GLOSSARY
Introduction
aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/ avin
arm /El/ brazo
bakery /'VMYLpi/ panadara
basketball /'VEgYBWVGo/ baloncesto
bath /'VEe/ baeira
bathroom /'VEepIl/ cuarto de bao
bed /VCX/ cama, leito
bedroom /'VCXpIl/ dormitorio
bicycle /'VOgBYo/ bicicleta
boat /VNW/ barco
brother /'VpJfL/ irmn
bus /VJg/ autobs
butchers /'VHaLh/ carnizara
car /YE/ coche
carpet /'YEUBW/ alfombra
chair /aS/ cadeira
computer technology /YLlUqIWL WCY'mFoLbi/
informtica
cupboard /'YJVLX/ armario
cycling /'gOYoBn/ ciclismo
desk /XCgY/ escritorio; pupitre
eagle /'AZo/ aguia
ear /R/ orella
eye /O/ ollo
football /'cHWVGo/ ftbol
fridge /cpBb/ frigorfico
frog /cpFZ/ ra
geography /bi'FZpLci/ xeografa
grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/ av
hat /kDW/ gorro, sombreiro, chapeu
history /'kBgWpi/ historia
horse /kGg/ cabalo
hospital /'kFgUBWo/ hospital
jacket /'bDYBW/ chaqueta, cazadora
jeans /bAmh/ pantalns vaqueiros
kitchen /'YBWiBm/ cocia
lamp /oDlU/ lmpada
library /'oOVpLpi/ biblioteca
living room /'oBdBn pIl/ sala de estar, saln
maths /lDeg/ matemticas
mother /'lJfL/ nai
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/ moto
paw /UG/ pata, pouta, gadoupa
scarf /gYEc/ bufanda
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
science /gOLmg/ ciencias
shelf /iCoc/ andel, estante
shoe shop /'iI iFU/ zapatara
shorts /iGWg/ pantalns curtos
sink /gBnY/ lavabo
sister /'gBgWL/ irm
skateboarding /'gYMWVGXBn/ ir / montar en
monopatn
skirt /gYKW/ saia
snake /gmMY/ serpe
socks /gFYg/ calcetns
sofa /'gLHcL/ sof
son /gJm/ fillo
sports centre /'gUGWg gCmWL/ polideportivo
sweater /'grCWL/ xersei
swimming /'grBlBn/ natacin
swimsuit /'grBlgIW/ baador
table /'WMVo/ mesa
tail /WMo/ cola, rabo
tennis /'WCmBg/ tenis
tiger /'WOZL/ tigre
trainers /'WpMmLh/ zapatillas de deporte
trousers /'WpPhLh/ pantalns
T-shirt /'WAiKW/ camiseta de manga curta
van /dDm/ furgoneta
washing machine /'rFiBn lLiAm/ lavadora
Unit 1
beef /VAc/ carne de vitela
benefit /'VCmBcBW/ beneficio, proveito
bill /VBo/ conta
biscuit /'VBgYBW/ galleta
blood /VoJX/ sangue
brain /VpMm/ cerebro
broccoli /'VpFYLoi/ brcoli
butter /'VJWL/ manteiga
cannoli /YL'mNoi/ cannoli (doces tpicos de
Sicilia)
carrot /'YDpLW/ cenoria
chew /aI/ mastigar, mascar
chewing gum /'aIBn ZJl/ goma de mascar
crisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritidas (de bolsa)
delicious /XB'oBiLg/ gorentoso/a
disturbance /XB'gWKVLmg/ barafunda, balbordo
drinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn aFYoLW/ batido de
chocolate, chocolate lquido


eater /'AWL/ persoa que come
eating habit /'AWBn kDVBW/ hbito alimenticio
egg /CZ/ ovo
eyesight /'OgOW/ vista
first course /cKgW 'YGg/ primeiro prato
fizzy drink /'cBhi XpBnY/ bebida gasosa
fresh /cpCi/ fresco/a
frozen /'cpNhm/ conxelado/a
fruit /cpIW/ froita
healthy /'kCoei/ saudbel, san/sa
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
lemonade /oClL'mCBX/ limoada
main course /lCBm 'YGg/ segundo prato
meal /lAo/ comida
milk /lBoY/ leite
moussaka /lI'gEYL/ musaka (prato grego)
muesli /'lqIhoi/ muesli
mushroom /'lJipHl/ cogomelo
natural /'mDapLo/ natural
oily /'Qoi/ aceitoso/a
on time /Fm 'WOl/ puntual
pancake /'UDmYMY/ freix, filloa
pepper /'UCUL/ pemento
popcorn /'UFUYGm/ flocos de millo
prawn /UpGm/ gamba
research /pB'gKa/ investigacin, esculca
salmon /'gDlLm/ salmn
salty /'gGoWi/ salgado/a
sausage /'gFgBb/ salchicha
schoolwork /'gYIorKY/ traballo de clase
score /gYG/ resultado, nota
seed /gAX/ semente
soup /gIU/ sopa
sour /'gPL/ agre
spicy /'gUOgi/ picante, con especias
sugarless /'iHZLoCg/ sen azucre
sweet /grAW/ doce
tip /WBU/ propina
unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/ pouco/a san/sa
watermelon /'rGWLlCoLm/ sanda
weight /rMW/ peso
Unit 2
artist /'EWBgW/ artista
beautiful /'VqIWBco/ fermoso/a, precioso/a
bin /VBm/ cubo do lixo; papeleira
boring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/a, que aborrece
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
glossary
bridge /VpBXj/ ponte
bright /VpOW/ brillante; intelixente; vivo/a,
rechamante (cor)
brilliant /'VpBoiLmW/ xenial
cartoon /YE'WIm/ banda deseada, vieta
cartoonist /YE'WImBgW/ debuxante
cave /YMd/ cova
cave painting /'YMd UCBmWBn/ pintura rupestre
clown /YoPm/ pallaso
cute /YqIW/ precioso/a, curro/a
dancer /'XEmgL/ bailarn/ina
design /XB'hOm/ deseo
disappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ decepcionante
draw /XpG/ debuxar, pintar
drawing /'XpGBn/ debuxo
dull /XJo/ esmorecido/a, aborrecido/a
eggshell /'CZiCo/ casca de ovo
exciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionante
extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/ extraordinario/a
focus /'cNYLg/ centrarse
graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ graffiti
graffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/ graffiteiro/a
imaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/ imaxinativo/a
inside /Bm'gOX/ interior, parte de dentro
item /'OWLl/ artigo
mural /'lqHLpLo/ mural
musician /lqI'hBim/ msico/a
ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corrente
painter /'UCBmWL/ pintor/a
painting /'UCBmWBn/ cadro, pintura
photograph /'cNWLZpEc/ fotografa
photographer /cL'WFZpLcL/ fotgrafo/a
potter /'UFWL/ oleiro/a
pottery /'UFWLpi/ cermica, olara
remain /pB'lCBm/ permanecer
sculptor /'gYJoUWL/ escultor/a
sculpture /'gYJoUaL/ escultura
special /'gUCio/ especial
surprising /gL'UpOhBn/ sorprendente
throw /epN/ tirar, guindar
ugly /'JZoi/ feo/a
watch /rFa/ reloxo de pulso
wild /rOoX/ salvaxe
Unit 3
BASE jumping /'VMg bJlUBn/ salto B.A.S.E.
basket /'VEgYBW/ canastra
bat /VDW/ pa, paleta


bossaball /'VFgLVGo/ bossaball (deporte que
harmoniza voleibol, ftbol e ximnasia)
bounce /VPmg/ botar
brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a
break the law /'VpMY fL oG/ infrinxir / quebrantar
a lei
cool /YIo/ bo/boa, xenial
cord /YGX/ corda
court /YGW/ pista, cancha
cycling shoes /'gOYoBn iIh/ zapatillas de ciclismo
extreme sport /BY'gWpAl gUGW/ deporte de
aventura
field /cAoX/ campo, terreo de xogo
foolish /'cIoBi/ insensato/a, imprudente,
aloucado/a
golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/ pao de golf
hard /kEX/ forte
helmet /'kColBW/ casco
hit /kBW/ pegar, golpear
hold /kNoX/ suxeitar, termar de, soster
indoors /Bm'XGh/ dentro
inflatable pad /Bm'coCBWLVo UDX/ colchn inchbel
jog /bFZ/ facer footing
kneepads /'mAUDXh/ xeonlleiras
leap /oAU/ saltar, choutar, brincar
licence /'oOgmg/ permiso, licenza
net /mCW/ rede
outdoors /PW'XGh/ fra
parachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/ paracadas
parachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/ guindarse, lanzarse /
saltar en paracadas
pass /UEg/ pasar
pull /UHo/ arrastrar, tirar de; atraer
push /UHi/ empurrar
referee /pCcL'pA/ rbitro
risk /pBgY/ arriscar
rollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/ patns en lia
shoulder pads /'iNoXL UDXh/ ombreiras
skate /gYMW/ patinar
skateboard /'gYMWVGX/ monopatn
skates /gYMWg/ patns
ski /gYA/ esquiar
skydiver /'gYOXOdL/ paracaidista acrobtico / de
cada libre
skydiving /'gYOXOdBn/ paracaidismo acrobtico,
cada libre
slide /goOX/ esvarar, escorregar
tennis racket /'WCmBg pDYBW/ raqueta de tenis
tenpin bowling /WCmUBm 'VNoBn/ bolos
trampoline /'WpDlULoAm/ cama elstica
water bottle /'rGWL VFWo/ botella de auga
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
glossary
Unit 4
arid /'DpBX/ rido/a, ermo/a
bite /VOW/ morder, trabar
cave /YMd/ cova
cliff /YoBc/ acantilado, cantil
climb /YoOl/ escalar
corn /YGm/ millo
damp /XDlU/ hmido/a
deep /XAU/ profundo/a, fondo/a
dense /XCmg/ denso/a, mesto/a
diary /'XOLpi/ diario (keep a diary: escribir un
diario)
expedition /CYgUL'XBim/ expedicin
explorer /BY'gUoGpL/ explorador/a
fellow /'cCoLH/ compaeiro/a, colega
field /cAoX/ campo, eido
flat /coW/ chan / ch, plano/a
freedom /'cpAXLl/ liberdade
get /ZCW/ chegar
get down on ones knees /ZCW XPm Fm rJmh 'mAh/
axeonllarse
glacier /'ZoDgiL/ glaciar
ground /ZpPmX/ terreo, chan
hide /kOX/ agochar(se)
high /kO/ alto/a
hill /kBo/ outeiro, montaa
ill /Bo/ enfermo/a, doente
island /'OoLmX/ illa
join /bQm/ unir(se), xuntar(se)
jump /bJlU/ saltar, choutar, brincar
land /oDmX/ aterrar (un avin)
lead /oAX/ comandar, dirixir
low /oLH/ baixo/a
mankind /lm'YOmX/ humanidade
raise /pMh/ recadar
rest /pCgW/ descansar
rocky /'pFYi/ rochoso/a
route /pIW/ ruta, percorrido
run /pJm/ viaxe; carreira
sail /gMo/ navegar
sandy /'gDmXi/ areoso/a
sea /gA/ mar
sea captain /'gA YUWBm/ capitn/capit de barco
shallow /'iDoN/ pouco fondo/a
slave /goMd/ escravo/a
slavery /'goMdLpi/ escravitude
smell /glCo/ olor, rastro, cheiro
spaceship /'gUMgiBU/ nave espacial
steep /gWAU/ pino/a, esgrevio/a


