Optimal Location of TCSC and SVC for Enhancement of ATC in a
De-Regulated Environment using RGA
G. MadhusudhanaRao1, P. Vijaya Ramarao2 T. Jayanth kumar3
1
Dept.Of EEE, K L University, Guntur, AP, 2Dept of EEE, K L University,Guntur, AP, 3Dept of EEE, K L University,Guntur, AP
1
gurralamadhu@gmail.com, 2vijay.bhagya@gmail.com, 3jayanthrk@gmail.com
Abstract: In this paper the use of TCSC and
SVC to maximize Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
generally defined as the maximum power transfer
transaction between a specific power-seller and a
power-buyer in a network during normal and
contingency cases. In this paper, ATC is computed
using Continuous Power Flow (CPF) method
considering both line thermal limit as well as bus
voltage limits. Real-code Genetic Algorithm is used as
the optimization tool to determine the location as well
as the controlling parameter of TCSC or SVC
simultaneously. The performance of the Real-code
Genetic Algorithm has been tested on IEEE 24-Bus
Reliability Test System. Improving of ATC is an
important issue in the current de-regulated
environment of power systems. The Available Transfer
Capability (ATC) of a transmission network is the
unutilized transfer capabilities of a transmission
network for the transfer of power for further
commercial activity, over and above already committed
usage. Power transactions between a specific seller
bus/area and a buyer bus/area can be committed only
when sufficient ATC is available. ATC can be limited
usually by heavily loaded circuits and buses with
relatively low voltages. It is well known that FACTS
technology can control voltage magnitude, phase angle
and circuit reactance. Using these devices may
redistribute the load flow, regulating bus voltages.
Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the impact of
FACTS controllers on the ATC.
Key Words: ATC, TCSC, SVC, Real-code
Genetic Algorithm, Load flows, power seller/buyer.
I. INTRODUCTION
The theme of electric industry restructuring is to promote
competitive markets for electric power trading. Under
new environment, the main consequence of the
nondiscriminatory open-access requirement is the
substantial increase in power transfers. The Available
Transfer Capability (ATC) of a transmission network is
the unutilized transfer capabilities of a transmission
network for the transfer of power for further commercial
activity, over and above already committed usage.
Adequate available transfer capacity (AATC) is needed to
ensure all economic transactions, while sufficient ATC is
needed to facilitate electricity market liquidity. It is
978-1-4244-5967-4/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
necessary to maintain economical and secure operation
over a wide range of system operating conditions and
constraints. It may sometimes lead to a situation that the
existing transmission facilities are intensively used. On
the other hand it can be said that power suppliers will
benefit from more market opportunities with reduced
possibility of congestion incorporating power systems
security enhancement. Maximum use of existing
transmission assets will be more profitable for
transmission system owners; and customers will receive
better services with reduced prices [3]. Various ATC
boosting approaches have been experienced via adjusting
generators terminal voltages, under load tap changers and
rescheduling generator outputs. Based upon the NERCs
definition of ATC and its determination [2], transmission
network can be restricted by thermal, voltage and stability
limits. On the other hand, it is highly recognized that,
with the capability of flexible power flow [4], FACTS
technology has introduced a severe impact to the
transmission system utilization with regards to those three
constraints. ATC values are always limited by heavily
loaded buses with relatively low voltage. FACTS concept
makes it possible to use circuit reactance, voltage
magnitude, and phase angle as controls to redistribute line
flow and regulate voltage profile. They will provide new
control facilities, both in steady state power flow control
and dynamic stability control [10]. Controlling power
flow in electric power systems without generation
rescheduling or topological changes can improve the
network performance considerably. With suitable
location, the effect of a TCSC and SVC on the ATC
enhancement are studied and demonstrated through case
studies. It is shown that installing SVC in the proper
location will improve voltage profile as well as ATC, and
TCSC will improve the ATC.
A. Modeling of TCSC and SVC
Power system is to be continuously expanded and
upgraded to cater the ever-growing power demand. Due
to limited energy resources, time and capital required,
the present trend is looking for the new techniques for
improving the power system performance. A new
technology consisting of FACTS controllers has the
ability to control the interrelated parameters that govern
the operation of transmission system including series
impedance, shunt admittance, current, voltage, phase
angle and damping of oscillations at various
frequencies below rated frequency. Flexibility of AC 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
transmission system refers to the ability to 0 yij 0 ... 0 yij 0 rrow i
