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2012
Raha Jowkarmeimandi
University Of Wollongong
http://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/5251
Publication Details
Aslani, F. & Jowkarmeimandi, R. (2012). Stress-strain model for concrete under cyclic loading. Magazine of Concrete Research, 64
(8), 673-685.
Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library:
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Magazine of Concrete Research Magazine of Concrete Research, 2012, 64(8), 673685
Volume 64 Issue 8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.11.00120
Paper 1100120
Stressstrain model for concrete under cyclic Received 13/07/2011; revised 27/12/2011; accepted 12/01/2012
loading Published online ahead of print 08/06/2012
A hysteretic stressstrain model is developed for unconned concrete with the intention of providing efcient
modelling for the structural behaviour of concrete in seismic regions. The proposed model is based on the
ndings of previous experimental and analytical studies. The model for concrete subjected to monotonic and
cyclic loading comprises four components in compression and tension an envelope curve (for monotonic and
cyclic loading), an unloading curve, a reloading curve and a transition curve. Formulations for partial unloading
and partial reloading curves are also presented. The reliability of the proposed constitutive model is investigated
for a reinforced concrete member using a non-linear nite-element analysis program. Comparisons with test
results showed that the proposed model provides a good t to a wide range of experimentally established
hysteresis loops.
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
(1994), Bahn and Hsu (1998), Elmorsi et al. (1998), Palermo microcracks in mortar begins to increase sharply and a contin-
and Vecchio (2003), Mansour and Hsu (2005) and Sima et al. uous pattern of microcracks begins to form. As a result,
(2008). Most refer only to the compressive cyclic behaviour of undamaged portions that carry the load are reduced and the
concrete and only a few consider the cyclic tension response. stressstrain relationship becomes even more non-linear. The
Other authors, such as Hordijk (1991), Okamura and Maekawa onset of major microcracking was reported at 7090% of ulti-
(1991) and Palermo and Vecchio (2003) have provided an mate load (Dabbagh, 2006).
accurate approximation of the complete unloadingreloading
cycle in tension. To gain further insight into the response of plain concrete under
different cyclic compressive loading histories, Karsan and Jirsa
Research signicance (1969) performed an experimental study on 46 short rectangular
A constitutive model for the description of the response of concrete columns with cylinder compressive strengths ranging
concrete under general cyclic loading is presented. The model from 24 to 35 MPa. The specimens were tested under four different
has several advantages over previous approaches. loading regimes: monotonic increasing loading to failure; cycles to
envelope curve; cycles to envelope curve adding a specied strain
(a) It allows consideration of all the hysteretic characteristics of increment during each cycle; and cycles between maximum and
the complex behaviour of concrete in a simple and practical minimum stress levels. They found out that unloading and reload-
way. ing curves are not unique but depend on the previous load history.
(b) It can be used to simulate the cyclic response of concrete Introducing the concept of non-recoverable strain (or plastic
subject to general load conditions, including partial unloading strains) as the strain corresponding to zero stress on the unloading
or reloading or mixed hysteretic loops involving the transition or reloading curves, the shape of these curves was found to be
from compression to tension stresses or vice versa. signicantly inuenced by this factor (Dabbagh, 2006).
(c) All the required input data can be obtained through
conventional laboratory monotonic compression and tension A constitutive model for concrete consistent with a compression
tests. This is an important feature issue that determines the eld approach was proposed by Palermo and Vecchio (2003).
applicability of the model in engineering practice. This concrete cyclic model considers concrete in both compres-
sion and tension. The unloading and reloading curves were linked
The model is veried by comparison with available experimental to the envelope curves, which were represented by monotonic
results from other research. response curves. Reloading was modelled as a linear curve with
degrading reloading stiffness. This model also considers the case
Existing constitutive models for cyclic loading of partial unloadingreloading and a linear crack-closing func-
One of the rst experimental investigations into the behaviour of tion. All the model parameters were statistically derived from
plain concrete under cyclic loading was conducted by Sinha et al. tests developed by other authors.