stream /gWpAl/ regueiro, regato
swamp /grFlU/ pantano, lamazal, lameira
unfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/ lamentabelmente,
desgraciadamente
valley /'dDoi/ val
waterfall /'rGWLcGo/ fervenza
Unit 5
achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/ logro, fazaa
arch /EWi/ arco
bachelors degree /'VDWiLoLh XBZpA/ licenciatura
businessman /'VBhmLglDm/ home de negocios
character /'YpLYWL/ personaxe
cheat /aAW/ facer trampas; copiar
college /'YFoBb/ universidade
confused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a
confusing /YLm'cqIhBn/ confuso/a, pouco claro/a
courage /'YJpBb/ valor
crime writer /'YpOl pOWL/ escritor de novelas
policiais
deal /XAo/ trato, convenio
delighted /XB'oOWBX/ encantado/a
dentist /'XCmWBgW/ dentista
detective /XB'WCYWBd/ detective
disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/a
disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/ alporizado/a, indignado/a
embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoado/a
evil /'Ado/ maldade, mal
exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ canso/a, esgotado/a
exhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/ esgotador/a
fingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/ pegada dixital
furious /'cqHLpiLg/ alporizado/a, furioso/a
guess /ZCg/ adiviar
guilty /'ZBoWi/ culpbel
hairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/ perruqueiro/a
high school /'kO gYIo/ instituto de ensino
secundario
hire /'kOL/ contratar
jealous /'XjCoLg/ celoso/a
judge /bJb/ xuz/a
lawyer /'oGqL/ avogado/a
lifetime /'oOcWOl/ vida
look forward to /oHY 'cGrLX WL/ ter ganas de,
devecer por
loop /oIU/ lazo
murder /'lKXL/ asasinato
murderer /'lKXLpL/ asasino/a
nervous /'mKdLg/ nervioso/a
noticeable /'mNWBgLVo/ evidente, obvio/a
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
glossary
optician /FU'WBim/ ptico/a
pirate /'UOpLW/ pirata
play /UoM/ obra de teatro
primary school /'UpOlLpi gYIo/ escola primaria
prison /'UpBhm/ crcere, cadea, prisin
private detective /UpOdLW XB'WCYWBd/ detective
privado/a
proud /UpPX/ fachendoso/a, orgulloso/a
prove /UpId/ demostrar, probar
realise /'pALoOh/ decatarse, darse conta
reliable /pB'oOLVo/ seguro/a, fibel
reporter /pB'UGWL/ xornalista, reporteiro/a
robber /'pFVL/ ladrn/oa
sailor /'gMoL/ marieiro/a
scared /gYCLX/ amedrentado/a, asustado/a
soldier /'gNobL/ soldado
spy /gUO/ espa
success /gLY'gCg/ xito
successful /gLY'gCgco/ de xito
suspect /'gJgUCYW/ sospeitoso/a
trouble /'WpJVo/ atranco, problema, dificultade
(be in trouble: ter problemas)
truth /WpIe/ verdade
undercover /JmXL'YJdL/ secreto/a
whorl /rKo/ espiral
worried /'rJpiX/ preocupado/a
Unit 6
avoid /L'dQX/ evitar
back /VDY/ costas
belt /VCoW/ cinto
cap /YU/ gorra, pucha; gorro
cashmere /'YDilR/ caxemira
chemists /'YClBgWg/ farmacia
comfortable /'YJlcWLVo/ cmodo/a
denim /'XCmBl/ tea vaqueira
designer /XB'hOmL/ deseador/a
dressmaker /'XpCglMYL/ modisto/a
earrings /'BLpBnh/ pendentes
fashion /'cim/ moda (in fashion: de moda)
fashionable /'cimLVo/ de moda
flat /coW/ plano/a
gloves /ZoJdh/ luvas
handbag /'kmXVZ/ bolso
high heels /kO 'kAoh/ tacns altos
hot /kFW/ de moda
item /'OWLl/ peza (de vestir)
latest /'oMWBgW/ ltimo/a, derradeiro/a


mini skirt /'lBmi gYKW/ minisaia
modern /'lFXm/ moderno
necklace /'mCYoLg/ colar
old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a
de moda
outdated /PW'XMWBX/ anticuado/a, pasado/a de
moda
platform boots /'UoDWcGl VIWg/ botas de
plataforma
practical /'UpDYWBYo/ prctico/a
rebellion /pB'VCoqLm/ rebelin
ring /pBn/ anel
smell /glCo/ ulir
sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/ lentes de sol
survey /'gKdM/ enquisa
teenager /'WAmMbL/ adolescente, rapaz/a
think for yourself /eBnY cL qG'gCoc/ pensa por ti
mesmo/a
tie /WO/ gravata
timeline /'WOloOm/ cronoloxa
trendy /'WpCmXi/ moda, moderno
unfashionable /Jm'cimLVo/ pasado/a de moda
unsafe /Jm'gMc/ perigoso/a
unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/ pouco comn / corrente
watch /rFa/ reloxo
Unit 7
astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/ astronauta
beauty /'VqIWi/ beleza
bring back /VpBn 'VDY/ traer de volta
build /VBoX/ construr
check /aCY/ comprobar
cloud /YoPX/ nube
connect /YL'mCYW/ conectar
cookbook /'YHYVHY/ libro de cocia
cucumber /'YqIYJlVL/ cogombro
design /XB'hOm/ desear
develop /XB'dCoLU/ desenvolver; elaborar
engineering /CmbB'mBLpBn/ enxeara
explain /BY'gUoMm/ explicar
follow /'cFoN/ seguir
fortune teller /'cGaIm WCoL/ adivio/a
god /ZFX/ deus
gravity /'ZpDdLWi/ gravidade
greenhouse /'ZpAmkPg/ invernadoiro
grow /ZpN/ crecer, medrar; cultivar
involve /Bm'dFod/ implicar, involucrar
leave /oAd/ deixar, marchar de
light /oOW/ lixeiro/a, livin/
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
glossary
meteor /'lAWiL/ meteoro; meteorito
moon /lIm/ la
name after /mMl 'EcWL/ chamar como, pr o
nome de
ordinary /'GXmpi/ normal, corrente
plan /UoDm/ planear
planet /'UoDmBW/ planeta
planetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/ planetario
protect /UpL'WCYW/ protexer
repair /pB'UCL/ arranxar, amaar, reparar
solar system /'gNoL gBgWLl/ sistema solar
space shuttle /'gUMg iJWo/ transbordador /
lanzadeira espacial
spacesuit /'gUMggIW/ traxe espacial
star /gWE/ estrela
sun /gJm/ sol
telescope /'WCoBgYNU/ telescopio
war /rG/ guerra
warm /rGl/ de abrigo
Unit 8
add to /'DX WI/ aumentar
airport /'CLUGW/ aeroporto
alternative /Go'WKmLWBd/ diferente, alternativo/a
ant /DmW/ formiga
art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galera de arte
battery /'VDWpi/ batera
biologist /VO'FoLbBgW/ bilogo/a
bus station /'VJg gWMim/ estacin de autobuses
car park /'YE UEY/ aparcamento, aparcadoiro
carriage /'YDpBb/ carro, carruaxe
catch /YDa/ coller
change /aMmb/ cambiar
chariot /'WiDpiLW/ carro
department store /XB'UEWlLmW gWG/ grandes
almacns
dog sled /'XFZ goCX/ zorra tirada por cans
drive /XpOd/ conducir
exit /'CYgBW/ sada
factory /'cYWpi/ fbrica
fold /cNoX/ pregar
get angry /ZCW 'DnZpi/ enfadarse
get hurt /ZCW 'kKW/ mancarse
get in /ZCW 'Bm/ entrar; chegar (un medio de
transporte)
get off /ZCW 'Fc/ baixar de
get on /ZCW 'Fm/ subir a
go around /ZLH L'pPmX/ dar a volta a
hurry out /kJpi 'PW/ sar correndo/ s carreiras


