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<h1>
Full text of "<a href="/details/biostor-120612">Note on a Uniform Plan of
Describing the Human Skull</a>"
</h1>
<h2 class="pull-right">
<small><a href="/details/biostor-120612">See other formats</a></small>
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<br class="clearfix" clear="right"/>
<pre>170
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[1896.
NOTE ON A UNIFORM PLAN OF DESCRIBING THE HUMAN SKULL.

By Harrison Allen, M. D.
In a recent study of the human skull I attempted to frame a

method of uniform description which answers a useful purpose. As-
suming that the skull presents a norma frontalis, a norma basilaris,
a norma lateralis and a norma verticalis, the following order of pro-
cedure is recommended. Beginning at the norma frontalis and
proceeding from above downward I note the following :
The degree of ]yrominence of the glabella and supraorbital ridges^

by defining an arc between nasion and ophryon, by a piece of flexible
wire, drawing a chord for the arc and measuring the versed sine.
(In a given case it would read as follows g. and s. o. r.==5 mm,).
Next the degree of deflection of the supraorbital margin is recorded
on a protractor. (In a given case s. o. m.=40).
The nasal bones yield three portions: the frontal p07'tmi whiclu
is bounded above by the frontal bone; the maxillary portion, which
lies between the frontal bone and premaxilla ; the j)remaxilla7'y po7'-
tion which lies in contact with the preinaxilla. The frontal portion
is measured from the union of the nasal bone and the ascending pro-
cess of the maxilla to the proximal free end of the lateral margin of
the nasal bone. The maxillary portion constitutes the greater part
of the bone and lies entirely in contact with the ascending process
of the maxilla. The premaxillary portion is the least well defined
and lies on the lateral margin of the bone a few millimeters above
the free distal margin of the bone. The suture between the pre-
maxilla and maxilla is never found after an early stage of develop-
ment ; notwithstanding this, the manner in which the premaxilla
and the nasal bones unite in the apes, taken together with the ranges
of variation in this same line, as noted in the human subject, give
the observer an accurate impression of the extent of naso-premaxil-
lary junction. The texture of the naso-premaxillary suture is dis-
tinctive. The nasal bone is further divided into two parts, that
which lies in contact with the frontal bone and the ethmoid bone
and is outside of the nasal chamber, and that which lies below the
one last named and is entirely within the nasal chamber ; the first
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
171
1896.]
part will receive the name of radix and the last part the name of
salient. The degrees of angulation of both radix and salient being
measured on a protractor we have in a given case the following for-
mulae: n. f. 4 mm.; n. mx. 10 mm.; n. pr. 2 mm.; r. 7 mm., 90;
s. 10 mm., 40.
The next region in order is the vestibule of the nasal chamber,

which is accepted as the nasal aspect of the preinaxilla as seen at
the floor of the nose. When the parts of this region are as in
the child, it is called ]ocedomorpJiiCj but when the piedomorphic
features have not been retained the departures from this type are
defined as follows : The height and elevation of the vestibule just in
advance of the incisive foramina receives the name of incisive emi-
nence ; the degree of definition of the line extending from the sides
of the anterior nasal aperture to the anterior spine receives the name
i\iQ alveolar line, since it defines the alveolus proximally; the

alveolus measured from the alveolar line to the alveolar point of
Broca (a.=15 mm.). The nasal vestibule may be in addition
macrolophic, microlophic or analophic, depending upon the degree
of development of the incisor crest. This is held to be a better clas-
sification of the parts than that presented by writers. The most
primitive type is the analophic ; the most frequent in modern culti-
vated races is the macrolophic. The Korth American Indian tends
to be microlophic and passes from this infrequently to the analophic.
He is rarely macrolophic.
Turning to the norma basilaris and describing from before back-

ward, the hard palate is described in the terms of Broca hyperbolic,
parabolic, or U-shaped. The choana? are either piedomorphic or
broader at base than at apex ; the diameter is to be taken (ch.
pa3dom. diam. 22 mm.). The pyramidal process of the palatal bone
measures in length in a given case 12 mm. (pyr. pr.=12 mm.).
The spinous process of the sphenoid bone, whether it separates

from or unites with the tympanic bone, is to be noted ; if united with
this, whether the line of union is posterior to that of the Gasserian
fissure. In a given case (sp. pr. not in contact with tym.).
The foramen lacerum medium whether open or closed is to be ob-

served. In a given case (f. 1. m. open). The petrosal part of the
tympanic bone whether narrowed or broad, by being inflated on the
median aspect. In a given case (p. inflated).
Passing now to the norma lateralis, it is noted that the temporal

ridge is found interrupted at the stephanion ; in a given case
172 rROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1896.
(S-interriiption=10 mm.) and that the temporal ridge is divided into

two parts, the fronto-temporal ridge and the parietal-temporal ridge
In a given case (fr. t, r, spinose: pt. r. niL'). The parieto-temporal
ridge as it reaches the larnbdoidal suture begins to be slightly
raised above the plane of the parietal bone and is joined to the
occipital bone near the asterion by a harmonic suture ; or, as it
reaches the larnbdoidal suture it has no influence in changing the
serrated character of this line ^Yhich extends to the asterion in the
manner described by writers. In a given case we have (p. t. r. har-
monic near A., 3 inni.). The posterior margin of the frontal pro-
cess of the malar bone may be produced in a conspicuous process,
(the marginal process) or it may be absent. In a given case(marg.
pr. trenchant.=5 mm. high). If desirable the height of the process
could be measured by a line drawn across its base. The interrup-
tion of the temporal ridge at the stephanion, the harmonic cl)ar-
acter of the larnbdoidal suture near the asterion, and the large size
of the marginal process correlate with the size of the temporal
muscle.
The line of the parieto-squamosal suture at its junction with the por-
tiop of the temporal bone back of the squamosa may be marked by
a mortise, which answers to the summit of the petrosa as it joins the
side of the skull ; thus we have (rn.=3 mm.).
The term sconce is used to express in a general sense the region