(1964). The experiment comprised a series of 48 tests performed
on concrete cylinders with compressive strengths of 2028 MPa Sima et al. (2008) developed a constitutive model for normal-
and subjected to cyclic axial compressive loading in order to strength concrete subjected to cyclic loading in both compression
determine the main factors governing the cyclic response of and tension. Particular emphasis was paid to the description of
concrete. To investigate the effects of load history, load cycles the strength and stiffness degradation produced by the load
were applied in two different ways, including complete and cycling in tension and compression, the shape of unloading and
partial unloading. To represent the concrete response analytically, reloading curves and the transition between opening and closing
a polynomial relationship was adopted for the envelope curve of cracks. Aslani (2010), Aslani and Bastami (2011) and Aslani
(Palermo, 2002). The unloading and reloading paths were and Nejadi (2012) introduced two independent damage para-
modelled using parabolic and linear equations respectively in- meters in compression and in tension to model concrete degrada-
dependent of the previous load history, although subsequent tion due to increasing loads.
studies by Karsan and Jirsa (1969) and Bahn and Hsu (1998)
showed the dependency of unloading and reloading response on
Proposed compressive stressstrain model for
the previous load history. The analytical cyclic response could
concrete under cyclic loading
show the test results qualitatively. Sinha et al. (1964) introduced
some main characteristics of the cyclic behaviour of concrete and Envelope curve
established a sound basis for the future studies in this area It is commonly accepted by most researchers (e.g. Bahn and Hsu,
(Palermo, 2002). 1998; Karsan and Jirsa, 1969; Yankelevsky and Reinhardt, 1987a)
that the envelope curve for concrete subjected to axial cyclic
Shah and Winter (1966a, 1966b) carried out a series of tests on compression can be approximated by the monotonic stressstrain
prismatic specimens subjected to cyclic axial compressive load- curve (Sima et al., 2008). The proposed compressive envelope
ing. Their results indicated that the shakedown limit is approxi- curve is based on the model of Carreira and Chu (1985), as given
mately equivalent to the critical load at which the number of by Equations 19 (the equations in this study are in metric units)
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
c n(c =9c ) un
pl un
1: f c9 n 1 (c =9c ) n 11: Er
: ( un =Ec 9c ) 0:57
2: n n1 [1:02 1:17(Esec =Ec )]0 74 if c < 9c Er E c
12: (un =9c ) 0:57
13: c ro Ec1 c ro
where
:
4: a 3:5(12:4 1:66 3 102 f c9 )0 46
ro new
Ec1
14: ro un
6: Esec f c9 =9c
The equation proposed for the unloading branch includes the
mean features of the unloading curves obtained experimentally,
such as the curvature of the unloading curve, the initial unloading
: stiffness, the nal unloading stiffness and the unloading strain
7: Ec 3320 ( f c9 )0 5 6900
plastic strain ratio.
!1:2
Unloading and reloading curves 1 [(c un )=(pl un )]
As observed by many researchers (Bahn and Hsu, 1998; Karsan c pr
1 1:2[(c un )=(pl un )]
and Jirsa, 1969; Sinha et al., 1964), when a concrete specimen is
monotonically loaded up to a certain strain level and then
16: 3 ( un pr )
unloaded to zero stress level in a typical cyclic test, the unloading
curve is concave from the unloading point and is characterised by
high stiffness at the start. A power-type equation is proposed here
for the unloading curve of concrete and a linear type equation is The partial reloading is based on the partial reloading proposed
used for the reloading curve (Aslani, 2010). by Palermo and Vecchio (2003).
Unloading curve
Proposed tensile stressstrain model for
concrete under cyclic loading
!1:2
1 [(c un )=(pl un )] Envelope curve
c un
10: 1 1:2[(c un )=(pl un )] Much less attention has been directed towards the modelling of
concrete under cyclic tensile loading. Some researchers consider
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
11 Experiment
Unloading and reloading curves 10
The response of concrete under cyclic tension has been studied in Proposed model
09
detail by Reinhardt (1984) and Reinhardt et al. (1986). A straight 08
Stress ratio
line is used for the unloading branch in tension. The same curve 07
is considered for the reloading branch when there is no incursion 06
05
in compression during a cycle. The plastic strain in the proposed
04
tension model is used to dene the shape of the unloading curve, 03
the slope and damage of the reloading path and the point at 02
which cracked surfaces come into contact. Similar to concrete in 01
compression, plastic strains in tension seem to be dependent on 0
0 05 10 15 20 25 30
the unloading strain from the backbone curve. The proposed
Strain ratio
plastic strain model is expressed as
Figure 1. Comparison of experimental data of Sinha et al. (1964)
18: pl 0:725 un with proposed model
Crack-closing model
A series of tests attempting to characterise the effect of damage 11
Experiment
in tension when the specimen is loaded in compression were 10
developed by Ramtani et al. (1992). These test results have 09 Proposed model
08
shown that completely closing the cracks requires a certain
07
Stress ratio
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
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Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
11 11
10 Experiment
10
09 Experiment
Proposed model 09
08
Stress ratio
07 08
06 07
Stress ratio
05
06
04
03 05
02 04
01
03
0
0 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 02
Strain ratio 01
0
Figure 3. Comparison of experimental data of Tanigawa and 0 05 10 15 20 25 30
Uchida (1979) with proposed model Strain ratio
11
10
09
Proposed model
11 Experiment 08
10
Proposed model 07
Stress ratio
09
08 06
07 05
Stress ratio
06 04
05 03
04
02
03
02 01
01 0
0 05 10 15 20 25 30
0
0 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 Strain ratio
Strain ratio
Figure 5. Comparison of partial experimental data of Bahn and
Figure 4. Comparison of experimental data of Bahn and Hsu Hsu (1998) with proposed model
(1998) with proposed model
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
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Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
35
Experiment branch in tension immediately beyond the peak is
30 considerably steeper than in compression and the ratio
Proposed model between the ultimate strain corresponding to the peak stress
25
in tension is considerably larger.