lead /oAX/ levar, conducir
miss /lBg/ perder
narrow /'mDpN/ estreito/a
obstacle /'FVgWLYo/ obstculo
office /'FcBg/ oficina
park /UEY/ aparcar
path /UEe/ camio
perhaps /UL'kDUg/ quizais, talvez
pillar /'UBoL/ columna
post office /'UNgW FcBg/ oficina de correos
quickly /'YrBYoi/ rpido, s prsas
race /pMg/ carreira
recharge /pA'aEb/ recargar
rickshaw /'pBYiG/ carro tirado por un home
ride /pOX/ ir / andar en; montar
Segway /'gCZrM/ Segway (vehculo de transporte
lixeiro)
snowmobile /'gmNlLVAo/ motoneve
stadium /'gWCBXiLl/ estadio
stop /gWFU/ parar
swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/ piscina
take /WMY/ coller; levar
take off /WMY 'Fc/ despegar (un avin)
take place /WCBY 'UoMg/ ter lugar
theatre /'eBLWL/ teatro
traffic jam /'WpDcBY bDl/ atasco
two-wheeled /WI'rAoX/ de das rodas
university /qImB'dKgLWi/ universidade
Unit 9
advertise /'DXdLWOh/ anunciar
burn /VKm/ queimar
chat room /'aDW pIl/ grupo de discusin, chat
complicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/ complicado/a,
complexo/a
contemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/ contemporneo/a
dirt /XKW/ sucidade
dishwasher /'XBirFiL/ lavalouza
dryer /'XpOL/ secadora
electric kettle /BoCYWpBY 'YCWo/ fervedor elctrico
enormous /B'mGlLg/ enorme
entertainment /CmWL'WCBmlLmW/ entretemento;
espectculo
find out /cOmX 'PW/ esculcar, investigar
food processor /'cIX UpNgCgL/ robot de cocia
freezer /'cpAhL/ conxelador
hair dryer /'kCL XpOL/ secador de pelo
hand-written /kmX'pBWm/ escrito/a a man
hi-tech /kO'WCY/ de alta tecnoloxa
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books
glossary
immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/ decontado,
inmediatamente
improve /Bl'UpId/ mellorar
indispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/ indispensbel
iron /'OLm/ ferro de pasar
lazy /'oCBhi/ lacazn/ana; preguiceiro/a
noisy /'mQhi/ ruidoso/a
old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/ anticuado/a
oven /'Jdm/ forno
password /'UEgrKX/ contrasinal
pick /UBY/ colectar, recoller
pocket money /'UFYBW lJmi/ dieiro solto; paga
pop /UFU/ estourar, estoupar
portable /'UGWLVo/ porttil
printing press /'UpBmWBn UpCg/ imprenta
radio play /'pMXiN UoM/ obra de teatro para a
radio
report /pB'UGW/ crnica, reportaxe
settler /'gCWoL/ colonizador/a
significant /gBZ'mBcBYLmW/ importante, significativo/a
simple /'gBlUo/ sinxelo/a, simple
soap opera /'gNU FUpL/ telenovela; radionovela
tablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/ mantel
though /fLH/ anda que, anque
tin opener /'WBm NUmL/ abrelatas
toaster /'WLHgWL/ torrador/a
useful /'qIgco/ til
useless /'qIgoLg/ que non serve para nada
user name /'qIhL mMl/ nome de usuario
vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl YoAmL/ aspirador/a
wheel /rAo/ roda

SPEAKING GUIDE

INTRODUCTION UNIT
Classroom language
Please be quiet. /UoAh VA 'YrOLW/ Calade, por favor.
Can you help me, please? /YLm qI 'kCoU lA UoAh/ Podes axudarme, por favor?
Can I borrow (a pencil), please? /YLm O 'VFpLH (L UCmgo) UoAh/ Emprstasme (un lapis), por favor?
Open your books to page (15). /'NULm qG VHYg WL UMb (cBcWAm)/ Abride o libro pola pxina (15).
What is the homework? /rFW Bh fL 'kNlrKY/ Cales son os deberes?, Que deberes hai?
Whats this in English? /rFWg fBg Bm 'BnZoBi/ Como se di isto en ingls?
What page are we on? /rFW 'UMb L rA Fm/ En que pxina estamos?
Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qI pB'UAW fDW UoAh/ Podes repetilo, por favor?

Unit 1
Ordering food
Would you like (a drink)? /rHX qI 'oOY (L XpBnY)/ Queres (unha bebida)?
Id prefer (Italian food), please. /OX UpB'cK (BWDoBLm cIX) UoAh/ Prefiro (comida italiana), por favor.
Do you want (sausages) or (beef )? /XL qI rFmW ('gFgBbBh) G ('VAc)/ Quere (salchichas) ou (carne de tenreira)?
Id like (salmon), please. /OX oOY ('gDlLm) UoAh/ Tomarei / Quero (salmn), por favor.
Making suggestions
What about (Mexican food)? /'rFW LVPW (lCsBYm cIX)/ E / Que tal (comida mexicana)?
Good idea! /ZHX O'XR/ Boa idea!
Why dont we (go to a restaurant)? /rO 'XLHmW rA (ZLH WI L pCgWpFmW)/ Por que non (imos a un restaurante)?
I dont really like (Chinese food). /O XLHmW pBLoi 'oOY (WiOmAh cIX)/ En realidade non me gusta / Non me gusta
moito (a comida chinesa).

Unit 2
Asking for information
When is the (painting course)? /rCm Bh fL ('UCBmWBn YGg)/ Cando o (curso de pintura)?
What time does it start? /rFW WOl XJh BW 'gWEW/ A que hora comeza?
How much does it cost? /kP lJa XJh BW 'YFgW/ Cando custa / vale?

Describing a picture
We can see (two men). /rA YLm 'gA (WI lCm)/ Vemos (a dous homes).
Theres (a dog). /fCLh (L 'XFZ)/ Hai (un can / unha cadela).
Hes got (a cat). /kCh ZFW (L 'YDW)/ Ten (un gato/a).
In this picture, (theres a river). /Bm 'fBg UBYaL (fCLh L pBdL)/ Neste debuxo / fotografa (hai un ro).

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Unit 3
Responding to requests
No, Im (using it tomorrow). /mN Ol (qIhBn BW WL'lFpN)/ Non, (vouno/na usar ma).
Sure. /iHL/ Por suposto. / Xaora.
Of course. /Fd 'YGg/ Por suposto.
No problem. /mN 'UpFVoLl/ Non hai problema.
OK, but (I need them on Tuesday). /N'YM VJW (O mAX eCl Fm 'WqIhXM)/ Vale / De acordo, mais (precsoos/as o
martes).
Sorry, (my friend has got it). /'gFpi (lO cpCmX kLh ZFW BW)/ Sntoo, (teno/a o meu amigo/a).
Comparing sports
(Tennis lessons) are more (expensive) than (football lessons). /('WCmBg oCgmh) L lG (BYgUCmgBd) fLm ('cHWVGo oCgmh)/
(As clases de tenis) son mis (caras) que (as clases de ftbol).
Yes, but they arent as (expensive) as (skiing lessons). /qCg VLW fM EmW Dh (BYgUCmgBd) Dh ('gYABn oCgmh)/ Si, mais
non son tan (caras) como (as clases de esqu).
Its the most (exciting sport in the world). /BWg fL lNgW (BY'gOWBn gUGW Bm fL rGoX)/ o (deporte) mis
(emocionante do mundo).

Unit 4
Ordering tickets
Can I help you? /Ym O 'kCoU qI/ Podo axudarte?
How many (tickets) do you want? /kP lCmi ('WBYBWg) XI qI rFmW/ Cantos/as (billetes / entradas) queres?
How much is (a ticket)? /kP lJa Bh (L 'WBYBWg)/ Canto custa / vale (un billete / unha entrada)?
How long is (the tour)? /kP 'oFn Bh (fL WHL)/ Canto dura (a visita)?
Talking about the past
What (countries) did you visit? /rFW ('YJmWpih) XBX qI dBhBW/ Que (pases) visitaches?
How did you travel? /kP XBX qI 'WpDdo/ Como viaxaches?
What did you take with you? /rFW XBX qI 'WMY rBf qI/ Que levaches canda ti?
What did you do? /rFW XBX qI 'XI/ Que fixeches?
How long was your journey? /kP oFn rLh qG 'bKmi/ Canto durou a viaxe?

Unit 5
Talking about emotions
I feel (worried). /O cAo ('rJpiX)/ Estou (preocupado/a).
Talking about a past event
Can you describe (them)? /YLm qI XB'gYpOV (fCl)/ Podes describilos/as?
What were they wearing? /rFW rK fM 'rCLpBn/ Que levaban posto?
What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu?

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Unit 6
Giving advice
You should (wear that colour)./qI iLX ('rCL fDW YJoL)/ Deberas (poer esa color).
You shouldnt (arrive late). /qI 'iHXmW (LpOd oCBW)/ Non deberas (chegar tarde).

Giving opinions
I think (hes very trendy). /O 'eBnY (kAh dCpi WpCmXi)/ Coido que ( moi moderno).
Its very (fashionable). /BWg dCpi ('cimLVo)/ / Est moi (de moda).

Unit 7
Discussing plans
Where are you going (next week)? /rCL L qI 'ZLHBn (mCYgW rAY)/ Onde vas (a vindeira semana)?
How are you going to get there? /kP L qI ZLHBn WL 'ZCW fS/ Como vas ir / chegar al?
Who is going with you? /kI Bh 'ZLHBn rBf qI/ Quen vai canda ti?
What are you going to do? /rFW L qI ZLHBn WL 'XI/ Que vas facer?

Making predictions
I will (live in London). /O rBo (oBd Bm 'oJmXLm)/ (Vivirei en Londres).

Unit 8
Asking for directions
How do I get to (the library)? /kP XI O ZCW WL (fL 'oOVpLpi)/ Como vou / chego ( biblioteca)?
Turn left. /WKm 'oCcW/ Torce / Vira / Xira esquerda.
Go straight. /ZLH 'gWpMW/ Segue / Contina recto.
Cross the road. /YpFg fL 'pNX/ Cruza a ra.
Turn right. /WKm 'pOW/ Torce / Vira / Xira dereita.

