Hoy golpe mi puerta tanta soledad

Aturde el silencio desde que no estas

Hay melancola en la habitacin
El fro castiga mi razn
Porque se que es prohibido nuestro amor

Sent, jugu, perd

Y este pobre corazn
Que desea el perdn de dios

Ser tu grito y silencio

Ser tu fro y calor
Ser tu tierra y tu cielo
Tu pjaro en vuelo
Por ti
Ser

Lloro tu recuerdo
Cada noche cada da
Sueo tu regreso entre sabanas perdidas
Rezo como un loco esperando tu amor
Pero con el tiempo solo llega la ilusin

Seguir, amar, sufrir

Y este pobre corazn
Que sin ti no sabe como va a vivir
Ser tu grito y silencio
Ser tu fro y calor
Ser tu tierra y tu cielo
Tu pjaro en vuelo
Tu boca de miel

Ser tu cuento dorado

Ser tu reino y tu rey
Ser tu hombre soado
Lo que haz anhelado
Por ti
Ser

Ser (ohh)

Ser tu grito y silencio

Ser tu fro y calor
Ser tu tierra y tu cielo
Tu pjaro en vuelo
Por ti
Ser

Ser tu tierra y tu cielo

Tu pjaro en vuelo
Por ti
Ser

urvival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) is a program, best known

by its military acronym, that provides U.S. military personnel, U.S.
Department of Defense civilians, and private military contractors with
training in evading capture, survival skills, and the military code of
conduct. Established by the U.S. Air Force at the end of World War II, it
was extended and consolidated during the Vietnam War (19591975) to
the U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Navy and in the late 1980s to the U.S.
Army. Most higher level SERE students are military aircrew and special
operations personnel considered to be at high risk of capture.

Based on the experiences of the British and American pilots who managed
to escape and evade from the Germans during World War II, and return to
friendly lines, several private "clubs" were created during World War II.
One such club was the "Late Returners Club". This club, which had a
"Flying Boot" as its identifying symbol, was strictly non-military. However,
under the left collar of his uniform, the individual who had successfully
escaped and/or evaded the enemy pinned the "Flying Boot" and although
everyone knew it was not official, they did not question its wear. The
experiences of these evaders was passed on in lectures, guest
appearances, and small regional specific training programs by the US Army
Air Corps and in British military programs. Consolidation into a formal
(then called "Survival") program of instruction came in 1943. Under the
direction of General Curtis LeMay it was realized that it was much cheaper
and more effective to train aircrews in Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and
Escape techniques, than to have them languishing in enemy hands. He
was responsible for the establishment of SERE training at several
bases/locations. In 1943, the US Army established a small program for
Cold Weather Survival at RCAF Station Namao in Alberta, Canada, and in
1945 it was moved to Camp Carson, Colorado, and in 1948 at Marks Air
Base, Nome, Alaska. The first instructors were composed of experienced
wilderness "civilian" volunteers and USAF military personnel with prior
instructor experience. This initial cadre also included "USAF Rescuemen"
from around Alaska, Greenland, Colorado, etc. General LeMay attended
the first class of instruction as a student. As time wore on, the expense
and wisdom of having multiple locations for training was questioned and
consolidation was begun. The hardest part of that consolidation was
where to locate the training base that offered the best environmental and
logistical support for such a small but convoluted training program.
Ultimately, the USAF consolidated at Stead AFB, Nevada. In the mid 1960s,
the school was moved to Fairchild AFB, WA.

The U.S. Air Force SERE School is located at Fairchild AFB, Washington,
while SERE Training for the U.S. Army is located at Fort Bragg, North
Carolina and at Fort Rucker, Alabama. The Navy and Marine Corps SERE
School has known locations at: the U.S. Navy Remote Training Site at
Warner Springs, California, the remote Marine Corps Mountain Warfare
Training Center (Bridgeport, California), and an annex of the Portsmouth
Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine.

