Grid Code Sumatera Permen ESDM 37 2008

Harmonics Cause effects Capacitor Division
and solution Reactive power

compensation
BEJUM-Harmonics Theory - 1
What is the line current from this device?
?
Current waveform
Fundamental only
Fundamental + fifth harmonic
H1 + H5 + H7
H1 H13
H1 H25
Harmonics representation
Frequency domain
Time domain 25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Relative importance of harmonics regarding to

fundamental
2
Ck
k =2
THD = ( expressed in %)
C1
THD(U): meaningful
THD(I): ??? what is the reference ???
Harmonics dimensionless numbers
THDF ( Transformer Harmonic Derating Factor)

kVAderated = THDF*kVA
KF (K-Factor)
Extra heat brought by harmonics
TIF-Factor (Telephone Interference Factor)

Describes interference of a power transmission line on a telephone
line
Example of distortion
100% H1
Peak 100%
RMS 100%
THD 0%
100% H1 +33% H3
Peak 100% 133%

RMS 100% 105%
THD 0% 33%
100% H1 +33% H3 +20% H5
Peak 100% 133% 168%

RMS 100% 105% 108%
THD 0% 33% 38.6%
100% H1 +33% H3 +20% H5 ...+4% H25
Peak 100% 133% 168% 204%

RMS 100% 105% 108% 110%
THD 0% 33% 38.6% 44%
Distortion implies
THD 0% 33% 38.6% 44%
Peak 100% 133% 168% 204%

RMS 100% 105% 108% 110%
Modification of peak value
Increase of RMS value
Where do the harmonics come from?
Power electronics, converters, drives...
Rectifiers
Inverters
Cycloconverters
...
All magnetisation non linearities

Transformer operating near saturation
Higher voltage
No load current
Inrush current
...
B
(or or U)
H (or I)
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

Network
Load
Accu
Computers
Printers
Faxing machines
...
Small but ...
If lot of such devices

on same transformer
Fluorescent lighting systems
Arc welders, arc furnaces, ...
Spot welding machines, ...

etc, ...
All non linear loads

(current response is not the
same as the voltage source)
Harmonics classification
Order Group Effects

n=1 Fundamental active power
n = 3k+1 + sequence heating
n = 3k-1 - sequence heating & motor
problems
n = 3n 0 sequence heating & neutral
problems
Problems created by harmonics
Excessive heating of devices

Distortion Increase of RMS
Losses # R . I2RMS = R . I12 + R . Ih2
Extra heat brought

by harmonics
Nuisance tripping of circuit breaker
Increase of RMS Thermally

Increase of peak Magnetically
Blown fuses
Motor problems
Additional losses in windings & iron

(RMS increase & skin effect)
Perturbing torques on shaft

(negative sequences harmonics)
Damage to electronic sensitive equipments
Electronic communications interferences

Excessive neutral current

(mainly zero-sequence harmonics)
Capacitor problems
Decrease of impedance with frequency
Resonance problems
ZC # 1/f & =
Frequency Capacitor overload

Variable speed motors
AC DC DC
Long ago
M G M
Bad Power factor

No harmonics
Capacitors only
DC
Recently M
Bad Power factor

High harmonics
Capacitors + reactors
AC
From now on M
Good power factor

High harmonics
No capacitors but filtering...

Erratic operation of control and protection relays
Faulty reading of kWh meters

How to deal with harmonics?
Definition of the problems
Analysis of the possibilities
Definition of the final solution

How to deal with harmonics?
Clear identification of the real problem
When does it happen ?
What does it effect ?
Evaluation of the different possibilities.