accommodate changes in the electric transmission 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
'
system or operating conditions, while maintaining Ybus Ybus ... ... ... ... 0 ... 0
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
sufficient transient and steady state stability limit of the
0 yij 0 ... 0 yij 0 rrow j
system [1].
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
col i col j
B. Benefits of Utilizing FACTS Devices
D. Modeling of SVC
There is a better utilization of existing transmission
The shunt compensator SVC is simply a static
system assets. Building new transmission lines to meet
capacitor/reactor with susceptance Bsvc [7]. Fig.2 shows
the increasing electricity demand is always limited
the equivalent circuit of the SVC can be modeled as a
economically and by environmental constraints and
shunt-connected variable susceptance BSVC at bus-i.
FACTS devices meet these requirements using the
existing transmission systems. Increase in dynamic and
transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows is
achievable as FACTS devices can stabilize transmission
systems with higher energy transfer capability and
reduction in risks of line trips. In fact FACTS devices
help to distribute electricity more economically through
better utilization of existing installations thereby Fig. 2: Variable shunt susceptance.
reducing the need for additional transmission lines [1]. The reactive power injected into the bus due to SVC
can be expressed as
C. Modeling of TCSC Qsvc BsvcV 2 (4)
Where V is the voltage magnitude of the bus at which
Transmission lines are represented by lumped
the SVC is connected. Fig. 3 shows the steady-state and
equivalent parameters. The series compensator TCSC is
dynamic voltage-current characteristics of the SVC
simply a static capacitor/reactor with impedance jxc [6].
portion of the system. At the capacitive limit, the SVC
Fig.1 shows a transmission line incorporating a TCSC.
becomes a shunt capacitor. At the inductive limit, the
Bus-i Bus-j
SVC becomes a shunt reactor (the current or reactive
Z ij= Rij + jXij jXc power may also be limited). The response shown by the
dynamic characteristic is very fast (few cycles) and is
the response normally represented in transient stability
12 jBio jBjo simulation. Some jBSVCs
jo have a current/reactive power
regulator to slowly return the SVC to a desired steady-
state operating point. This prevents the SVC from
drifting towards its limits during normal operating
Fig.1: Equivalent circuit of a line with TCSC
conditions, preserving control margin for fast reaction
during disturbances. During normal operation, voltage
Where Xij is the reactance of the line, Rij is the is not regulated unless the voltage exceeds a dead band
resistance of the line, Bio and Bjo are the half-line determined by the limits on the output of the
charging susceptance of the line at bus-i and bus-j. The susceptance regulator.
difference between the line susceptance before and after
the addition of TCSC can be expressed as:
yij yij' yij (g
( gij' jjbij' ) (g
( gij jjbij ) (1)
rij ,b xij (2)
g ij ij 2
rij
2
x 2
ij
r
ij xij2
Fig. 3: SVC static characteristics at high voltage bus.
rij , xij xc (3)
g ' ij b ' ij
rij
2
( xij xc ) 2 rij2 ( xij xc ) 2 After adding SVC at bus-i of a general power system,
After adding TCSC on the line between bus i and bus j the new system admittance matrix Ybus can be updated
of a general power system, the new system admittance as [7]:
matrix Ybus can be updated as [6]:
 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 chromosomes in a population is called population
0 Yshunt 0 ... 0 0 0 rrow i
size and the total number of genes in a string is called
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
'
Ybus Ybus ... ... ... ... 0 ... 0
string length. After the selection of string length and
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 population size, the initial population is encoded. Most
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 rrow j commonly used encoding schemes are:
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 B. Binary encoding
col i col j In binary encoding every chromosome is a string of bits
(5) 0 or 1. The chromosome looks like
For constant active power flow and supply voltage of Chromosome 1: 110110010011
Vrms, the required capacitive VAR is the difference Chromosome 2: 110111100001
between the pre compensation VAR and the required Each chromosome has one binary string. Each bit in
compensated VAR as given by equation [14]: this string can represent some characteristic of the
VAR (capacitive) =VAR (required) VAR solution or the whole string can represent a number.
(Uncompensated) (6) C. Permutation encoding
The amount of the capacitive susceptance Bcap is then In permutation encoding every chromosome is a string
given by Eqn. (7): of numbers, which represent number in a sequence.
VAr(Requir ed) - VAr(Uncomp ensated) S
V (6) Permutation encoding is only useful for ordering
Bcap 2
Vrm s problems. The chromosomes in this encoding looks like
From which the required capacitance value in Farad is Chromosome 1: 1 5 3 2 6 4 7 9 8
given by using equation Chromosome 2: 8 5 6 7 2 3 1 4 9
C (Farad) = Bcap (7)
(2 f ) IV. RGA FOR ENHANCEMENT OF ATC USING
II.DEGREE OF SHUNT COMPENSATION (Kd) FACTS DEVICE: ALGORITHM