Talking about experiences

Have you ever (been to Africa)? /kLd qI CdL (VAm WL 'DcpBYL)/ Algunha vez estiveches (en frica)?
No, I havent, but Ive (been to India). /mN O kDdmW VJW Od (VAm WL 'BmXiL)/ Non, pero estiven (na India).

Unit 9
Agreeing and disagreeing
I think youre wrong. /O eBnY qHL 'pFn/ Coido que ests errado.
I dont think so. /O XLHmW 'eBnY gN/ Coido que non.
I cant believe you said that. /O YEmW VB'oAd qI gCX fDW/ Non podo crer que dixeras iso.
Thats true. /eDWg 'WpI/ certo.
Youre right. /qHL 'pOW/ Levas / Tes razn.
Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ Sen dbida. / Xaora.

Describing a process
First, (the vegetables are cut). /'cKgW (fL dCbWLVoh L YJW)/ Primeiro (crtanse as verduras).
Next, (the oil is put on the salad). /'mCYgW (fA Qo Bh UHW Fm fL gDoLX)/ Despois / Logo (ponse o aceite na
ensalada).

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Grammar Appendix

INTRODUCTION

to be, have got

O verbo to be significa ser / estar e, nalgns casos, ter. En presente ten tres formas: am, is e are, que
adoitan contraer co pronome suxeito ao falar. En negativa engdeselle not s tres formas, ou a contraccin nt
s formas is e are. En interrogativa, o verbo ponse diante do suxeito, mentres que nas respostas curtas ponse
detrs do pronome suxeito, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contrado en negativa.
Are they at the park? No, they arent. Theyre at the cinema. (Estn no parque? Non. Estn no cine.)
O verbo have got significa ter e expresa o que posumos ou os trazos de algun ou algo cando o describimos.
En presente ten das formas, have got e has got. En negativa engdeselle not ou a contraccin nt a have ou
has. En interrogativa ponse o suxeito entre have / has e got, mais nas respostas curtas ponse primeiro o
pronome suxeito e logo have / havent ou has / hasnt, sen got.
Have you got a dog? No, I havent, but Ive got a horse. (Tes un can? Non, pero teo un cabalo.)

There is / There are

There is e there are significan hai. There is indica que hai unha cousa. Vai seguido dun substantivo contbel
singular ou dun non contbel. There are indica que hai das cousas ou mis, polo tanto s se emprega con
substantivos contbeis en plural.
There is a new table in the kitchen. (Hai unha mesa nova na cocia.)
There are four books in my bag. (Hai catro libros na mia mochila.)
A negativa frmase engadindo not ou a contraccin nt a is e are.
There are not (arent) any carpets in my house. (Non hai alfombras na mia casa.)
Para preguntar, comzase con is ou are. Nas respostas curtas vlvese orde normal e, de seren negativas,
emprganse as formas contradas.
Is there any milk in the fridge? Yes, there is. / No, there isnt. (Hai [algo de] leite no frigorfico? Hai. Si. / Non.)

O Present Simple
O Present Simple emprgase para expresar hbitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, opinins e horarios.
I always play tennis with my brother. (Sempre xogo ao tenis co meu irmn.)
Horses run fast. (Os cabalos corren rpido.)
I love maths. (Encntanme as matemticas.)
The library opens at 9.00. (A biblioteca abre s 9.)
En afirmativa engdese -s 3 persoa do singular, mais aos seguintes verbos engdeselles -es:
Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x:
pass passes wash washes teach teaches mix mixes
Os rematados en o:
do does go goes
Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso, cmbiase o y por un i:
study studies carry carries
A negativa frmase poendo dont / doesnt diante do verbo.
I dont play basketball. (Non xogo ao balocesto.)
Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas s levan o pronome
suxeito + do / does ou dont / doesnt, segundo cumpra.
Do you like geography? Yes, I do. / No, I dont. (Gstache a xeografa? Gstame. Si. / Non.)

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O Present Continuous
O Present Continuous expresa o que est a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no perodo do tempo presente. Frmase
con to be en presente + un verbo rematado en -ing.
Barry is swimming in the sea. (Barry est a nadar no mar.)
En negativa engdese not s formas am, is, are ou a contraccin nt a is e are.
Your sister isnt wearing the red dress. (A ta irm non leva posto o vestido vermello.)
En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas ponse o
pronome suxeito seguido de am, is ou are en afirmativa, ou seguido das formas contradas en negativa.
Are you watching TV now? Yes, I am. / No, Im not. (Ests a ver a tele agora? Estou. Si. / Non.)
Para engadir -ing a un verbo cmpre reparar nestas regras ortogrficas:
Se remata en e mudo, perde o e:
arrive arriving
Se de 1 slaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dbrase a consoante:
put putting
Se de 2 slabas e pronnciase como palabra aguda, dbrase a consoante final:
refer referring begin beginning
Se ten 2 slabas e remata nun l, dbrase esa letra:
travel travelling
Se remata en ie, cmbianse estas das letras por un y:
die dying

Check Yourself!
1 Circle the correct answer.
1. All the students is / are in the
classroom.
2. Dave have got / has got three sisters.
3. I am not / havent got hungry.
4. Have / Has they got maths today?
5. Is / Are you excited about the party?
6. We havent got / arent a car.
7. There is / There are five people in
my family.
8. Are there / Is there a park near your
house?
2 Circle the correct answer.
1. I go / goes to the sports centre twice a
week.
2. Alex study / studies French at school.
3. Scott dont play / doesnt play tennis.
4. Do / Does you take books from the
library?
5. Alice and Matt is having / are having
breakfast now.
6. Mum is talking / am taking on the
phone at the moment.
7. Is / Are you coming to the party?
8. We isnt working / arent working
right now.
Answers, see page 30

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unit 1

Os cuantificadores
Os cuantificadores sanse para falar de cantidades non exactas.
a
 lot of (moito/a/os/as, unha chea de) emprgase con substantivos contbeis en plural e non contbeis.
I eat a lot of oranges. (Como moitas laranxas.)
There is a lot of food. (Hai moita comida.)
m
 any (moitos/as) emprgase con substantivos contbeis en plural.
There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Hai moitos tomates no frigorfico.)
 uch (moito/a) s se emprega con substantivos non contbeis en oracins negativas e interrogativas.
m
I havent got much time. (Non teo moito tempo.)
H
 ow much? (Canto/a?) emprgase diante de substantivos non contbeis. Tamn co to be, para preguntar
canto custa algo.
How much fruit do you want? (Canta froita queres?)
How much is a kilo of apples? (Canto custa un quilo de mazs?)
H
 ow many? (Cantos/as?) s pode ir con substantivos contbeis en plural.
How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Cantos tomates precisas para a ensalada?)
O artigo the significa o, a, os, as e emprgase diante dun substantivo coecido polo falante.
Ive got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Teo algunhas pizzas. As pizzas son do
supermercado.)

1 Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some.

atlas olive piano flour wall salt biscuit butter beef umbrella dress music

Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
Singular Plural
an atlas some atlases

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2 Choose the correct answers.

1. That man is very rich. Hes got money.
a. a lot of b. much c. many
2. I want milk, please.
a. any b. some c. much
3. Are there messages for me?
a. any b. a c. much
4. Id like to eat yoghurt and muesli.
a. an b. some c. any
5. I havent got money in my wallet.
a. some b. many c. much
6. There is a new film at the cinema. I want to see film.
a. any b. a c. the

3 Complete the sentences with the words below. You can use some words more than once.
some any an many a

1. I want some milk in my coffee but I dont want any sugar.

2. She doesnt want mushrooms with her hamburger. She doesnt like them.
3. I always have drinking chocolate in the morning.
4. Theres new restaurant on Market Street.
5. Are there calories in 100 grams of chocolate?
6. There is atlas on my desk.

4 Complete the questions with How much or How many.

1. How much time do you spend watching TV every day?
2. new students are there in your class?
3. apples are there on the plate?
4. water do you want to drink?

Check Yourself!
Circle the correct answers.
1. I havent got much / many time today.
2. There are any / a lot of apples on the tree.
3. Hes got a / an new iPod.
4. Are there a lot of / much people at the concert?
5. How much / many sugar do you want in your coffee?
6. There arent much / many cars on the road.
7. I havent got any / some mushrooms on my pizza.
8. How many / much sausages can you eat?

Answers, see page 30

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unit 2

Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

O Present Simple fala de accins habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que est a ocorrer no
momento en que se est a falar.
I usually make ceramic pots, but now Im making a sculpture.
(Polo xeral fago vasillas de cermica pero agora estou a facer unha escultura.)
Lembra que as expresins temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro.
Os verbos estticos
Empregamos os verbos estticos para expresar sentimentos, gustos e desexos. Refrense a estados no canto de
accins, polo que non se adoitan empregar na forma continua.
She knows the answer. (Ela sabe a resposta.)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.
1. I watch (watch) TV every afternoon.
2. The graffiti artist (draw) on walls in the city.
3. People (not want) graffiti on their houses.
4. My brothers (study) art twice a week.
5. you (go) to art lessons on Tuesdays?
6. My aunt (not like) modern art.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.
1. The cartoonist is drawing (draw) a cartoon now.
2. The students (watch) the potter at the moment.
3. you (listen) to the music?
4. My sister (not paint) a picture on her wall at the moment.
5. I (make) a ceramic pot in my art lesson.
6. Greg (do) his homework now?

3 Choose the correct answer.

1. Ben doesnt sit / isnt sitting next to me in class every day.
2. Jane and I watch / are watching a new programme at the moment.
3. Do you write / Are you writing on your blog every week?
4. I always travel / am travelling on this bus.
5. The students study / are studying history now.
6. We dont go / arent going out on Sunday evenings.