Contents [hide]
1 Navy SERE (West) Uniform patch
2 Curriculum
2.1 Survival and evasion
2.2 Resistance and escape
2.3 Water survival
2.4 Code of conduct
3 Levels
4 Service schools
4.1 Army
4.2 Navy/Marine Corps
4.3 Air Force
5 Origin of SERE techniques
6 Controversies
6.1 1995 U.S. Air Force Academy scandal
6.2 Use of techniques in interrogation
6.2.1 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Navy SERE (West) Uniform patch[edit]
The depicted SERE patch is said[citation needed] to have the following
symbolic significance: the color green represents freedom; the patch is
halved with a yellow strip to signify that survival, evasion, resistance and
escape all require caution, with the knife the basic survival tool; the
severed barbed wire represents captivity but freedom regained; the word
tiger in Chinese () alludes to the Here be dragons/tigers legend found
on early maps; finally, the black surround honors symbolically those who
have died on active duty.

Curriculum[edit]
The curriculum has three key parts: survival and evasion; resistance and
escape; and water survival. Some parts are classified.

Survival and evasion[edit]

Most SERE training focuses on survival and evasion. Skills taught include
Woodcraft and Wilderness Survival including Firecraft, Sheltercraft, Traps
and Snares, Food & Water Procurement, Preservation and Purifying,
Improvised Equipment, and also specific equipment and techniques of
Rescue Sciences such as Signaling, Navigation, Route Selection, Emergency
First Aid (a variant of the battlefield variety), Camouflage techniques,
methods of Evasion, and Communication Protocols, in all types of climate
and terrain.

Resistance and escape[edit]

Training on how to survive and resist the enemy in the event of capture is
largely based on the experiences of past U.S. prisoners of war.

Water survival[edit]
How to survive in water is taught at a separate Professional Military
Education (PME) course; it takes three days and is typically attended after
the main SERE course. In addition to training in the use of aquatic survival
gear, more academic skills include first aid tailored to an aquatic
environment, communication protocols, ocean ecology,[citation needed]
and equipment maintenance.

Code of conduct[edit]
SERE training is intended, above all, to provide students with the skills
needed to live up to the U.S. military code of conduct when in uncertain or
hostile environments. It is:

I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our

way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.
I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never
surrender the members of my command while they still have the means
to resist.
If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make
every effort to escape and to aid others to escape. I will accept neither
parole nor special favors from the enemy.
If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I
will give no information nor take part in any action which might be
harmful to my comrades. If I am senior I will take command. If not, I will
obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up
in every way.
When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to
give name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering
further questions to the utmost of my ability, I will make no oral or written
statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause.
I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible
for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country
free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America.[1][2]
Levels[edit]
SERE training takes place at three levels:

Level A: Entry level training. These are the Code of Conduct mandatory
classes taken by all at induction (recruit training and OCS).
Level B: For those operating or expected to operate forward of the
division rear boundary and up to the forward line of own troops (FLOT).
Normally limited to aircrew of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air
Force. Level B focuses on survival and evasion, with resistance in terms of
initial capture.
Level C: For troops at a high risk of capture and whose position, rank or
seniority make them vulnerable to greater than average exploitation
efforts by any captor. Level C focuses on resistance in terms of prison
camps.
Service schools[edit]
Army[edit]

US Army aviation SERE students create a Dakota hole to conceal a fire in

order to better protect their position from enemy observation.
The US Army operates two SERE Level-C courses, one for Army aviators
and one for Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF). SERE training for
Army aviators is included in the Army Aviation School curriculum at Fort
Rucker totaling 21 days of instruction encompassing full-spectrum training
including academics and resistance labs.[3] For ARSOF personnel, there's a
19-day SERE course, conducted by the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare
Center and School (SWCS), at Camp Mackall. The SWCS's SERE course
focuses its training on:[4]
Code of conduct applications in wartime, peacetime, governmental and/or
hostage detention environments
General survival skills
Evasion planning
Resistance to exploitation & political indoctrination
Escape planning
Navy/Marine Corps[edit]
Level A is taught to recruits and candidates in Officer Candidate School
and the Recruit Depots, or under professional military education.

Level B at the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center,

Bridgeport, California, and at the North Training Area, Camp Gonsalves,
Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

Level C is held at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine at the Navy

Remote Training Site, Rangeley, and at Naval Air Station North Island,
California at the Navy Remote Training Site, Warner Springs. This
installation provides "Code of Conduct" that is necessary for Recon
Marines, Marine Corps Scout Snipers, MARSOC Marines, Navy SEALs,
enlisted Navy and Marine aircrewmen, Naval Aviators, Naval Flight
Officers, Naval Flight Surgeons, Navy EOD, and Navy SWCC. As the "eyes"
and "ears" of the commander, they carry knowledge of sensitive
battlefield information.