on the norma verticalis which lies between the parieto-temporal
ridges. This diameter at its narrowest part is recorded, in a given
instance as (sc. 110 mm.).
The lower jaw yields at the condyloid process, two facets, the
lateral, which articulates with the zygoma, and the median which
articulates with the squamosa beneath the brain-case. The median
facet is more variable than the lateral and may be horizontal and
inclined upward, or horizontal, inclined downward. In a given case
(condyl. pr. med. fac. horizontal). The coronoid process may pro-
ject at base so far forward as to conceal in whole or in part the
third molar when the parts are seen in norma lateralis, or it may lie
so far back as to permit the third molar to be seen. In a given case
(cr. pr. concealing 3 ram,). The menial foramen may be on a line with
the first molar, in the interval between preinolar and first molar, on
the line of the second premolar, or on a line between the first and sec-
ond premolar. In a given case (m. f. on line of 3 m.). The mas-
seteric impression ends on a line answering to the angle of the jaw or
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

173
1896.]
stops at a distance proximal to it ; the area between those two lines

constitutes the lemurine process. In a given instance (liu, pr.3
min. wide). The genial spine may be single or double. The genial
crest trenchant, rudimental, or absent. In a given case (g. s. double :
g. c. nil,).
In reviewing the characters which have been thus employed the

glabella and supra-orbital ridge (g. and s. o, r.) almost universally
constitute male characters of low grade. We expect in primitive
man, this character to be better developed than in more recent man
and be more apt to enter into composition of the supra-orbital margin
(s. 0 . ra.). No doubt is felt in accepting these important features in
the descriptions of skulls. The degree of declination of s. o. r. is of
importance in distinguishing long, slender from broad, flat faces;
indeed, it stands as a sign of character of face. Analysis of the nasal
region needs no defence since craniologists are of one mind, that on
the whole the best characters separating crania are to be found in
this region ; hence, the care taken to define the relations of the naso-
frontal, the maxillary and the premaxillary portions. For the terms
radix and salient I am alone responsible. The value of the vestibule
would appear also to admit of no argument. The distinction be-
tween j)iedomorphic and other forms in the writers judgment is the
best means of separating the types of the anterior nasal apertures
from one another.
The value of the alveolus and the shape of the hard palate as
defined by Broca needs no comment at this place. The length of
the pyramidal process has been neglected by writers. I find it of
value ill the comparative anatomy of race. The shape of the choanae
having been defined I recognize two types, one of which is paedomor-
phic and is oval and the other in which the base is wider than the
apex. The group last named may be subdivided by the rectangular
form in which the basal and the lateral contour unite to form a right
angle; and the p>rocluced in which the basal contour is extended
downward and outward beyond the line of the lateral contour. The
study of the choame is of importance ; the limitations have not been
satisfactorily determined. The degrees of development of the spin-
ous process of the sphenoid bone have likewise been neglected. It
overlaps the line of the Gasserian and the sphenoido-tympanic fis-
sures forward to a remarkable extent and, for the most part sex
can be distinguished, the process being large and prominent in
males, and rudimental or absent in females.
174
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

[1896.
The divisions of the temporal ridge into two parts, the fronto-
temporal and the parieto-temporal and an interruption between the
two is one of the best characters by which sex can be distinguished ;
the same is true of the conversion of the asterionic portion of the
lambdoidal suture from a serrated to a harmonic type.
The value of the marginal process of the malar bone in distin-

guishing sex is conceded. The mortise in the squamoso-parietal
suture and the division of the condyloid process into two facets are
of secondary value.
The degree of concealment of the third molar has been over-

looked, considering the significance that this relation possesses in
studies of the horizontal ramus. It is evident that the degree of con-
cealment of the third molar is in direct ratio to the reduction of size
of the dentigerous portion of the bone and (all things being equal)
is an evidence of the departure from the primitive type. The phylo-
genetic value of the so-called lemurine process of Albrecht needs to
be defined. I have noted this process in the gibbon. The position
of the mental foramen with respect to the sockets of the preraolars
and the first molar teeth is a character in osteology not to be gain-
said. In view of the results of Topinard in studying the region of
the mental symphysis in primitive man it is necessary to describe
accurately all structural variation at this place, hence peculiarities
in the shapes of the genial spine and the genial crest are given.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

NOTE ON A UNIFORM PLAN OF DESCRIBING THE HUMAN SKULL.

In a recent study of the human skull I attempted to frame a

The degree of ]yrominence of the glabella and supraorbital ridges^

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

The next region in order is the vestibule of the nasal chamber,

i\iQ alveolar line, since it defines the alveolus proximally; the

Turning to the norma basilaris and describing from before back-

The spinous process of the sphenoid bone, whether it separates

The foramen lacerum medium whether open or closed is to be ob-

Passing now to the norma lateralis, it is noted that the temporal

172 rROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1896.

(S-interriiption=10 mm.) and that the temporal ridge is divided into

The term sconce is used to express in a general sense the region

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

stops at a distance proximal to it ; the area between those two lines

In reviewing the characters which have been thus employed the

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The value of the marginal process of the malar bone in distin-

The degree of concealment of the third molar has been over-

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