In many investigations of determining the 1. Read the power system data

maximum power transfer, the amount of shunt reactors
required on the transmission line is defined as the
degree of shunt compensation (Kd), where
B (8)
Kd l
IIm y
Kd is defined as the fraction of the total inductive
susceptance of shunt compensation (B) and the total
l b. Read no. of control variables i.e. TCSC/SVC
charging susceptance of line Im y
IV.RGA FOR ENHANCEMENT OF ATC USING
FACTS
Genetic Algorithms (GAs) were invented and
developed by John Holland. He invented genetic
algorithm with decision theory for discrete domains.
Being randomized GAs exploit historical information to
speculate on new search points with expecting
improved performance. The random search algorithms
managed to overcome the inherent disabilities of the
calculus and enumerative methods.
A.Phases of Genetic Algorithm
The first step in Genetic Algorithm is the random
generation of large number of search points from the
total search space. Each parameter is coded with a
string of bits. The individual bit is called gene. The
content of each gene is called allele. The total string
of such genes of all parameters written in a sequence is
called chromosome. So, there exists a chromosome
for each point in the search space. The number of
a. Read system line and bus data.
b. System data: From bus, to bus, line resistance,
line reactance, half line charging
Susceptance, off nominal turns ratio,
maximum line flow.
2. Bus data: Bus no, Bus type, Pgen, Qgen, Pload, Qload,
Pmin, Pmax,Vsp Shunt capacitor data.
a. Read data for genetic operations
[8]. location and reactance/susceptance
c. Read maximum line flow limits, load bus
voltage limits.
d. Read the sending bus (seller bus) m and the
receiving bus (buyer bus) n.
e. Calculate Pshed(i), Qshed(i), for i=1 to no. of
buses Where Pshed(i)=Pgen(i)-Pload(i)
Qshed(i)=Qgen(i)-Qload(i) Form Ybus using
sparsity technique E=complex (Vsp,0)
3. Generate population size of chromosomes randomly
(i) gen=1, generation count
(ii) (a) k1=1, chromosome count
(b) Using the line no./bus no. and
reactance/susceptance information modify Y-bus
(iii) Calculate ATC using NR repeated power flow
(iv) Calculate fitness (k1) = ATC (i.e. maximization)
If (k1< population size)
k1=k1+1 go to (iv) (b) Else go to (vii)
(v) Check the termination criteria i.e. the difference
between first chromosome fitness value and last
chromosome fitness value will be certain
 tolerance. If the condition is satisfied stop the Table-2: ATCs after incorporating TCSC
process otherwise go to step (ix) Source ATC ATC TCSC Compe
(vi) Arrange chromosomes in descending order of bus without with Location nsation
their fitness values no. TCSC TCSC (p.u)
(vii) Copy elitism probability of chromosomes to next 23/15 765.00 801.20 Line-25 0.010
generation and perform roulette wheel 22/9 385.00 413.10 Line-14 0.065
reproduction technique for parent selection. 22/5 214.20 229.50 Line -2 0.030
(viii) If (r<Pc) perform cross over to obtain children of 21/6 86.70 91.80 Lne-7 0.073
next generation using the following equation, 18/5 214.20 229.50 Line -2 0.032
where r is a randomly generated number between
0 and 1 and Pc is the cross over probability.
A. Incorporation of SVC
where x, y are the two parents, x, y are their two
offspring. 1 and 2 is obtained by a uniform random
When one SVC is incorporated in the system, if we
number generator between the range (0~l). Perform
consider all buses of system, there are 24 possible
mutation i.e.
locations for the SVC. The location code region are set
(ix) If (gen < genmax)
as 24 integers as 1 to 24. The amount of compensation
gen = gen+1 and go to step (iv)(a)
offered by SVC is 0 to 0.1 (p.u) i.e., Bsvc. After using
Else go to step (xiv)
Real Genetic Algorithm, the results obtained are shown
(x) Print optimized values i.e. line no, compensation
in Table-3. It shows that with the flow control function
and ATC values for each transaction.
SVC increased the ATC significantly.
V. IEEE 24-BUS RELIABILITY TEST SYSTEM
B. With line outage
Without line outage case
The Available Transfer Capability (ATC) are computed
for a set of source/sink transfers using Continuous
Power Flow (CPF), when line-8 is physically removed
from the system that is connected between bus-4 and
bus-9. Fig. 5.5: Shows a graph voltage profile for the
IEEE 24-bus system with and without outage cases.