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4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or
the Present Continuous.
1. I usually paint (paint) in the evening.
2. My sister (wait) for me at the art gallery now.
3. Some people (not like) the new mural on the wall of the library.
4. My friends (sit) in the classroom at the moment.
5. The sculptor (not work) in his studio every day.
6. We (not understand) modern art.

5 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.
1. you / watch / that programme / at the moment
Are you watching that programme at the moment?
2. your brother / usually / ride / his bicycle / to school

3. the cartoonist / draw / a funny cartoon / every day

4. the students / study / art / at the moment

5. when / you / want / to leave

6. the museum / open / at nine oclock / on Sundays

7. you / go / to / art lessons / twice a week

8. how / she / know / your cousin

Check Yourself!
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple
or the Present Continuous.
1. I (go) to the museum every week.
2. We (like) this picture.
3. The photographer usually (take) photographs in the park,
but at the moment he (not work) there.
4.  Frank and Allen (draw) different
drawings every day?
5. Graffiti artists usually (do) their work at night.
6. Many artists (not get) a lot of money for their work.
7.  you (spend) any time in the museum during
the week?
8. We (watch) an interesting programme about modern art now.

Answers, see page 30

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unit 3

O comparativo e o superlativo
Para formar o comparativo e mais o superlativo cmpre reparar en se o adxectivo curto ou longo.
Aos adxectivos curtos engdeselles a terminacin -er / -est. Ademais, co comparativo emprgase than e co
superlativo the.
Paul is younger than David. (Paul mis novo ca David.)
Youre the tallest person in your family. (Es a persoa mis alta da ta familia.)
Para engadir -er / -est cmpre seguir estas regras ortogrficas:
- Se remata en e mudo, s engade r ou st: wide wider, nice nicest
- Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dbrase a consoante: big bigger, fat fattest
- Se remata en consoante + y, cmbiase o y por un i:
heavy heavier pretty prettiest pero shy shyer, shyest
Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more / the most.
Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (O tenis mis emocionante que o voleibol.)
Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (O ftbol o deporte mis popular do Reino Unido.)
Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo.
good better the best (bo, mellor, o mellor); bad worse the worst (malo, peor, o peor)
Lembra que para comparar das cousas e dicir que son iguais ou non, emprgase a estrutura (not) as +
adxectivo + as. Tradcese por (non) tan ... como/a.
Sandy is as old as Paul. (Sandy tan vello coma Paul.)
Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal non tan alto coma Pau Gasol.)

1 Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjective.

1. London is bigger than (big) Amsterdam.
2. An aeroplane is (fast) a car.
3. A tennis racket is usually (expensive) a paddle.
4. Jogging is (safe) than rollerblading.
5. Walking is (easy) jumping.

2 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective.

1. The tiny mosquito is the most dangerous (dangerous) animal in the world.
2. The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur arent (tall) buildings in the world.
3. Football is (popular) sport in the world.
4. The (expensive) bike in the world costs $75,000.
5. The SSC Ultimate Aero can go 413 kilometres an hour. It is (fast) car
in the world.

3 Write sentences with as as or not as as.

1. These trainers are 20. Those shoes are also 3. The Pacific Ocean is bigger than the
20. Atlantic Ocean.
the trainers / expensive / the shoes the Atlantic Ocean / big / the Pacific Ocean
The trainers are as expensive as the
shoes.
2. London is older than Manhattan. 4. These sausages are spicier than the
Manhattan / old / London hamburgers.
the hamburgers / spicy / as these sausages

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

too / (not) enough

Too diante dun adxectivo expresa que algo excesivo e significa demasiado, de mis.
Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike lacazn de mis para practicar deporte.)
Its too hot to play tennis. (Vai demasiada calor para xogar ao tenis.)
Enough ponse logo do adxectivo e significa o bastante ou suficientemente, abondo.
Shes tall enough to play basketball. ( o bastante alta para xogar ao baloncesto.)
Porn, not + adxectivo + enough sinala que algo non abondo e significa non o bastante, non
abondo ou non suficientemente.
David is not tall enough to play basketball. (David non alto abondo para xogar ao baloncesto.)

4 Complete the sentences with too or (not) enough.

1. Lisa wants to be in the basketball team but she is only 1.55 m tall. She is
not tall enough (tall) to be in the team.
2. Im not finishing this book. Its (boring) to read it.
3. Anna is three years old. Shes (old) to play outside alone.
4. I dont like classical music. Its (dull) for me.
5. I want to be a dentist, but my marks at school are (good).

Check Yourself!
Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentences in bold.
1. Abbie is 1.55 metres tall. Holly is 5. Leon is the strongest student in our class.
1.60 metres tall. a. Everyone in our class is stronger than Leon.
a. Abbie is shorter than Holly. b. No one in our class is as strong as Leon.
b. Abbie is as tall as Holly. c. Everyone in our class is as strong as Leon.
c. Abbie is taller than Holly. 6. This flat is too small for our family.
2. Tom and Bob run faster than the other a. This flat isnt big enough for our family.
students. b. Our family needs a smaller flat.
a. Tom and Bob are the fastest runners c. This flat is big enough for our family.
in the class. 7. Julie always gets 100 in maths tests. Ted
b. Bob is faster than Tom. never gets 100.
c. Bob is not as fast as Tom.
a. Julie is the best maths student in the class.
3. These jeans are size 42. I wear size 36. b. Julie is better at maths than Ted.
a. These jeans are too small for me. c. Ted is as good at maths as Julie.
b. These jeans are not big enough for me. 8. I think biology is the most interesting
c. These jeans are too big for me. school subject.
4. The film is more exciting than the book. a. Biology is more interesting than history.
a. The film is boring. b. Biology isnt as interesting as history.
b. The book isnt as exciting as the film. c. History is as interesting as biology.
c. The book is too exciting.
Answers, see page 30

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unit 4

O Past Simple
O Past Simple emprgase para expresar accins que ocorreron no pasado e para contar historias. Por iso
adoita haber na frase algunha expresin temporal que sinale cando ocorreu a accin (in 1990, yesterday, last
week, two years ago, etc.).
I went to New York last month. (Fun a Nova York o mes pasado.)
Lembra que aos verbos regulares engdeselles -ed seguindo estas regras ortogrficas:
Se remata en e mudo, s engadimos o d:
invite invited dance danced
Se remata en consoante + y, cambia la y por un i:
try tried cry cried
Se ten 2 slabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante que non sexa w o x, dbrase a consoante:
plan planned stop stopped pero fix fixed
S e ten 2 slabas, remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante e pronnciase como palabra aguda, dbrase a ltima
consoante:
prefer preferred pero listen listened
Se remata nun l, dbrase:
travel travelled
Os verbos irregulares son diferentes e cmpre saber de memoria as sas formas de pasado.
A negativa frmase poendo didnt diante do verbo e igual en todas as persoas.
Julie didnt sing at the concert. (Julie non cantou no concerto.)
Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas s levan o pronome
suxeito e did ou didnt, segundo corresponda.
Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didnt. (Viviches en Pars? Vivn. Si. / Non.)
As preguntas con partculas interrogativas frmanse do mesmo xeito; s cmpre poelas ao comezo.
Where did you meet her? (Onde a coeciches?)

1 Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple.

1. We hid (hide) in the swamp.
2. Isaac (not run) in the London Marathon last year.
3. They (buy) the tickets from a travel agent.
4. You (not call) yesterday. I thought you were angry.
5. It (rain) yesterday, so we didnt go to the beach.

2 Write questions in the Past Simple.

1. where / you / go / last night
Where did you go last night?
2. what / they / find / in the cave

3. who / she / visit / in London

4. you / buy / those / jeans / at the shopping centre

5. when / you / learn / to swim

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

Check Yourself!
Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple.
1. Yesterday, I
2. It rained yesterday, so we
3. Tom
4. Where
5. I
6. Lisa
7. they
8. Last week it,
(buy) a yellow jacket.
(not ride) our bikes to school.
(call) you last night?
you (get) that beautiful picture?
(send) him a message a few minutes ago.
(not come) to the party last night because she was ill.
(study) for the test?
(rain) on Thursday, Friday and Saturday.
Answers, see page 30

There was / There were

Son as formas de pasado de there is e there are e, polo tanto, significan haba ou houbo
(malia que en ingls haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural).
There was vai seguido dun substantivo contbel en singular ou un non contbel.
There were vai seguido dun substantivo contbel en plural.
En negativa, engdese not ou a contraccin nt a was / were.
Para preguntar comzase con was ou were. Nas respostas curtas vlvese orde normal e, de
seren negativas, sanse as formas contradas.
There was a swamp in the forest. (Haba un pantano no bosque.)
There was some sand on the floor. (Haba area no chan.)
There were caves in the forest. (Haba covas no bosque.)
There werent any clouds in the sky. (Non haba nubes no ceo.)
Were there any waterfalls in the river? (Haba fervenzas no ro?)
Yes, there were. / No, there werent. (Si. / Non.)

3 Complete the sentences with the
correct form of There was, There were,
There wasnt and There werent.
1. The cinema was full.
There werent any empty seats.
2. I saw a lot of new sports equipment
in the shop.
skateboards, bicycles and tennis rackets.
Check Yourself!
Choose the correct answers.
1. There was / There were many children at the park.
2. There wasnt / There werent any tours yesterday
morning.
3. Was there / Were there any animals in the forest?
4. There was / There were a lot of work to do
yesterday.

3. Yesterday, an 5. There wasnt / There werent much time before the

interesting article in the newspaper. film started.

