgeShaft
For open to sky surge shaft, an exploratory hole down to at least five metres below the
bottomlevelofsurgeshaftistobedrilled.WaterPercolationTest(WPT)maybeconducted.The
existenceoflateralrockcoveristobeensured.

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Geological Survey of India

Forundergroundsurgeshaft,driftsatbottomandtoplevelsofsurgeshaftarerequiredto
obtain information on slump limit and know the rockmass condition. Drill holes from the drifts
alongthesurgeshaftarerequiredtoknowtherockmasscondition,ifnotfeasiblefromthesurface.
Information regarding rockmass condition at the actual site along with detailed profile section of
surgeshaftisrequiredtobedeveloped.Analysisdiscontinuitydatamaybecarriedout.

Pressureshaft
Geology,presenceofanyshear/weakzone,rockcover,overburdenthickness,orientationof
discontinuities w.r.t tunnel orientation, tentative distribution of different rock types and classes,
stretchwisealongthetunnelgradebasedonsurfacegeologyandsubsurfaceexploration(Qvalue,
RMR class) etc are to be discussed. If required, depending upon the geology, boreholes may be
drilled.Iftheschemehassurfacepenstockproposal,regardingpenstockalignment,geologyhasto
bediscussedalongtheproposedalignmentalongwiththeproposedlocationsofanchorblocks.In
addition,slopestabilityproblemalongthepenstockalignmentifanymayalsobeaddressed.

PowerHouseStructure
In case of Surface Power house, whether powerhouse is to be founded in rock or
overburdenistobementioned.Depthofbedrockandfoundationgraderockonthehillslopeisto
bedeterminedthroughdrillholes.Minimumfiveboreholes(atcornersandcentre)arerequiredto
delineate the bedrock depth and rockmass condition. Stabilization of the backslope is to be
discussed and if required, boreholes may also be drilled to know the depth of bedrock/rockmass
condition. Geophysical survey may be undertaken to fill up the gap area. Engineering / physical
properties of the overburden material/rockmass and structural analysis of the rockmass may be
carriedoutforthecutslopesandfoundationmedia.
Incaseofundergroundpowerhouse,orientationofthecavernmaybedecidedonthebasis
ofprominentstructuraldataandrocktypes.Adriftshouldbeexcavatedalongtheentirelengthof
powerhouse, preferably a few metre below the crown of the cavern to explore the rockmass
condition. Once the drift reaches the actual location of the proposed structure, few cross cuts
should also be excavated to assess the over allvariation in rockmass condition of the cavern. 3D
Geologicallogofdrift,bothinsituandlaboratoryrockmechanictestsmaybecarriedouttowork
out the design support system. Hydrofracture test should also be carried out to determine the
principalhorizontalstressforoptimizationoftheorientationofthepowerhousecavern.Therock
massconditionabovethecrownmaybeassessedthroughdrillholesfromthetoporfromthedrift.

TailRaceTunnel(TRT)/Channel(TRC)
Geologicalmappingalongtunnelalignmenthastobedone.Salientfeatureslikeorientation
of the tunnel with respect to discontinuity surfaces, maximum and minimum cover over tunnel
alignment,jointsets,lowcoverandhighcoverzones,weak/shearzoneslikelytobeencountered,
verticalandlateralrockcoversinallnalacrossingsetcaretobediscussed.
DrillholesmayberequiredtofixtheTRTportalandtoassesstherockmassconditionsoas
toprovidestabilitymeasures.AlsoholesmaybedonealongTRTalignmenttopickupanyadverse
features(weak/shearzones).Boreholesmayalsobedrilledtoassessverticalandlateralrockcovers
ifthetunneliscrossinganydeeplyincisednala.Theseboreholesmayalsobetakendowntothe
invertlevelofthetunneltoassessrockmasscondition.
IncaseofTRC,slopestabilitystudiesincludingdeterminationofgeomechanicalproperties
oftheoverburdenmaterialisrequired.