1.08
1.06
1.04
Voltage margnitude

1.02
1
0.98
Fig 4: IEEE 24-bus without test system 0.96
The Available Transfer Capability (ATC) is computed 0.94
for a set of source/sink transfers using Continuous 0.92
Power Flow (CPF). Table-1 shows the ATCs for IEEE 0.9
24-bus system without FACTs device. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Without line outage

Table-1: ATC without FACTS Device Bus No.
With line outage

Fig. 5: Bus voltage profile for without and with line

Source ATC Violation Constraint
outage cases
bus no. (M.W) (Line flow/Voltage)
23/15 765.00 Line-24 overflow
22/9 385.00 Bus-9 voltage limit
22/5 214.20 Line-9 overflow
21/6 86.70 Line-10 overflow
18/5 214.20 Line-9 overflow
 VI. CONCLUSIONS

In deregulated power systems, available transfer

capability (ATC) analysis is presently a critical issue
either in the operating or planning because of increased
area interchanges among utilities. Sufficient ATC
should be guaranteed to support free market trading and
maintain an economical and secure operation over a
wide range of system conditions. However, tight
restrictions on the construction of new facilities due to
the increasingly difficult economic, environmental, and
social problems, have led to a much more intensive
shared use of the existing transmission facilities by
Fig 6: IEEE 24-bus with line outage utilities and independent power producers (IPPs). Based
Table-3shows the ATCs for IEEE 24-bus system on operating limitations of the transmission system and
without FACTs device, when line-8 is physically control capabilities of FACTS technology, technical
removed. feasibility of applying FACTS devices to boost ATCs
are analyzed and identified. The ATC is computed for
Table-3: ATCs without FACTS Device during Line-8 various transactions using Continuous Power Flow
Outage method on IEEE 24-reliability test system during
normal and contingency cases considering line thermal
limit as well as bus voltage limit. The improvement of
Source ATC ATC TCSC Comp ATC using TCSC or SVC is studied and demonstrated
bus no. without with Location (p.u) with IEEE 24 reliability test system during normal as
TCSC TCSC well as contingency cases. The location and control
23/15 770.0 810.0 Line-28 0.0103 parameter of TCSC and SVC in the system also affects
22/9 395.0 420.0 Line-12 0.063 the enhancement of ATC. Implementation of the
22/5 260.0 270.0 Line -15 0.023 proposed Real code Genetic Algorithm has performed
21/6 105.0 120.0 Line -5 0.066 well when it is used to determine the location and
18/5 260.0 270.0 Line-15 0.028 compensation level of TCSC or SVC with the aim of
maximizing the Available Transfer Capability. From
B. Incorporation of SVC the results, it is shown that installing SVC as a FACTS
device will improve voltage profile as well as resulting
When one SVC is incorporated in the system, if we ATC enhancement, where as TCSC can improve ATC
consider all buses of system, there are 24 possible in both thermal dominant case and voltage dominant
locations for the SVC. The location code region are set case. Finally, it is clearly shows from the results that
as 24 integers as 1 to 24. The amount of compensation TCSC is more effective than SVC in improving ATC
offered by SVC is 0 to 0.1 (p.u) i.e., Bsvc. After using under both normal and contingency conditions.
Real Genetic Algorithm, the results obtained are shown
in Table-4. It shows that with the flow control function
SVC increased the ATC significantly during line-8
outage.

Table-4: ATCs after incorporating SVC during line-8

outage
Source ATC AT with SVC Compen
bus no. without SVC Location (p.u)
SVC (M.W)
23/15 765.00 785.40 Bus-10 0.084
22/9 385.00 392.70 Bus-23 0.099
22/5 214.20 219.30 Bus-14 0.092
21/6 86.70 88.20 Bus-6 0.081
18/5 214.20 224.40 Bus-16 0.098
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1
[4].Richard D. Christie, Bruce F. Wollenberg and Ivar G.Madhusudhana Rao, Professor in K L
Wangensteen, Transmission Management in University, PhD from JNT University
the Deregulated Environment, Proceedings of the Hyderabad and completed M.Tech from JNT
University-Hyderabad .He has Published more
IEEE, Vol.88, No.2, February 2000. than 15 research papers in International
[5].Y. Xiao, Y. H. Song, Y. Z. Sun, Available Transfer Journals and 10 International conference papers and 8
Capability Enhancement Using FACTS national conference papers. His area of interest is power
Devices, Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/PWS electronics and drives , Intelligent controllers like Neural
Summer Meeting,, Seattle, vol.1, pp. 508-515, networks, signal processing and fuzzy logics.
July 2000. E-mail:gurralamadhu@gmail.com
2
[6].Wang Feng, G.B.Shrestha Allocation of TCSC P.VijayaRamarao B.Tech from JNT University, and
Devices to Optimize Total Transmission M.Tech from K L University-Vijayawada .He has Published
Capacity in a Competitive Power Market IEEE some of research papers in International and National
conferences
Trans. Power Systems, Feb 2001, 587-592. E-mail:vijay.bhagya@gmail.com
[7].R.C. Bansal, A.F.Zobaa, K.A.Nigim Technology 3
T.Jayanth Kumar B.Tech from JNT University
of VAr Compensators for Induction and M.Tech from K L University-Vijayawada
Generator Applications in Wind Energy .He has submitted some of conference papers and
Conversion Systems Journal of Electrical International journals. E-jayanthrk@gmail.com
System, 2006, 172-184.