4. Im sorry. I didnt buy any fruit at the 6. Was there / Were there a new film at the cinema
supermarket. any last night?
apples or oranges. 7. There was / There were some famous people at the
5.  a lot of people at concert.
the concert in the park? 8. There was / There were a terrible accident in our
street yesterday.
Answers, see page 30

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

unit 5

O Past Continuous
Emprgase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado e para falar de das ou
mis accins prolongadas e simultneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as. Frmase con was / were +
o verbo principal rematado en -ing.
I was talking on the phone with Alice yesterday morning. (Estaba a falar por telfono con Alice onte pola
ma.)
We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Estabamos a ver a televisin mentres ela estaba a ler
nun libro.)
En negativa engdese not (o nt) a was e were.
They werent playing football at 9 oclock last Monday. (Non estaban a xogar ao ftbol s 9 o luns pasado.)
En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas
emprgase o pronome suxeito e was / were o wasnt / werent.
Was he looking at a magazine? Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt. (Estivo a mirar unha revista? Estaba. Si. / Non.)
As preguntas con partculas interrogativas frmanse do mesmo xeito; s hai que poelas ao comezo.
What was she studying at university? (Que estaba a estudar na universidade?)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs 2 Write questions with the words below. Use
in brackets. Use the Past Continuous. the Past Continuous.
1. The doctor was talking (talk) to 1. Sam / do / his homework / at 8.00
the man at two oclock yesterday. Was Sam doing his homework at 8.00?
2. The boys (play)
table tennis at four oclock yesterday. 2. you / walk / to school / at half past seven

3. I (not read) my book

at half past three. 3. when / she / make / dinner
4. We (have) lunch at
three oclock. 4. where / Ben / work / yesterday
5. They (watch) films all
evening.
5. the children / sleep / at 10.00 last night

Check Yourself!

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.
1. The detective (examine) the fingerprints when he heard a noise.
2. Diana (not wear) her new boots when I saw her.
3.  Greg and Jean (listen) to music last night?
4. Dylan and I (ride) horses at half past five last Thursday.
5. What you (do) last night?
6. The students (not go) to school when the teacher saw them.
7.  Lenny (talk) on his mobile phone when the accident
happened?
8. I (sail) to the island when it started to rain.
Answers, see page 30

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

o Past Simple
Contraste entre o Past Continuous e
O Past Simple emprgase para indicar que a accin ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase,
mentres que o Past Continuous se emprega para se referir a accins prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no
pasado.
Emprganse os dous xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha accin longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A accin
mis curta leva when e o verbo en Past Simple, e a accin longa leva as conxuncins while ou as e o verbo
en Past Continuous.
When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window.
(Cando a polica chegou, o ladrn estaba a fuxir pola vent.)
The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window.
(A polica chegou mentres o ladrn estaba a fuxir pola vent.)

3 Choose the correct verb to complete the 4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in
sentences. brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past
Continuous.
1. The reporter was writing in his notebook
while I talked / was talking. 1. While the lawyer was reading the report,
2. When Tom arrived / was arriving, we were the man called (call) her.
watching the game. 2. The judge was listening to the detective
3. While I was walking home, I saw / while he (explain)
was seeing the thief. the situation.

4. John was reading / read the newspaper 3. I was doing my homework when Gina
when the cat jumped on the table. (call).
5. We rode / were riding our bikes when the 4. We (not hear) the
dog ran onto the road. phone while we were watching TV.
5. While they (wait)
for their friends, they ate an ice cream.

Check Yourself!
Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.
1. When we (hear) the noise, we (walk) to the
classroom.
2.  you (meet) Jenny while she (go) to the
cinema?
3. When Sandy (leave) the house, John (not talk) on
the phone.
4. We (speak) to our parents when the teacher (call).
5. The sun (shine) when we (decide) to go on a
picnic.
6.  Sara (have) dinner when her friend
(arrive)?
7. I (not play) basketball when John (see) me.
8. Derek (fall) while he (climb) the tree?
Answers, see page 30

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

unit 6

Os modais
Son verbos especiais que non engaden -s na 3 persoa do singular e sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma
base. Non se conxugan, s engaden not ou a contraccin nt en negativa e pense diante do suxeito en
interrogativa.
Should sase para dar consellos ou suxerir o que se debera facer.
You should wear your new mini skirt. (Deberas poer a ta minisaia nova.)
Must significa deber e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo.
You must protect your eyes from the sun. (Debes protexer os ollos do sol.)
Mustnt expresa o que non se debe facer porque non est ben ou est prohibido.
We mustnt be late for school. (Non debemos chegar tarde ao colexio.)
C an significa saber cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo, e poder cando expresa
posibilidade ou permiso.
My sister can play the piano very well. (A mia irm sabe tocar o piano moi ben.)
You can find the book in the library. (Podes atopar o libro na biblioteca.)
Could o pasado de can. Expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado.
She could swim when she was four years old. (Saba nadar cando tia catro anos.)
I couldnt do my homework yesterday. (Onte non puiden facer os deberes.)
En interrogativa tamn serve para pedir permiso ou favores, mais de xeito mis educado ca con can.
Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Poderas emprestarme os teus pendentes para a festa?)
H
 ave to significa ter que e expresa a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo porque non hai mis remedio.
Este verbo si se conxuga e por iso algns veen consideralo un semimodal. Repara en que a 3 persoa
has to.
He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Ten que rematar os deberes esta tarde.)
Its late. They have to hurry. ( tarde. Teen que bulir.)
A negativa dont / doesnt have to + o verbo na forma base, e significa non ter que ou non ter por
que.
You dont have to come to the meeting. (Non tes por que vir xuntanza.)
Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + have to + o verbo na forma base.
Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you dont. (Teo que levar gravata? Tes. Si. / Non.)

1 Complete the sentences below with should or shouldnt.

1. You should wear a cap in the sun.
2. Tara go to the cinema tonight. She has got a big test tomorrow.
3. We listen to the instructions.
4. You talk on your mobile phone during the concert.
5. Everybody have a good breakfast in the morning.

2 Circle the correct answers.

1. You must / mustnt get up right now! Its time for school.
2. Students must / mustnt wear a school uniform.
3. The film starts at 7.00. We must / mustnt be late.
4. I must / mustnt buy some platform boots to wear with my black jeans.
5. You must / mustnt write in library books.

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3 Complete the sentences with can, cant, could or couldnt.

1. Tommy is only two years old. He cant tie his own shoes.
2. I help you?
3. Women wear trousers in the past, only skirts or dresses.
4. Mark is very clever. He speak French, English, Spanish and German.
5. When my grandfather was young, he run a marathon.

4 Write the sentences with the correct form of have to.

1. we / not get up / early / on Saturday
We dont have to get up early on Saturday.
2. at our school / students / wear uniforms

3. I / to be home / by 8.00

4. you / get / to the airport early

5. students / not buy / a new dictionary for school

Check Yourself!
Circle the correct answers.
1. You help me. I know how to do it.
a. can b. dont have to c. should
2. We go home now. Its very late.
a. could b. must c. mustnt
3. Shhh! We want to hear the concert. You be quiet.
a. have to b. shouldnt c. can
4. we walk or take the bus? What do you think?
a. Must b. Could c. Should
5. Im sorry. I call you yesterday. I was very busy.
a. couldnt b. cant c. shouldnt
6. be 16 years old to see that film?
a. Cant you b. Could you c. Do you have to
7. You listen to loud music on your iPod. Its very bad for your ears.
a. should b. couldnt c. shouldnt
8. you help me with my homework?
a. Can b. Should c. Must

Answers, see page 30

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

unit 7

O futuro
Will emprgase para facer predicins sobre algo que ocorrer con seguranza, para facer promesas e para
expresar decisins sbitas que se toman no momento de falar e que non estn proxectadas.
En afirmativa adoita contraer co suxeito (ll) e en negativa coa partcula not (wont). Nas preguntas vai
diante do suxeito e nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome suxeito + will ou wont.
Tourists will travel in space in the future. (Os turistas viaxarn polo espazo no futuro.)
Will astronauts reach Mars soon? No, they wont. (Chegarn axia os astronautas a Marte? Non.)
B
 e going to significa ir + infinitivo e emprgase para falar de plans e intencins.
Are you going to sell your house? Yes, I am. / No, Im not. (Vas vender a ta casa? Vou. Si./ Non.)
 Present Continuous con valor de futuro anuncia o que con toda seguranza ocorrer no futuro prximo,
O
pois xa se fixou de antemn.
Were leaving for the airport in two hours. (Irmonos. / monos ao aeroporto en das horas.)
Cmpre non esquecer que preciso amentar cando ocorrer a accin, sobre todo co Present Continuous
con valor de futuro, pois semella un presente cando, na realidade, anuncia algo futuro.

1 Complete the sentences with will or wont. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
wont of the verb in brackets. Use be going to.
1. Its late. We catch the 9.00
train. 1. This summer, we are going to visit
2. Ive got the tickets! Tomorrow we (visit) my aunt in Philadelphia.

be in the front row at the 2.  you (see) a

Eminem concert. play at the theatre tomorrow night?

3.  you be at the party 3. On Saturday, we (buy)

tomorrow night? some new clothes at the shopping centre.

4. Tomorrow we will be very busy. We 4. Sally (not fly) to

America this summer.
have much time.

Check Yourself!
5. One day, there be hotels on
the moon.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs

below. Use the Present Continuous with Choose the correct answers.
future meaning. 1. Tom wont be / will be a famous basketball
not come travel leave not cook start
player. Hes an amazing player!
2. This summer, we are going / is going to the
1. What time are you Johnson Space Center in Houston.
leaving the house tomorrow 3. She wont like / will like that cake. Its too
morning? sweet.
2. We our project next 4. He is going to run / isnt going to run in
Monday. the marathon. He hurt his knee.
3. Dean to the party because 5. Are we watching / We are watching a film
hes ill. at home tonight?
4.  you to 6. You will go / Will you go to the space
England this summer? camp next summer?
5. I this evening. Were 7. The tourists are leaving / is leaving the
having dinner at a restaurant. hotel early tomorrow morning.
8. You are going to fly / Are you going to
fly to Paris next week?
Answers, see page 30
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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

O primeiro condicional
Emprgase para dicir o que ocorrer de cumprirse a condicin sinalada.
A afirmativa frmase con if + Present Simple na condicin, e un verbo con will no resultado.
If you finish your homework soon, well go to the cinema. (Se acabas axia os teus deberes, iremos ao cine.)
Para formar a negativa pdese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro, ou ambos os dous.
If we dont come home late, Ill watch the programme. (Se non volvemos tarde casa, verei o programa.)
If we come home late, I wont watch the programme. (Se volvemos tarde casa, non verei o programa.)
If you dont study for the exam, you wont pass. (Se non estudas para o exame, non aprobars.)

