Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Diagnostic Systems
1
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
2
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
3
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Total destruction of a
generator
4
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
5
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Diagnosis methods
Vibration measurement and analysis
Lubricant analysis
(e.g. spectroscope, ferroscope, radionuclide)
Optical examination
(e.g. endoscope, microscope)
Non-destructive testing
(e.g. ultra-sound, X-rays)
6
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
7
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Diagnosis methods
Diagnosis
by
vibration measurement
Overall
methods
Machine
assessment using
Overall measurements
=
8
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Diagnosis methods
Diagnosis
by
vibration measurement
Analytical methods
Overall
methods
Dynamic
Machine Fault identification
behaviour
assessment using using frequency
analysis
Overall measurements analysis
measurements
9
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Demonstrated at an exhibition
in Leipzig / Germany in 1925
10
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Measuring machine
condition with a
modern measuring
Instrument
(VT-60)
11
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
12
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
• Narrow-band examination
- Extraction into harmonic components
(e.g. using a frequency analyser or tracking filters)
• Broad-band examination
- Through a summing formation in a defined frequency
range (e.g. 10 …. 1,000 Hz)
13
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
so = speak = sm
Saverage srms = seff
speak-peak = spp
t
su = speak = sm
14
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Composite vibrations
X
f
X
2f
+ t
f + 2f
= t
15
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x
x
t
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1116
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Vibration acceleration
spectrum
Structural vibrations or
Vibration velocity:
Vibrations in machines with speeds above 600 rpm
(10 … 1,000 Hz)
Vibration acceleration:
Vibrations with frequencies of interest above 2,000 Hz
18
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Rotor
Relative Absolute
shaft vibrations bearing vibrations
Bearing casing
Foundation
19
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
General rules:
Acceleration sensors
21
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
22
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
45° 45°
A B
23
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Eddy-current sensors
Discrete type:
Note:
Cable lengths may not be
altered!
24
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Eddy-current sensors
Integrated type:
Sensor with built-in
oscillator and extension
cable
Advice:
Cable can be extended
up to 1,000m in length
Use in temperatures
above 110°C is not
possible
25
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
26
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
27
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
28
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Assessment zones
Zone B:
Machines may be operated for an unlimited time without restriction
Zone C:
Machines may be operated for a limited time
Zone D:
Vibrations are at a dangerous level and may cause damage to the
machines
29
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
30
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
31
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
32
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
n•N
Outer race damage fo = ( 1 - d cos ß )
2 60 D
n•N d
Inner race damage fi = (1+ cos ß )
2 60 D
Rolling-element damage fr =
D•N
d 60 [ ]² cos² ß )
(1- d
D
N
Cage damage fc = ( 1 - d cos ß )
2 60 D
33
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
N = 3,000 rpm
34
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
t
f
X
t
f
X BCU
t
t
35
Balancing and
Diagnostic Systems
Trend observation
Destruction
Example:
Damage progress in a rolling-element bearing
36