20 (c) The unloading curve softens gradually while stress is
Stress: MPa
20
The scale of the test specimens used by Dabbagh (2006) was
approximately one-third of shear walls used in a multi-storey
15 building. The specimens were made up of web wall, edge
elements and stiff top and bottom slabs. The height-to-width ratio
10
of the walls was equal to 1, as shown in Figure 8(a). The
05 geometrical dimensions of all specimens were identical. The top
slab (1300 3 575 3 200 mm) was designed to be sufciently stiff
0 to distribute the lateral and axial loads on the test walls. The
0 00005 0001 00015 0002 00025 0003
bottom slab (1800 3 575 3 400 mm) was also stiff and clamped
Strain
to the test set-up representing a rigid foundation. To simulate
Figure 7. Comparison of experimental data of Yankelevsky and columns or cross-walls that may exist at the ends of a wall in a
Reinhardt (1987b) with proposed model multi-storey building, the shear wall specimens were constructed
with edge elements (1000 3 375 3 100 mm). The clear dimen-
sions of the web wall were 1000 mm height, 800 mm width and
75 mm thickness. The reinforcement arrangements for the speci-
In Figure 6, the unloading and reloading curves in the model mens are shown in Figure 8(b). For all specimens, the reinforce-
coincide and there is no energy dissipation during a cycle. ment details for the top slab, bottom slab and edge elements were
However, in the experimental results it can be observed that the the same.
amount of energy dissipated in a cycle is very small. In Figure 7,
the unloading and the reloading path of one cycle are signi- The wall specimens were subjected to a combination of
cantly different, exhibiting a large hysteresis loop. This feature constant axial load and cyclic lateral loading as shown in
can be accurately simulated with the model by considering an Figure 9(a), except for specimen SW4, in which the axial load
adequate crack closure stress. The following conclusions can be was zero. To study the pre-cracking as well as post-cracking
drawn from Figures 6 and 7. behaviour of specimens, lateral loading was applied using a
displacement control. The specimens were tested under re-
(a) In cyclic loading tests, one may dene the envelope curves as versed cyclic conditions displacing them laterally, along the
the line on which both the starting points of unloading and axis of the web wall, in 4 mm increments in the negative
the end points of reloading lie. (downward) and positive (upward) directions (Figure 9(a)).
(b) Comparison of the monotonic loading curve in uniaxial Since the wall specimens had high strength and stiffness and
compression with that in tension shows that the descending their behaviours were approximately brittle and linear until
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
200 mm
1300 mm
A
Top slab
1000 mm
1600 mm
Wall 75 mm
B B
400 mm
Bottom slab
1800 mm A 575 mm
100 mm
Section AA
375 mm
100 mm
100 mm
Section BB
(a)
200 mm
1300 mm
A
2 3N12 @ 75 mm 2 6N16
2 6N16 2 3N12 @ 100 mm
N12
R4 @ 100 mm R4 @ 100 mm
2 6N16 Dv
1000 mm
2 6N16
1600 mm
B B Dh
Dv
3 4N16 Dh
N12
400 mm
3 4N16
2 6N12 @ 80 mm
2 6N12 @ 100 mm
2 4N24
2 4N24
1800 mm A 575 mm
2 R4 @ 100 mm
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
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Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
Reaction pre-load
(2000 kN for zero cyclic lateral load) Age: days Compressive Spitting tensile Elastic
strength: strength: MPa modulus:
MPa MPa
Cyclic lateral load
28 81 4.6 42 760
355 96 7.2 43 670
12 Phase 2
Figures 1013 show the loaddisplacement response of speci-
8 Phase 1
4 mens SW3 and SW4; a summary of the results is given in Table
0 4. Specimens SW3 and SW4 had longitudinal and transverse
4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 reinforcement ratios of 0.8% with the specimens subjected to a
8 combination of axial load and lateral reversed cyclic loading. The
12 ages of SW3 and SW4 at the time of testing were 355 and
16 Cycle
358 days respectively. The compressive strength of concrete on
20 the day of test was 96 MPa.