4 Match A and B to make sentences.

A B
1. If we are late for school, a. you will miss the bus.
2. If you dont get up soon, b. we will swim in the sea.
3. We will buy a new car 1 c. the teacher will be angry.
4. You will enjoy that book d. if we have got enough money.
5. If it is hot, e. if you read it.

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. If you cook (cook) dinner, Ill bake a cake.

2. If it (rain), we will stay home.
3. We (call) you if we need help.
4. You (not be) on time if you get up at 7.00.
5. If we arrive late, we (not go) to the museum.

Check Yourself!
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.
1. If they (travel) to Dublin, I (not see) them.
2. You (not pass) the test if you (not study).
3. I (visit) Martha if I (have) time.
4. If it (be) sunny, we (go) to the beach.
5. I (bring) fizzy drinks to the party if you (make)
some popcorn.
6. If the concert (be) on Sunday, no one (come).
7. If we (not enjoy) the film, we (not stay) till the end.
8. Mark (let) me use his camera if I (be) careful.

Answers, see page 30

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

unit 8

O Present Perfect Simple

O Present Perfect Simple emprgase para falar de:
accins pasadas cuxos efectos son visbeis no presente.
We have bought a new car. (Mercamos un coche novo. [velaqu])
accins ocorridas ao longo do tempo sen dicir cando.
Mary has read many books. (Mary ten lido moitos libros.)
accins que comezaron no pasado e anda continan. Por iso s veces tradcese o verbo en presente.
I havent eaten anything since yesterday. (Non comn nada desde onte. / Non como nada desde onte.)
accins que acaban de ocorrer. Daquela, engdese just entre o auxiliar e o participio.
I have just spoken to Eric on the phone. (Acabo de falar con Eric por telfono.)
Este tempo frmase con have ou has + o suxeito + o participio do verbo principal (rematado en -ed se
regular). Cmpre lembrar que a forma contrada de have ve e a de has s.
En negativa engdese not ou nt a have / has.
I havent eaten in a restaurant this month. (Non comn nun restaurante este mes.)
En interrogativa ponse have ou has + o suxeito + o participio, e nas respostas curtas s se pon o pronome
suxeito + have ou has en afirmativa ou negativa.
Have you already finished your homework? Yes, I have. / No, I havent.
(Xa remataches os teus deberes? Rematei. Si. / Non.)
As expresins temporais que se empregan co Present Perfect Simple son: already, always, never, ever, yet,
just, for e since, e todas ags yet, for e since van entre have e o participio.
We have never been to Italy. (Nunca estivemos en Italia.)
It hasnt rained since October. (Non choveu desde outubro.)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.
1. We have lived (live) in New York for five years.
2. Cindy (tell) me the story.
3. He (not hear) the news today.
4. I (not buy) Mum a birthday present yet.
5. Brad and Dean (talk) about the problem.
6. You (not do) your project.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple.
not eat be send not rain see call

1. We have already seen this film.

2. Tom just me a text message.
3. Its very hot and dry. It for two weeks.
4.  anybody me today?
5. Im hungry. I since yesterday.
6.  they ever to New York?

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

3 Choose the correct answer.

1. Im worried. Steve hasnt called since / for yesterday.
2. We have been in this traffic jam since / for half an hour.
3. I havent seen Tom since / for I was five.
4. We havent been to the shopping centre since / for Christmas.
5. I have waited here for / since 20 minutes. Where were you?

Check Yourself!
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.
1. My mum (not drive) the car since the accident.
2. Oh, no! The dog (eat) my homework!
3. you (see) my mobile phone?
4. Martha and I (not speak) since we had our fight.
5. anybody (go) to the new restaurant yet?
6. Tom ever (help) you in the garden?
7. Im sorry. I couldnt come because I (be) ill since last week.
8. Scientists (study) the problem of growing food in space for many years.

Answers, see page 30

EXTRA!
Perfect Sim ple
Contraste entre o Present
e o Past Simple
O Present Perfect Simple garda relacin co momento actual, mentres que as
accins en Past Simple non afectan ao presente.
As expresins temporais empregadas co Present Perfect Simple non sinalan
cando ocorreu a accin, mentres que as empregadas co Past Simple si
especifican en que momento concreto ocorreu.
My parents have gone to the theatre. (Meus pais foron ao teatro.)
My parents went to the theatre last night. (Meus pais foron ao teatro a
pasada noite.)

4 Complete the sentences. Use Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1. Have you ever been (be) in a helicopter?
2. He (buy) the bike a week ago.
3. We live in this house. My family (live) here for 50 years.
4. Im sorry. I (not call) you on Saturday because I was busy.
5. you (get) my message yesterday?
6. Martha (not wash) the dishes yet.

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

unit 9

o
A voz pasiva en presente e en pasad
Coa voz pasiva salintase a accin do verbo e omtese ao suxeito que a realiza, quer porque non importante
ou se sobreentende, quer porque non se sabe quen . En galego, moitas veces traducimos o verbo na voz
activa ou na forma impersoal con se.
Frmase con to be en presente ou en pasado + o participio doutro verbo.
I was given a new iPod yesterday. (Regalronme un iPod novo onte.)
A ball is needed to play tennis. (Precsase unha pelota para xogar ao tenis.)
En negativa engdese not ou nt ao verbo to be e en interrogativa ponse to be diante do suxeito.
My friends werent invited to the party. (Os meus amigos non foron convidados festa.)
Is this room cleaned once a week? (Limpan / Lmpase este cuarto unha vez semana?)
Para dicir quen ou que realiza a accin, faise ao final da frase logo da preposicin by.
The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. (A torre Eiffel foi deseada por Gustave Eiffel.)

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.
1. Milk is is kept (keep) in the fridge.
2. Sunglasses (sell) at the chemists.
3. The dryer (not use) in the summer.
4. Tickets to the concert (not sell) at the shopping centre.
5. Horror films (show) at the cinema on Sundays.
6. The dog (feed) once a day.
7. The chicken (cook) in the oven.
8. The plants (not water) every day.

2 Write questions. Use the Present Simple 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in
Passive. brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.
1. grapes / grow / in Greece 1. Disneyland was opened (open) in 1955.
Are grapes grown in Greece? 2. The cakes (not bake)
2. Spanish / speak / in Mexico yesterday.
3. Bells telephone (invent) in
1876.
3. bread and cakes / sell / at the bakery
4. We (give) a lot of
homework on Friday.
4. robots / use / in factories 5. Tom and I (not choose) for
the basketball team.
5. these drawings / make / on a computer 6. The first aeroplane (fly) on
17th December, 1903.
6. Where / these clothes / wear 7. The city of Pompeii
(destroy) 2,000 years ago.

8. The invitations to the party
7. When / the offices / clean (not send) yesterday.

8. What time / breakfast / serve / at this hotel

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 GRAMMAR APPENDIX

4 Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.
1. When was the camera invented?
The camera was invented in 1816.
2. Where
The first film was made in France.
3. When
America was discovered in 1492.
4. When
The cars were washed last week.
5. Where
The first bicycle was ridden in France.
6. Which
The best students were chosen for the competition.

Check Yourself!
1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.
1. The floor (wash) once a week.
2. The dogs (walk) three times a day.
3. oranges (grow) in the UK?
4. What types of food (sell) at this shop?
5. Microwaves (not make) at this factory.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.
1. I (give) a necklace for my birthday.
2. What year the computer (invent)?
3. These clothes (buy) for me.
4. the washing machine (use) yesterday?
5. The job (not do) yesterday.
Answers, see page 30

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CHECK YOURSELF! ANSWER KEY

Introduction, page 11, to be, have got, There is / Unit 5, page 21, Contraste entre o Past Continuous
There are, O Present Simple, e o Past Simple
O Present Continuous 1. heard, were walking
1. 1. are 5. Are 2. Did meet, was going
2. has got 6. havent got 3. left, wasnt talking
3. am not 7. There are 4. were speaking, called
4. Have 8. Is there 5. was shining, decided
2. 1. go 5. are having 6. Was having, arrived
2. studies 6. is talking 7. wasnt playing, saw
3. doesnt play 7. Are 8. Did fall, was climbing
4. Do 8. arent working Unit 6, page 23, Os modais
1. b 3. a 5. a 7. c
Unit 1, page 13, Os cuantificadores
2. b 4. c 6. c 8. a
1. much 5. much
2. a lot of 6. many Unit 7, page 24, O futuro
3. a 7. any
4. a lot of 8. many 1. will be
2. are going
3. wont like
Unit 2, page 15, Contraste entre o Present Simple e
4. isnt going to run
o Present Continuous
5. Are we watching
1. go 5. do 6. Will you go
2. like 6. dont get 7. are leaving
3. takes, isnt working 7. Do spend 8. Are you going to fly
4. Do ... draw 8. are watching
Unit 7, page 25, O primeiro condicional
Unit 3, page 17, O comparativo e o superlativo,
1. travel, will see
too ... / (not) ... enough
2. wont pass, dont study
1. a 3. c 5. b 7. b 3. will visit, have
2. a 4. b 6. a 8. a 4. is, will go
5. will bring, make
Unit 4, page 19, O Past Simple 6. is, will come
1. bought 5. sent 7. dont enjoy, wont stay
2. didnt ride 6. didnt come 8. will let, am
3. Did ... call 7. Did ... study
4. did ... get 8. rained Unit 8, page 27, O Present Perfect Simple
1. hasnt driven 5. Has gone
Unit 4, page 19, There was / There were 2. has eaten 6. Has helped
1. There were 5. There wasnt 3. Have seen 7. have been
2. There werent 6. Was there 4. havent spoken 8. have studied
3. Were there 7. There were
4. There was 8. There was Unit 9, page 29, A voz pasiva en presente e en
pasado
Unit 5, page 20, O Past Continuous 1. 1. is washed 4. are sold
1. was examining 5. were doing 2. are walked 5. arent made
2. wasnt wearing 6. werent going 3. Are grown
3. Were listening 7. Was talking 2. 1. was given 4. Was used
4. were riding 8. was sailing 2. was invented 5. wasnt done
3. were bought