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Geological Survey of India

Reservoir
Geology of the reservoir area needs to be discussed in details. The catchment area, snow
fed/rainfed area, glaciers, possibility of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), competency of
reservoir,reservoirrimstability,seismiccharacteristicsanditseffectsduetoconstructionofdam
etc may be discussed in DPR. If required, detailed explorations in the form of pits, trenches, drill
holes,seismicsurveysanddriftsmayalsobeundertaken.
Geological mapping of the reservoir, up to 50 metres above the FRL (or as required on
geologicalconsideration)maybedonein1:5000/10,000scalebasedonremotesensingdataand
landsat imageries with field checks incorporating details like; geological units, critical zones,
structuraldiscontinuitiesetc.Inthegeologicalmapofthereservoirarea,FRL&MDDLshouldalso
be marked and labelled to demarcate the fluctuation zone. Also, landuse, land cover and any
vulnerable/unstableslopeswithinthefluctuationzone(ifpresent)shouldbehighlighted.
Any mineral of economic importance, civil structures of archaeological importance, human
settlementetc,presentwithinthereservoirareawhichislikelytobevulnerableafterimpounding
ofreservoiristobereported.Potentialslidingzonesaretobestudiedandexploredtodecipherthe
effective remedial measures to contain them. Monitoring system to record any sudden slope
movementduringreservoirfillingandafterwardsmayalsobeenvisaged,ifrequired.

ConstructionMaterial
Suitability tests for both coarse and fine aggregates for wearing and nonwearing surface
concreteistobeconducted.Availabilityofsuitableconstructionmaterialinadequatequantityfor
theprojectistobequantifiedandincorporatedintheDPR.

LaboratoryTests
Laboratoryrockmechanictestsshouldbeconductedonselectivecoresamplesofdifferent
rocktypespresentandfromallcomponentsoftheproject.Petrographyandphysicalparameters
like bulk density, specific gravity, grain density, water content at saturation, apparent porosity,
density and engineering parameters like uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of deformation,
triaxialcompressivestrength(candphi)andcompressionandsheartest,etcaretobecarriedout.
The required physicomechanical and chemical test for assessing suitability of the construction
materialhastobeensuredandprovidedintheDPR.

Note:
1. A general check list of work pertaining to geological aspects has been appended as
Annexue1
2. A general list of maps/ plates pertaining to geological aspects has been appended as
Annexue2
3. TheexistingBISguidelinesshouldbeconsultedfornecessaryinputsandpreparationof
DPR.

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Geological Survey of India Annexure-I

CheckListforGeologicalInputsinDPRofproposedHydroprojects

GeologicalInformation Yes No Remarks

1 Catchment
StudyofCatchmentArea
GlacialLakeOutburstFlood(GLOF)study
2 Reservoir
Geologicalmapping
Subsurfaceexplorations
Stabilityandcompetencystudy
3 DiversionStructureComplex
Geologicalmappingofdam/barragearea
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughpits,trenches,
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrillholes
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrift
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughgeophysicalsurvey
Insitutests
Laboratorytests
AnalysisofGeologicalStructuralData
4 RiverDiversionArrangement
Geologicalmappingalongbothcofferdamaxesand
diversiontunnel
Explorationsthroughboreholes
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughgeophysicalsurvey
AnalysisofGeologicalStructuralData
5 IntakeandDesiltingChambers
GeologicalmappingofIntake(s)
GeologicalmappingofDesiltingChamber(s)
Geologicalmappingofadits,SiltFlushingTunnel
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrillholes
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrift
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughgeophysicalsurvey
Insitutests
Laboratorytests
AnalysisofGeologicalStructuralData
6 HeadRaceTunnel
GeologicalmappingofHRT
Geologicalmappingofconstructionadits
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrillholes
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrift
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughgeophysicalsurvey
Insitutests
Laboratorytests
AnalysisofGeologicalStructuralData