Solutions
Depend on
the size of the disturbed load

the nature of the problem
existence of local regulations
the origin of the disturbance
Solution may also be different if the problem is to be

avoided or solved
Solutions
Small devices: local solution could be the best
UPS
Special power supply connection
Special transformer
Big installations: solution depends on
Power
Sensitivity
Typical industrial circuit topology
Network
Transfo
U
M
Drive Loads Capacitors
Harmonics coming from the net
RESONANCE
Series resonance
Low impedance at resonance I

Impedance Voltage Current U Z
Nominal Fixed Nominal
High Fixed Low
Low Fixed Very high
Typical example
250 MVA
800 kVA
6%
M
450 kVA 250 kW 250 kvar
Example of series resonance
700
600
Impedance [m ]
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency [Harmonics]
SscT
n0 =
QC
Harmonics generated in the factory
RESONANCE
Parallel resonance
High impedance at resonance

Impedance Current Voltage
I Z U
Nominal Fixed Nominal
Low Fixed Low
High Fixed Very high
Pit falls !
We used to have voltage sources
Harmonics generators are often

current sources !
Example of parallel resonance
400
Impedance [m]
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frequency [Harmonics]
SscT
n0 =
QC
Avoiding resonance
Capacitors & reactors will always create resonance for

some frequency(ies)
Resonance is impossible to avoid
Resonance is not a problem if not excited
We will customize the resonance

How to customize the resonance?
By creating resonances where we know there is no

harmonic solicitation
Transformer: imposed
Capacitor: imposed (& changing)
Add a reactor in series with each capacitor

Customizing the resonance
Tuning totally controlled

by choosing reactor
regarding capacitor
Harmonic regulations
Voltage wise
Limitation of THD(U)
Limitation of individual Un
Current wise (at Pcc)
Limitation of THD(I)
Limitation of individual In
How to prevent harmonics
Try to anticipate instead of curing
Try to work with a powerful network
Use three phase system instead of single phase ones

How to prevent harmonics
Try to isolate sensitive loads
Use 12 pulse drives instead of 6 pulse ones
Take breakers according to RMS not to fundamental (I1)

Recommended maximum values
If QC / ST > 0.1 reactors are needed
THD(U) should be kept between 5% and 10%
Total contribution for one harmonic should be below 4%

Conclusions: the solutions
Reactor banks
Filters
Competent people for the design


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Harmonics Cause effects Capacitor Division

and solution Reactive power

Relative importance of harmonics regarding to

THDF ( Transformer Harmonic Derating Factor)

TIF-Factor (Telephone Interference Factor)

Peak 100% 133%

100% H1 +33% H3 +20% H5

Peak 100% 133% 168%

100% H1 +33% H3 +20% H5 ...+4% H25

Peak 100% 133% 168% 204%

THD 0% 33% 38.6% 44%

Peak 100% 133% 168% 204%

Power electronics, converters, drives...

All magnetisation non linearities

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

If lot of such devices

Fluorescent lighting systems

Arc welders, arc furnaces, ...

Spot welding machines, ...

All non linear loads

Order Group Effects

Excessive heating of devices

Losses # R . I2RMS = R . I12 + R . Ih2

Extra heat brought

Nuisance tripping of circuit breaker

Increase of RMS Thermally

Additional losses in windings & iron

Perturbing torques on shaft

Damage to electronic sensitive equipments

Electronic communications interferences

Excessive neutral current

Frequency Capacitor overload

Bad Power factor

Bad Power factor

Good power factor

No capacitors but filtering...

Erratic operation of control and protection relays

Faulty reading of kWh meters

Definition of the problems

Analysis of the possibilities

Definition of the final solution

Clear identification of the real problem

When does it happen ?

What does it effect ?

Evaluation of the different possibilities.

the size of the disturbed load

Solution may also be different if the problem is to be

Small devices: local solution could be the best

Big installations: solution depends on

Low impedance at resonance I

High impedance at resonance

We used to have voltage sources

Harmonics generators are often

Capacitors & reactors will always create resonance for

Resonance is impossible to avoid

Resonance is not a problem if not excited

We will customize the resonance

By creating resonances where we know there is no

Capacitor: imposed (& changing)

Add a reactor in series with each capacitor

Tuning totally controlled

Current wise (at Pcc)

Try to anticipate instead of curing

Try to work with a powerful network