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 30

IRREGULAR VERB LIST

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estar
beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater
become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser
begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezar
bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)
bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar
bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar
bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar
blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar
break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, rachar
bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer
build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construr
burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar
buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar
catch /Ya/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar
choose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixir
come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir
cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar
cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar
dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachar
do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer
draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar
dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soar
drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpnY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber
drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir
eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comer
fall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer
feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentar
feel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)
fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar
find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atopar
fly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voar
forget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecer
forgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoar
freeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)
get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; chegar
give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dar
go /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ ir
grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivar
hang /kn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ pendurar
have /kd/ had /kX/ had /kLX/ ter
hear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ or, ouvir
hide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acochar
hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegar
hold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar de
hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar
keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter
know /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coecer
lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poer, pr, estender
lead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 31

 IRREGULAR VERB LIST

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender
leave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, sar
lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar
let /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixar
lie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarse
lie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentir
light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prender
lose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perder
make /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricar
mean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir
meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coecer a; reunirse,
xuntarse con
pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagar
put /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poer, pr
read /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ ler
ride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montar
ring /pBn/ rang /pn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonar
rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerse
run /pJm/ ran /pm/ run /pJm/ correr
say /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicir
see /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ver
sell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vender
send /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviar
set /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocar
shake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitar
shine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilar
shoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ disparar
show /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar
shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar
sing /gBn/ sang /gn/ sung /gJn/ cantar
sink /gBnY/ sank /gnY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundir
sit /gBW/ sat /gW/ sat /gW/ sentar
sleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir
smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar
speak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falar
spell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear
spend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)
stand /gWmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a p
steal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubar
stick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegar
sweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrer
swim /grBl/ swam /grl/ swum /grJl/ nadar
take /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levar
teach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinar
tear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazar
tell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar
think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensar
throw /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirar
understand /JmXC'gWmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entender
wake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertar
wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestir
win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gaar
write /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 32

WRITING GUIDE

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEITO - VERBO

(Word order: Subject Verb)

O suxeito da oracin ponse diante do verbo.

Tom loves pancakes. They buy vegetables in the market.
s v s v
Mais nas preguntas, o auxiliar vai diante do suxeito.
Is Helen tall? Are you at the restaurant?
v s v s

A orde das palabras: os ADXECTIVOS

(Word order: Adjectives)

Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos.

healthy sandwich delicious food
adx sb adx sb
E tamn detrs do verbo to be.
The sandwich is healthy. The food is delicious.
sb adx sb adx

A orde das palabras: os adVerbios

(Word order: Adverbs)

Os adverbios de modo van detrs dos verbos.

He eats hungrily.
v adv

A orde dos ADXECTIVOS

(Adjective order)

De haberen varios, polo xeral van nesta orde:

opinin, tamao, idade, cor
Ive got a beautiful, tiny, young white kitten.

AS MAISCULAS
(Capital letters)

Escrbense con maiscula:

a primeira palabra dunha oracin.
We play football.
os nomes e os ttulos das persoas.
He is Mr Tom Brown.
os nomes de lugares, vilas, cidades, pases, nacionalidades e idiomas.
Dover, Paris, France, German
os das, os meses e os das festivos.
Wednesday, April, Christmas
as palabras importantes dos ttulos de libros, pelculas e cancins.
Muhammed Ali: His Life and Times
o pronome persoal I.
My friends and I love computer games.
Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 33
 writing guide

a puntuacin
(Punctuation)

O punto (.) vai ao final das oracins afirmativas e negativas.

My favourite sport is basketball.
I dont play tennis.
O sinal de interrogacin (?) ponse ao final das preguntas.
Have you got a helmet?
Do you like cycling?
O de exclamacin (!) ponse ao final da frase para expresar unha emocin ou un sentimento e para facer
fincap en algo.
What a great game!
A vrgula (,) sase para separar palabras ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and.
I can play football, basketball and volleyball.

ORGANIZA AS IDEAS
(Organising your ideas)

A FINALIDADE DO TEXTO
(Purpose of writing)
Antes de comezar cmpre que teas claro o que te props escribir para elixir a linguaxe axeitada: informal
se un correo electrnico a un amigo/a, e mis formal se vai ser un texto informativo.

ANTES DE ESCRIBIRMOS
(Brainstorming)
1. Fai unha lista de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas relacionadas co tema (what?, who?, when?, where?,
why?).
2. Leas e risca as que coides mis irrelevantes.
3. Ponas na orde en que queiras presentalas.

ESCRIBE O PRIMEIRO BORRADOR

(Writing your first draft)

A ESTRUCTURA DO texto
(Paragraph structure)
Un texto divdese en tres partes:
1. O limiar ou primeira oracin (opening sentence), que presenta o tema.
2. O desenvolvemento ou corpo do texto (body), que ampla a idea principal con informacin importante.
3. A conclusin ou derradeira oracin (closing sentence), que resume o tema e repite a idea principal con
outras palabras.

Opening sentence: Yosemite National Park in California is a popular
tourist destination. This amazing park has got green
Body of paragraph: forests and valleys, steep hills, blue lakes, streams and
waterfalls. Yosemite is most famous for its giant
sequoia trees. Many people visit Yosemite National
Concluding sentence: Park and enjoy its beautiful scenery.

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 34

 writing guide

AS CONXUNCINS
(Linking words and connectors)

AS CONXUNCINS
(Linking words)
and une das ideas semellantes.
He was a great detective and a successful writer.
or d das opcins diferentes.
Was he a soldier or a sailor?
but une das ideas contraditorias entre si.
I felt exhausted but happy.

AS CONXUNCINS CAUSAIS E CONSECUTIVAS

(Connectors of cause and effect)
A conxuncin causal mis comn : because.
Tom was proud because he won a medal.
A conxuncin consecutiva mis comn : so.
My hair looked terrible so I went to the hairdressers.

OS ADXECTIVOS POSESIVOS E OS PRONOMES

(Referencing)

Serven para facer referencia aos substantivos xa mencionados e non repetilos.

I bought new sunglasses. They are very fashionable.
Susan and I are going shopping. Do you want to come with us?
Mum is angry. I lost her watch.

OS CONECTORES DE SECUENCIA
(Connectors of sequence)

Cando contamos unha serie de feitos empregamos estas palabras para amosar a orde en que ocorreron:
first (primeiro, en primeiro lugar) after that (despois)
before (antes) later (despois, mis tarde)
then (logo, entn) finally (finalmente, para rematar)
next (a continuacin, deseguido)
First sinala o primeiro que ocorreu e finally o ltimo.
Yesterday, we visited the space centre. First, we visited the Astronaut Gallery. Then, we had lunch with
an astronaut. After that, we saw some old rockets. Finally, we built a robot.

AS PREPOSICINS DE TEMPO
(Prepositions of time)

sanse diferentes preposicins segundo o que queiramos expresar:

at two oclock in the morning from 6.00 to 8.00 on Monday
at Christmas in 2010 from September to June on 12th January
in May
Ags:
at the weekend at night

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books 35

Cadros resumo das equivalencias dos tempos verbais
entre o ingls e o galego

tempos verbais tenses outras equivalencias

presente present simple
eu xogo I play
ti xogas you play
el, ela xoga he, she, it plays
ns xogamos we play
vs xogades you play
eles, elas xogan they play
PERFRASE present continuous Futuro: PERFRASE
eu estou a xogar / xogando I am playing
ti ests a xogar / xogando you are playing
el, ela est a xogar / xogando he, she, it is playing
ns estamos a xogar / xogando we are playing
vs estades a xogar / xogando you are playing eu vou xogar
eles, elas estn a xogar / xogando they are playing ti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TO ns imos xogar
I am going to play vs ides xogar
you are going to play eles, elas van xogar
he, she, it is going to play
we are going to play
you are going to play
they are going to play
Futuro Future: will
eu xogarei I will play
ti xogars you will play
el, ela xogar he, she, it will play
ns xogaremos we will play
vs xogaredes you will play
eles, elas xogarn they will play
PRETRITO IMPERFECTO past continuous PERFRASE
I was playing eu estaba a xogar
you were playing ti estabas a xogar
eu xogaba
he, she, it was playing el, ela estaba a xogar
ti xogabas
we were playing ns estabamos a xogar
el, ela xogaba
you were playing vs estabades a xogar
ns xogabamos
they were playing eles, elas estaban a xogar
vs xogabades
eles, elas xogaban past simple
I played
you played
PRETRITO PERFECTO he, she, it played
we played
you played
eu xoguei they played
ti xogaches present perfect PERFRASE
el, ela xogou I have played eu teo xogado
ns xogamos you have played ti tes xogado
vs xogastes he, she, it has played el, ela ten xogado
eles, elas xogaron we have played ns temos xogado
you have played vs tedes xogado
they have played eles, elas teen xogado

Build Up 3 Galician B Burlington Books IH-007-129 36