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Geological Survey of India

7 PowerhouseComplex
Geologicalmappingofsurgeshaft
Geological mapping of pressure shaft / penstock
alignment
Geologicalmappingofpowerhouse
Geologicalmappingofconstructionadits,MAT,Cable
Tunnel,etc
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrillholes
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughdrift
Subsurfaceexplorationsthroughgeophysicalsurvey
Insitutests
Laboratorytests
AnalysisofGeologicalStructuralData
8 SeismicStudies
Sitespecificseismicparameter
MEQstudy
StudyofActiveFault/Neotectonism
9 ConstructionMaterial
Suitabilitytestsofrepresentativesamples
Geologicalmappingofquarryareas
ReserveEstimate
10 RequiredMaps/Platessubmitted

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Geological Survey of India AnnexureII

Maps/PlatestobeincorporatedinthegeologicalvolumeofDPR:

1 A river basin map showing the location of all identified hydro projects
immediatelyupstreamanddownstreamofthepresentproposedproject.
2 Catchmentareamap
3 RegionalGeologicalandSeismotectonicmap.
4 Project layout plan showing all the alternative layouts including the finally
selected layout. Geological maps and sections of each alternative project
structures(ifavailable).
5 LineamentandGeomorphologicalMap.
6 Ageologicalmapcontainingentirelayoutofproposedproject
7 DiversionStructureComplex
Geological map of dam/barrage area, coffer dams, river diversion structure
andintakeportalswithlocationofexplorationsproposedandcarriedout.
Geological sections across the river at the dam axis, dam toe, bucket and
plungepoolareaincorporatingsubsurfaceexplorationdata.
One geological Lsection across u/s cofferdam, dam/diversion structure and
d/scofferdamincorporatingsubsurfaceexplorationdata.
Geologicalsectionacrossdamaxisalongleftabutmentandrightabutment.
Bedrockcontourplanbasedontheavailabledrillholedata.
3Dgeologicallogsalongdriftsindamareaandgeologicallogsofholes.
Discontinuitiesandslopeofdamabutments.
8 RiverDiversionArrangement
Geologicalmapandsectionsalongbothcofferdamaxeswithlocationof
explorationscarriedout.
Geologicalplanandsectionalongdiversiontunnel(ifmorethanoneDT,then
sectionsofallDTs).
9 Stereographic projections of structural data showing angle of internal friction,
orientationoftheprojectcomponentstodeterminethevulnerablewedgesand
planeslikelytodevelopforboththebanksalongdamaxis,tunnelsandadits.
10 WaterConductingSystem
Geologicalplananddetailedsectionsalongandacrossproposedintake(s)
Detailed geological map of the proposed area and sections (L and X) of
desiltingchambers,showingthelayout.
Geological longitudinal section of construction adits to DC, SFT (including
portals).
Layout plan of the HRT in geological map showing the construction adits
(portalandalignment),topographiccontours,crossdrainages,etc.
Geological longitudinal section of HRT and construction adits (including
portals) to HRT. The sections should show all lithounits, sheared/fractured/
weakzones,lowcover/highcoverzones,kinkinalignmentetc.
Geologicallongitudinalsectionofconstructionadits(includingportals)toHRT
(ifany)
11 PowerhouseComplex
Geologicalmapshowingalternativelocationsofpowerhouse
Geologicalmapofpowerhousecomplex

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Geological Survey of India

Detailedgeologicalsectionsofsurgeshaftshowingthelateralcover
(minimumandmaximum)
Geologicalsectionalongsurgeshaftpressureshaftpowerhousetailrace
L and Xsection of the powerhouse (including machine hall, transformer
cavern)
Geologicallongitudinalsectionsofconstructionadits,MAT,CableTunnel,etc
(incaseofu/gph)
3Dgeologicallogalongpowerhousedrift(incaseofu/gph)
Geologicalsections(Landcross)ofTRT/TRC
12 Reservoir
Geological,Lineament,LanduseLandcovermap
13 ConstructionMaterial
Locationplanofquarriestestedforconstructionmaterial
Geologicalplanandcrosssectionsofquarriesforreserveestimate
14 Photographs
Photographoflocationsofdifferentprojectcomponents,allthe
investigations,drillcores,drifts,importantgeologicalfeatures,etc

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