Convergence HTcoef

Heat Transfer and
Radiation (Part 2)
1 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

What are the suggested steps if I am having convergence issues for conjugate heat
transfer problems?
Search Keywords: convergence issues conjugate
Customer Portal KM ID: 2039910
There are several things that can be tried to improve convergence for a CHT problem.
1) If you have non-conformal interfaces, make sure that the grid at the interface is not too dissimilar
2) Grid should ideally be very fine at the wall becoming coarser away from the wall
3) Ensure good grid quality by checking equiangle skew and aspect ratio etc.

transfer problems?
4) First obtain converged solution using flow equations only, then activate the energy equation and solve
the flow and energy equations simultaneously
5) Obtain converged first-order solution first and then switch to second-order solution
6) Use velocity inlet instead of pressure inlet BCs.

transfer problems?
7) Lower the energy under-relaxation factor. Try 0.98 (dont go less than 0.95)
8) Use Pressure-based solver with coupled option, lower the Courant no.
9) In define>model>solver, select 'node-based' for gradient option

transfer problems?
10) If using tetrahedral grid, turn off secondary gradients: > (rpsetvar 'temperature/secondary-gradient? #f)
11) Change multigrid settings (solve>controls>multigrid) for energy. Set it to W cycle with a termination
criteria of 0.01 (or smaller)
12) Increase the upper limits of pressure and temperature in Solve-> Controls-> Limits

Defining heat transfer coefficient
Search Keywords: define heat transfer coefficient
The heat transfer coefficient is a characteristic of the flow. It is used to measure the ability of a flow to
convect energy from walls. q"
htc convection
Tw Tref
For forced convection flows, HTC is traditionally conceived to be a function of velocity (flow rate), fluid
properties, and geometry. i.e. htc L
Nu Nu Re, Pr

It is not thought in terms of wall boundary conditions.
This is true only if Tref is a bulk (or "mixing cup", or mass-averaged) fluid temperature. For constant
properties, by this definition, HTC becomes independent of thermal field..

There are at least 3 methods in calculating HTC in Fluent:

The first two use heat flux to get HTC, which requires a converged thermal field.
In these two methods, HTC is determined by measuring the thermal
field - by measuring heat flux.
The 3rd method does not require to run the thermal field.

q"convection
1. htc
Tw Tref
This HTC is a Fluent variable; it can directly be selected

under 'Wall Fluxes'. This cannot be used if the bulk
temperature changes along the flow direction, which gives it
a limited usage.
For example, it can't be used for flow inside a heated duct or
a pipe, because the bulk temperature changes along the
pipe.

q"convection
2. htc
Tw Tcell Tbulk
In this definition, Tcell is the adjacent cell temperature. This definition is much TP
better than a fixed reference temperature for most complicated geometries.
In most cases, if wall functions are used and Y+ is obeyed, the adjacent cell Tw
temperature becomes close to the bulk temperature. (Note that when using
standard wall functions, the Y+ at adjacent cell, ideally, should be between 30
and 60, mostly depending on the application.)
This definition cannot be applied for two-layer model where the first node is
too close to the wall. In this case the adjacent cell temperature will be much
higher than the should-be-used bulk temperature.

q"convection
2. htc
Tw Tcell
To get this HTC in Fluent, you can make a Custom Field

Function (CFF) of the following existing Fluent Field variable
HTC = ('Total Surface Heat Flux' - 'Radiation Heat Flux')/('Wall
Temperature(outer surface)' - 'Static Temperature').
You can perform contour plot of this CFF without the node
values. Without the node value 'Static Temperature' will grab
the adjacent cell temperature.

3. Wall Func. Heat Tran. Coeff

Tw TP c pC
1 1 Pr y
y yT
Another method to obtain HTC is to get it directly from 4
kP 2

T 1
wall functions. Note that this method can be used even q
Prt ln
Ey
P

y yT
if there is no flux through the wall!
1 1
c p C 4 k P 2
h q" /(Tw TP )
T*
Tbulk
TP
Tw

Heat transfer Reynolds analogy
Search Keywords: heat transfer Reynolds
Question:
Heat transfer co-efficient can be calculated using Reynolds analogy as well as using the standard
definition q"/(Twall - Tref). Which one is the better approach to compute heat transfer co-efficient?
Answer:
There is lot of confusion on how to calculate heat transfer coefficient (htc): Should it be based on
Reynolds Analogy or based on standard definition of heat flux divided by difference in temperature?
Lets have a look at Reynolds analogy: Reynold's analogy relates Nu and Cf.



Convergence HTcoef

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Heat Transfer and

1 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

2 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

6) Use velocity inlet instead of pressure inlet BCs.

3 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

9) In define>model>solver, select 'node-based' for gradient option

4 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

5 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

6 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

There are at least 3 methods in calculating HTC in Fluent:

7 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

This HTC is a Fluent variable; it can directly be selected

8 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

9 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

To get this HTC in Fluent, you can make a Custom Field

10 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

3. Wall Func. Heat Tran. Coeff

11 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

Customer Portal KM ID: 417

12 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

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14 2015 ANSYS, Inc. January 26, 2017

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