The training encompasses those basic skills necessary for worldwide

survival, facilitating search and rescue efforts, evading capture by hostile
forces. It is based on and reinforces the values expressed in the Code of
Conduct while maintaining an appropriate balance of sound educational
methodology and realistic/stressful training scenarios.
Additional survival training in Level C Code of Conduct may include the
five-day Peacetime Detention and Hostage Survival (PDAHS) course. This
training provides the skills to survive captivity by a hostile government or
terrorist cell during peacetime.

Air Force[edit]

USAF SERE Instructor explaining how to jump safely with a parachute.

The largest SERE Course and only career-long SERE Instructor cadre are
located at the primary Air Force SERE training center which is at Fairchild
Air Force Base, Washington; each USAF SERE Specialist (previously called
Survival Instructor) goes to a selection course and if selected, then attends
the famed USAF SERE Instructor Training Branch six-month course. Those
that graduate (less than 15%) are awarded the Sage Beret and SERE
Badge. Following ITB, the Specialists are tasked with 45 weeks of intensive
on-the-job training to complete their skill levels. Each graduate must
attend Airborne School at the US Army Training Center located at Ft.
Bragg. After completion of four years as an Instructor (Field Training) the
Specialist may be tasked to train students worldwide. Student training for
Level "B" medical aircrew was conducted at Brooks City-Base, Texas until
the planned course closure on 30 September 2009. The Air Force conducts
Arctic Survival Training Cool School at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, and
Parachuting and Non-Parachuting Water Survival Training at Fairchild AFB,
Washington. The parachute water survival training which used to be
located in Florida ceased operations there in August 2015.

SERE training was also conducted at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado
Springs from the late 1960s until 1995, enabling those USAF officers
commissioned through USAFA to exempt from USAF SERE training at
Fairchild AFB following undergraduate pilot or navigator training. In
contrast, those USAF officers commissioned through AFROTC or OTS still
had to complete SERE at Fairchild following flight training. In 1995, the
resistance/escape element of the course at USAFA was abolished (see
Controversies below), leaving the survival and evasion classes in a
program called Combat Survival Training (CST). The academy discontinued
CST entirely in 2005, however in summer 2008, some portions of the
program, including resistance training, were reinstated. Following the
summer of 2011, the scope of the CST program was reduced drastically
and incorporated into the mandatory expeditionary skills training for
budgetary reasons.[5] Now, all USAFA graduates selected for pilot, air
battle manager, or navigator training must complete SERE training at
Fairchild after receiving their wings, along with their AFROTC and OTS
graduate counterparts.

USAF SERE Specialists are considered DOD-wide subject matter experts in

their field. USAF SERE Specialists are assigned to base level and to
command staff as advisors. USAF SERE are the only Test Parachutists in
the Department of Defense. They test all new parachute systems and
evaluate all flying platforms for suitability in DOD operations.

Origin of SERE techniques[edit]

The SERE techniques are commonly,[6] but erroneously, believed to be
modeled on abusive Chinese "brainwashing" practiced on U.S. POWs
during the Korean War, to extract false confessions.[7] Instead, most SERE
techniques were modeled after 1950s and early 1960s CIA interrogation
and psychological warfare practices.[8] The CIA physical and psychological
methods were originally codified in the Kubark Counterintelligence
Interrogation Manual published in 1963, and in CIA torture training
handbooks for Latin American regimes published in the 1970s and 1980s,
and were employed during the Cold War, the CIA's Phoenix Program in
Vietnam, and the CIA's Operation Condor in South America.[9] The other
primary source for SERE techniques was 1960s CIA "mind control
experiments", using sleep deprivation, drugs, electric shock, and isolation
and extended sensory deprivation.[10] Certain of the less physically
damaging CIA methods derived from what was at the time called
"defensive behavioral research" were reduced and refined as training
techniques for the SERE program.[11]

Controversies[edit]
1995 U.S. Air Force Academy scandal[edit]
One of the U.S. Air Force's SERE training programs was conducted at the
United States Air Force Academy from the late 1960s until 1995. Because
a large number of pilots and other aircrew members graduated from the
academy, it was more efficient for the Air Force to send all cadets through
SERE training while they were still at the academy. Cadets would normally
complete the training during the summer between their fourth-class
(freshman) and third-class (sophomore) years. A number of selected
second-class (junior) and first-class (senior) cadets would serve each year
as SERE training cadre under the supervision of enlisted Air Force SERE
instructors.

