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CONTENT

1. Power System
OVERVIEW OF 2. Circuit Breaker
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 3. Cables
4. Earthing
SYSTEM
5. Short Circuit & Fault Level
Level 1 6. Case Study

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1. Power Distribution System 1. Power Distribution System

Power Plants
Hydropower
Gas-Fire
Oil-Fire
Coal-Fire
Hybrid
Nuclear
Renewable Energy
(PV, Wind etc)
Biomass

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1. Power Distribution System 2. Protection Device

Transmission Distribution 2.1 Circuit Breaker
2.1.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker
IEC 60989-1
Rated Voltage : 230V, 400V
Current Rating : 6, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 63, 80, 100,
125A
Short Circuit Capacity : 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 10, 15kA.
Application : Overcurrent protection
Category : Type B, C, D

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2. Protection Device 2. Protection Device

2.1.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker 2.1.1 Miniature Circuit Breaker
Tripping Curve Tripping Curve

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2. Protection Device 2. Protection Device

2.1 Circuit Breaker 2.1 Circuit Breaker
2.1.2 Moulded Case Circuit Breaker 2.1.3 Air Circuit Breaker
IEC 60947-2
IEC 60947-2
Rated Voltage : 230, 400V
Current Rating : 32, 40, 63, 80, 100, 125, 150, Rated Voltage : 400V
200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1250, Current Rating : 800, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000,
1500A 2500, 3000, 4000A
Short Circuit Capacity : 25kA, 31.5kA, 50kA Short Circuit Capacity : 50, 65, 85, 120kA
Application : Overcurrent protection
Application : Overcurrent protection
Curve : B, C, D, K, Z

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2. Protection Device 2. Protection Device

2.1 Circuit Breaker 2.1.4 Residual Current Devices
2.1.4 Residual Current Devices
MS IEC 61008 RCCB
MS IEC 61009 - RCBO
Rated Voltage : 230, 400V
Nominal Current: 10, 16, 25, 40, 63, 100A
Tripping Current (Sensitivity) : 10, 30, 100, 300, 500mA
Type : AC, A, B & F
Application : Residual Current

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2. Protection Device 2. Protection Device

2.1.4 Residual Current Devices 2.1.4 Residual Current Devices

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2. Protection Device 2. Protection Device

2.1.4 Residual Current Devices 2.1.4 Residual Current Devices

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2. Protection Device 3. Cables

2.1.4 Residual Current Devices 3.1 Cable Type
Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) PVC, XLPE/PVC, PVC/SWA/PVC,
XLPE/SWA/PVC, PVC/AWA/PVC, FRMI

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.1 Cable Type 3.2 IEC 60446 Cable Colour

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.3 Current Carrying of Cable
3.3 Current Carrying of Cable Ambient Temperature Correction Factor, Ca

Factors that determined the current rating :

(a) Ambient temperature : 30C, 50C
(b) Maximum allowable conductor temperature :
70C, 90C, 105C
(c) Conductor material : Copper, Aluminum
(d) Insulation material : PVC, XLPE
(e) Installation Method : Conduit, Trunking, Tray

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.3 Current Carrying of Cable 3.3 Current Carrying of Cable
Ambient Temperature Correction Factor, Ca Grouping Correction Factor, Cg
Example : 25mm PVC cable laid at 40C

Current carrying = 80A x 0.87 = 69.6A

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.3 Current Carrying of Cable 3.4 Cable Installation Cable Support
Grouping Correction Factor, Cg Cable Size Recommended Installation
Example : (a) 2 Circuits of 50mm XLPE cable laid on tray 16 In Conduit, In Trunking
(b) 1 Circuit of 50mm XLPE cable and 3 other circuit > 16 In Trunking, On Tray

Space factor 45% for conduit and trunking.

Tray trefoil, flat touching, flat spacing 1D, flat spacing 2D.
Cable bending radius affecting the selection of the trunking/tray/ladder.

(a) Current carrying = 216A x 0.88 = 190.08A

(b) Current carrying = 216A x 0.77 = 166.32A

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.6 Voltage Drop
3.5 Earth Cable Sizing Relation to Phase 3.6.1 Voltage Drop R, X, Z
Conductor MS IEC 60364 -52 : Voltage drop from the supply to terminal should not
more than 4% of the declared nominal voltage. Not applicable for motor
(starting).
Phase Conductor Size, S Earth Cable Size 17th IEE : 4%. BS7671 : 3% for lighting, 5% for others.
Example : 400V source. Voltage drop of 4% = 16V
S 16 S
Cable 16mm : reactance is negligible, only resistance values are
16 < S 25 16 tabulated
S> 25 S/2 Cable > 16mm : resistance and reactance are both tabulated
Correction : Power Factor, Temperature, or both.

3.6.2 Correction on Power Factor

For single phase, Vdrop = I (2R) x . Voltage, : Line-to-Neutral or phase
For three phase, Vdrop = IR cos + IX sin (lagging)
Voltage, : 3

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.6 Voltage Drop 3.6 Voltage Drop
3.6.2 Correction on Power Factor 3.6.2 Correction on the Power Factor
Example : Motor in full load = 102A, pf = 0.8, cable length = 75m, cable size = Example : Motor in full load = 102A, pf = 0.8, cable length = 75m, cable size =
35mm on tray. 35mm on tray.
Can I use Z only? BS7671 only given in one value of vdrop.
17th IEE Wiring Table 4D1A, Column 9, current rating 143A.
17th IEE Wiring Table 4D1A, Column 9, current rating 143A.
From Table 4D1B, Column 8,
From Table 4D1B, Column 8,
R = 1.1 , X = 0.24 , Z = 1.1
. . .
R = 1.1 , X = 0.24 , Z = 1.1
. . .

, =

, =
.
, = = 8.415 or 2.1% at 400V
. . . .
, = = 7.834V or 1.96% of 400V

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.6 Voltage Drop 3.6 Voltage Drop
3.6.3 Correction for Operating Temperature 3.6.3 Correction for Operating Temperature
A. Resistance Temperature Coefficient (Conductor)
B. Vdrop due to the Changes of Resistance

= , where is temperature coefficient of resistance at 20, sometimes 0

Copper = 0.004041, Aluminum = 0.004403, Silver = 0.003819, Gold = 0.003715

= ( )
230 + 30
= 1+ =
230 +
Example: Copper conductor rise to 35, resistance at 20. Calculated the Resistance at 35
= 15 1 + 0.004041 35 20 = 15.91

By equalizing temperature coefficient for two different temperature rise,

= and hence = , knowing that the = 230

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3. Cables 3. Cables
3.6 Voltage Drop 3.7 Ohms Law
3.6.4 Correction on Power Factor and Temperature Factor
Example : Given :- = , =
Motor in full load, = 102A,
pf = 0.8,
Cable length = 75m, Resistivity, =
Cable size = 35mm on tray, design temperature = 40C
17th IEE Wiring Table 4D1A, Column 9, tabulated current-carrying, =143A, Conductor operating
current, =70C Proportionality of the function
Table 4B1 = 0.87, Table 4C1 = 1.00
From Table 4D1B, Column 8,
R = 1.1 , X = 0.24 , Z = 1.1
. . .

Knowing,


, = ; =

, = 7.6109V or 1.9% at 400V

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