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An important prerequisite for the appropriate treatment collum fractures. Even today, a classification according to
of fractures of the mandibular condyle is an unambiguous anatomical criteria is still commonly used (Fig. 1).
and therapy-relevant classification.
Fracture of the condylar base
Fracture of the condylar collum
In the clinical situation, any fracture that is located above
Diacapitular fracture through the condylar head
the mandibular foramen and that runs from the posterior
edge of the ramus into the sigmoid notch or the condylar This classification describes the location of the fracture,
head, is classified as a fracture of the condylar process. however the equally important and treatment relevant
There is a subclassification into deep, medium and high degree of displacement and dislocation is not represented.
condylar process fractures. Fractures of the condylar head
are referred to as intraarticular or diacapitular fractures. According to Mller 13), Dingmann and Natvig 2) the insertion
However, different systems of classification of these frac- line of the lateral pterygoid muscle is an essential criteria for
tures make any comparison of treatment results difficult 12). the classification of condylar process fractures. This
anatomical classification is rarely used in clinical practice
Regarding malposition of the fracture, the German classifi- due to the fact that this insertion line is difficult to find clini-
cation differentiates between displacement (Dislokation) cally 19). Nevertheless, Mller 13) classified the degree of dis-
and dislocation (Luxation). Displacement describes the shift placement and dislocation respectively into three classes of
of the fracture fragments. According to Wassmund 21), dis- axial deviation from 10 to 90 degrees. In clinical practice,
placement occurs ad axim, ad latus, ad longitudinum cum the classification according to Spiessl and Schroll 19) proved
contractionem and, in rare cases, due to muscle traction most useful, however it is instead of this difficult to differen-
cum distractionem. The term dislocated fracture is applied tiate displacement and dislocation 4). The relation of the
in cases where the cranial fracture fragment exarticulates. fossa to the condylar position can only be precisely evaluat-
In such cases, the distal fracture fragment is often dis- ed in cases where the fracture fragment of the condylar
placed or dislocated medially or anteromedially. Sometimes head is located in the projection level of the x-ray image.
anterior or posterior, rarely lateral displacement or disloca- Dislocated fractures cause a disarticulation of the condylar
tion is encountered. In the English classification however, head and a rupture of the joint capsule. According to
the terms deviation, displacement and dislocation Wassmund 22) and Gilhuus Moe 5), a degree of fragment mal-
differentiate the fractures. Deviation describes a simple position of more than 60 degrees can be presumed to be
deviation of the proximal fragment, while the shifted frac- a dislocation.
ture fragments are still in primary contact. Displacement
is applied in cases, where there is no contact of the fracture
fragments. A Dislocation describes the entire exarticula-
tion of the joint.
The fragment can be dislocated medially, laterally, ventrally basis of many comparative studies and multiple publica-
and dorsally. Although this classification does not explicitly tions.
demarcate the degree of displacement or dislocation, which
is relevant to the prognosis, it is currently considered the
Type I: Collum fractures without considerable displace- Type V: High collum fractures with dislocation
ment (Fig. 2) (Fig. 4)
Type II: Deep collum fractures with displacement Type VI: Intracapsular/diacapitular fractures
(Fig. 2) (Fig. 4)
Type III: High collum fractures with displacement
(Fig. 3)
Type I Type II
Type V Type VI
An explicit definition of high and deep fracture displace- Type A (VI A): Displacement of medial condylar pole with
ment is still not available. According to Lund 11), Loukota et preservation of the vertical dimension. The fracture is sup-
al. 10) proposed the sigmoid notch to be the border between ported, stable and not shortened. The joint supporting artic-
high and deep condylar process fractures (Fig. 5). ulation surface is partially affected at the medial condylar
head fragments.
Following the classification of Spiessl and Schroll 19), Rasse
15)
, Neff 14), Hlawitschka 6) and Loukota 9) additionally classi- Type B (VI B): The lateral condylar pole is involved with loss
fied the intraarticular or diacapitular condylar fractures of the vertical dimension. The fracture is not supported,
according to the fracture line. A diacapitular fracture is unstable and shortened. The joint supporting articulation
defined by a fracture line starting within the articulation sur- surface is subtotally affected, together with the lateral gauge
face (Fig. 6). and the lateral ligament.
Fig. 5: Classification of fractures of the condylar process in accordance with the height of fracture. First, a tangent line is placed
between the dorsal gauge of the condylar process and the mandibular angle. Line A is perpendicular to the tangent line and
crosses the deepest point of the semilunar notch. High condylar fracture: The fracture line starts below line A and runs to
over 50% of its length above line A. Deep condylar fracture: The fracture line runs above the mandibular foramen and is
with over 50% of its length below line A.
Classification of condylar process fractures Chapter 3 13
Type C (V): The joint supporting articulation surface is This classification is clinically relevant as diacapitular fractures
entirely affected with a dislocation of the entire condylar of type VI A and do not lose support within the articular fossa.
head. This corresponds to class V according to Spiessl and There is no shortening, functional impairment is minimal and
Schroll 19). an open reduction is not indicated (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7: Computertomographic demonstration of diacapitular fractures in a coronal section. Left: Diacapitular fracture Type VI A
without loss of the support in the articular fossa. Right: Diacapitular fracture Type VI B with considerable loss of the
support and indication for open treatment by osteosynthesis.
14 Chapter 3 Classification of condylar process fractures
Hlawitschka and Eckelt 7) added an additional type of frac- sections (Fig. 7). Three-dimensional reconstruction
ture to fractures of type VI A and VI B 14): improves the accuracy of classification, especially for high
fractures. In relation to the significance of computer tomog-
Type M, comminuted fracture with loss of vertical dimen- raphy, exposure to radiation is relatively low and will be fur-
sion. The fracture is shortened and not supported. ther decreased by modern techniques and the application
of digital volume tomography (DVT).
Conventional radiography is important in routine diagnosis of
mandibular fractures. As a basic principle in fracture diag- The Spiessl and Schroll 19) classification of fracture types I
nosis, visualisation in two radiographic planes is necessary. to VI and together with the explicit differentiation between
According to Clementschitsch, panoramic tomography and condylar base and condylar collum fractures Loukota 10)
posterior-anterior radiography are the established basic allows a clear and therapy-relevant classification. The addi-
views. tional identification of the degree of displacement and dis-
location in millimeters and the determination of the degree
In order to select a surgical approach and to choose the of angulation enable an even more precise evaluation of the
appropriate osteosynthesis, computer tomography (CT) or severity of the fracture. The classification according to
digital volume tomography (DVT) are necessary, offering Rasse 15) and Neff 14) together with Hlawitschka 6) and
more differentiated sectional images. This is especially the Loukota 9) prove useful for the classification of diacapitular
case for the preoperative diagnosis of diacapitular condylar fractures. In summary, Fig. 8 illustrates the relation bet-
fractures 3) 18). Fracture height and the degree of displace- ween commonly applied classifications and the surgical
ment can be properly visualised in coronal tomographic approaches.
References