As a result of POWs' experiences during Operation Desert Storm (1990

1991), sexual assault resistance was added to the SERE curriculum.
However, some of the training scenarios allegedly were taken too far by
SERE cadet members at the academy during practical portions of the
program. In 1995, the ABC television news program 20/20 reported that
as many as 24 male and female cadets in 1993 had allegedly been sexually
assaulted at the Academy during SERE training. One of the cadets sued the
U.S. federal government, which eventually settled for a reported $3
million in damages.[12]

As a result of the scandal, the SERE program at the Academy was reduced
to the survival and evasion portions only, and the curriculum was
revamped to be in line with the main course at Fairchild AFB titled:
"Combat Survival Training (CST)". All graduates going on to aircrew
positions were then required to attend the resistance portion of the
training at Fairchild Air Force Base before reporting to an operational
flying unit. The CST program was discontinued entirely in 2004. The Air
Force Academy SERE program is running as of summer of 2008. The
curriculum of the revived program will contain some resistance elements,
but will not contain sexual assault resistance.[5]

Use of techniques in interrogation[edit]

Heavily redacted US Department of Defense memo discussing SERE
techniques used at Guantnamo
In July 2005, an article[13] in The New Yorker magazine alleged that
psychologists who help direct the SERE curriculum have been advising the
military at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp and other sites on
interrogation techniques.

The SERE program's chief psychologist, Colonel Morgan Banks, issued

guidance in early 2003 for the "behavioral science consultants" who
helped to devise Guantnamo's interrogation strategy although he has
emphatically denied that he had advocated the use of counter-resistance
techniques used by SERE instructors to break down detainees. The New
Yorker notes that in November 2001, Banks was detailed to Afghanistan,
where he spent four months at Bagram Air Base, "supporting combat
operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters".

In June 2006, an article on Salon, an online magazine, confirmed finding a

document obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union through the
Freedom of Information Act. A March 22, 2005, sworn statement by the
former chief of the Interrogation Control Element at Guantnamo said
SERE instructors taught their methods to interrogators of the prisoners in
Cuba.[14] The article also claims that physical and mental techniques used
against some detainees at Abu Ghraib are similar to the ones SERE
students are taught to resist.

According to Human Rights First, the interrogation that led to the death of
Iraqi Major General Abed Hamed Mowhoush involved the use of
techniques used in SERE training. According to the organization "Internal
FBI memos and press reports have pointed to SERE training as the basis
for some of the harshest techniques authorized for use on detainees by
the Pentagon in 2002 and 2003."[15]
On June 17, 2008, Mark Mazzetti of The New York Times reported that the
senior Pentagon lawyer Mark Schiffrin requested information in 2002
from the leaders of the Air Force's captivity-resistance program, referring
to one based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The information was later used on
prisoners in military custody.[16] In written testimony to the Senate
Armed Forces Committee hearing, Col. Steven Kleinman of the Joint
Personnel Recovery Agency said that a team of trainers that he was
leading in Iraq were asked to demonstrate SERE techniques on
uncooperative prisoners. He refused, but his decision was overruled. He
was quoted as saying "When presented with the choice of getting smarter
or getting tougher, we chose the latter."[17] Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice has acknowledged that the use of the SERE program
techniques to conduct interrogations in Iraq was discussed by senior
White House officials in 2002 and 2003.[18]

Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture[edit]

Main article: Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
On December 9, 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence released a report further confirming the use of SERE tactics in
interrogations.[19] The contractors that developed the "enhanced
interrogation techniques" received US$81 million for their services, out of
an original contract worth more than US$180 million. NBC News identified
the contractors, who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms, as
Mitchell, Jessen & Associates from Spokane, Washington, which was run
by two psychologists, John "Bruce" Jessen and James Mitchell. Jessen was
a senior psychologist at the Defense Department who taught special
forces on how to resist and endure torture. The report states that the
contractor "developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and
personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA's most significant
detainees using those techniques. The contractors also evaluated whether
the detainees' psychological state allowed for continued use of the
techniques, even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating
or had interrogated." Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of
20 enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation and
stress positions. The CIA acting general counsel, described in his book
Company Man, that the enhanced techniques were "sadistic and
terrifying."[20]