(b)
Figure 9. Reinforcement details of shear wall specimens Specimen SW3 was tested under displacement cycles accompan-
(Dabbagh, 2006) ied by an axial load of 1200 kN. The lateral loading was applied
to the specimen through complete phases of 4, 8 and 12 mm and
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Lateral load: kN
200
0
24 20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Lateral load: kN
400
200
0
24 20 16 12 8 4
200 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Displacement of top slab: mm
(b)
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
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Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
(a) (b)
a half-cycle in the negative direction at the 16 mm phase. At this dened programs. The stressstrain relations computed from
stage the test was terminated as the wall had failed in both these proposed models were used in Umat to dene a cyclic
directions and its stiffness was signicantly decreased. The constitutive material model. Based on these proposed mechani-
behaviour of SW3 was dominated by shear action with little cal properties of SW3 and SW4 in the modelling phase, the
ductility. The failure was accompanied with a major crack at main nal results of lateral load against displacement of the
P 1052 kN in the positive loading direction and corresponded top slab were achieved by accurate lateral load and displace-
to a displacement of 10.86 mm. ment history analysis.
Specimen SW4 was subjected to only lateral loading with four Figures 10(b) and 12(b) show analytical results of SW3 and SW4
phases of lateral loading completed with failure occurring during compared with the experimental results (Figures 10(a) and 12(a)).
the rst excursion into phase three. The maximum loads Figures 11 and 13 show the Abaqus simulation using the
recorded in the negative and positive directions were 684 and proposed stressstrain relationship for concrete for specimens
752 kN respectively, corresponding to displacements of 7.9 SW3 and SW4.
and 12.1 mm respectively. The specimen failed during cycle ve
at a load of 683 kN, corresponding to a displacement of Conclusions
8.0 mm. A cyclic constitutive model has been developed for unconned
concrete. The following conclusions are drawn from the current
The nite-element analysis program Abaqus (DSSC, 2010) was study.
employed for analytical modelling of SW3 and SW4 to
determine that the proposed model can be used to introduce (a) The proposed constitutive model was developed for the
concrete properties under reversed cyclic loading. Abaqus/CAE simulation of the response of concrete subjected to cyclic
was employed as a nite-element method solver. Interfaces loadings in both compression and tension.
between the Abaqus users subroutine Umat and the Abaqus (b) The model can reproduce the complex behaviour of concrete
main code were developed to allow further extension of the under any history of uniaxial cyclic loading (i.e. full loading
current method. Umat allows the user to dene the mechanical and partial loading).
behaviour of a material and to interface with any externally (c) Unloading is assumed to be non-linear and is modelled
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
Volume 64 Issue 8 cyclic loading
Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Lateral load: kN
200
0
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Displacement of top slab: mm
(a)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Lateral load: kN
400
200
0
20 16 12 8 4 200 0 4 8 12 16 20
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Displacement of top slab: mm
(b)
using a power-type equation that considers boundary unloading and partial reloading in the region below the
conditions at the onset of unloading and at zero stress. previous maximum unloading strain.
Unloading, in the case of full loading, terminates at the (g) The proposed model is capable of predicting reversed cyclic
plastic strain. behaviour of high-strength concrete members.
(d ) The model was veried by comparing the results with a series (h) The proposed model is user friendly and is suitable for
of tests developed by other authors. In all cases, the proposed introduction into a nite-element program.
model shows satisfactory agreement with the experimental (i) Results from analytical studies comparing the proposed
results. model with experimental results proved the capability of the
(e) Reloading is modelled as linear with a degrading reloading model for analysis of high- and normal-strength concrete
stiffness. The reloading response does not return to the members.
backbone curve at the previous unloading strain and further ( j) A remarkable feature of the model lies in the fact that all the
straining is required to intersect the backbone curve. input data required can be obtained through conventional
( f ) The model also considers the general case of partial monotonic compression and tension tests.
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Magazine of Concrete Research Stressstrain model for concrete under
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Aslani and Jowkarmeimandi
(a) (b)
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