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ABSTRACT
Vertical braces that connect concentrically to frame beams away from the beam-column joint are referred to as V-type or inverted V-type
braced frames, as chevron braced frames or as mid-span braces. The braces are commonly connected to the frame beam using gusset
plates. Typically, these gusseted connections are analyzed and designed considering only the effect of the brace forces on the region of the
beam within the connection region. This is a reasonable approach when the summation of the vertical components of the brace forces is
zero. However, when the vertical components result in a non-zero net vertical force (also referred to as an unbalanced force), analyzing and
designing the connection as if it were isolated from the frame may result in a significantly undersized beam, requiring expensive beam web
and flange reinforcement. In this paper, the effect of the brace forces on the beam in this type of braced frame configuration is referred to as
the chevron effect. This paper presents a method for determining the distribution of brace forces within the connection and also the impact
of the brace force distribution on the frame beam. The mechanism analysis required by the 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings, AISC 341-10, is presented, and the discussion illustrates the importance of considering the entire frame when evaluating the impact
of the brace forces on the beam.
Keywords: Gusset plates, chevron braces, V-braces, brace forces, analysis, design.
Inverted V-Type
Configuration
Frame Column,
Typical V-Type
Configuration
Frame Beam,
Typical
Two-Story
X-Brace
Configuration
FRAME FRAME
BEAM BEAM
w.p.
w.p.
eb
BRACE 2
BRACE 1 BRACE 2
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Representative sketches of combined and single chevron gusset plates: (a) combined gusset; (b) single gusset.
1 2 M aa
Va a = (V1 + V2 ) (3) Vb1 = (V1 + V2 ) V1 (7)
2 Lg
w.p.
eb
a b a
h/2
h
H1
b H2
V1 Sign Convention
V2
H i (+)
L g/2 Lg /2 M i (+)
Lg Vi (+)
L1 L2 L1 L2
L g/4 L g/4
Ma-a
-(V1+V2) -(V1+V2)
w.p. 2Ma-a w.p. 2Ma-a
eb Neq = Neq = eb
-(H1+H2) Lg Lg
a b a a b -(H1+H2) a
h/2 h/2
h h
H1 H1
b H2 b H2
V1 V1
V2 V2
L g/2 Lg /2 L g/2 Lg /2
Lg Lg
(b) Forces and moment on section a-a (c) Equivalent forces on section a-a
2Ma-a
2Ma-a
Neq = L Neq =
g Lg
H2 w.p.
-1/2(V1+V2) H1 w.p.
-1/2(V1 +V2 )
eb
eb V2 -1/2(H1+H2)
-1/2(H1+H2) V1
M b2 b
b Vb2 h/2
Vb1 h/2
h h
H b1 Hb2
H1 M b1
b b H2
V1 L g/4
L g/4 V2
L g/2 L g/2
(d) Forces on left half of gusset (e) Forces on right half of gusset
Fig. 3. Free body forces on critical horizontal and vertical gusset sections.
5'-10 85"
9"
3'-8 16 1"
2'-2 16
9 14"
W18x143
w.p.
9 43"
1'-10 43"
11
8 12 P HS
=2 S6
5/8 22 x6
x 8x s (T) 12 ki x1
S8 ip ps /2
HS 0 7 k (C
4 )
P=
9 14"
150
226
339 w.p. 163
9 43"
4,195
a 502 a
76
5'-10 85"
Section a-a
9 41" 9 14"
119
119
150
37.9
339 w.p. 163 w.p. 37.9
1183" 9 43"
9 43"
87.5
87.5
b 69.1 b
11"
1'-516 11"
1'-516
w.p.
3"
3'-2" W16x57
816
w.p.
60.94 k 60.94 k
W16x57 70.71 k 70.71 k
11" 816"
3
12
12 12
12 12
12
12 12
100 k 100 k
100 k 100 k
Fig. 6. Equal brace bevels and forces in a Fig. 7. Forces acting on section a-a
compression-tension brace arrangement. for connection shown in Figure 6.
W16x57 tively. As can be seen in the two figures, the beam shear
816
Lg Lg Moment per
Unit Length
L1 L2 L1 L2 Induced by
Ha-a e
Lg b
w.p.
Ha-a w.p.
b
Lg Beam Beam
e
Va-a Va-a
Lg Lg
4M 4M
Lg Lg +/- 2 a-a Lg Lg +/- 2 a-a
2 2 Lg 2 2 Lg
9"
3'-816 1"
2'-216
w.p. W18x143
NODE 1 NODE 2
1'-1043" 943"
a a
COLUMN
COLUMN
11
8 12P H
/8 12 =2 SS6
x5 ) 22 x6
8 x8 ps (T ki x1
S i
HS 07 k ps /2
(C
= 4
P )
15'-6" 9'-6"
25'
(a)
H a-a e H a-a e
2 b 2 b
w.p.
V a-a V a-a
2 2
2Ma-a 2Ma-a
Lg Lg
(b)
5"
2'-1116 5"
2'-1116
9 14"
w.p. W18x143
NODE 1 NODE 2
943"
a b
85.30 k/ft
12.88 k/ft
+/-40.44 k/ft k/ft
COLUMN
COLUMN
Edge of Gusset Edge of Gusset
7"
11'-916 5"
2'-1116 5"
2'-1116 15"
7'-316
25'
28.83
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
46.97
128.1
0.5417' 2.4010'
428.6
339.8 344.2
336.6
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 11. Beam shear and moment with uniformly distributed loads acting on interface.
5"
2'-1116
15" 8 7 "
2'-2 16 16
w.p. W18x143
NODE 1 NODE 2
943"
a b
251 251
119 119
COLUMN
COLUMN
Location of Resultant Forces 37.9 37.9 Location of Resultant Forces
Acting on Left Half Gusset Body Acting on Right Half Gusset Body
25'
28.83
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
46.97
128.1
586.2
413.2
382.3
209.3
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 12. Beam shear and moment with resultant forces acting at interface.
3'-2"
1'-7" 1'-7"
w.p. W16x57
11" 8.2"
NODE 1 NODE 2
COLUMN
COLUMN
ps x 1
H 0 ki
(C 2
10
SS p
)
ki 6
0 6x
6x s (T
10 HSS
6x )
1
2
12 12
12 12
14' 14'
28'
(a)
3'-2"
1'-7" 1'-7"
8.2"
W16x57 w.p.
NODE 1 NODE 2
11"
COLUMN
COLUMN
ps x 1
H 0 ki
(C 2
10
SS p
)
ki 6
0 6x
6 x s (T
10 HSS
6x )
1
2
12 12
12 12
22' 6'
28'
(b)
912" 912"
8.2"
w.p. W16x57
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
70.71 70.71
60.94 60.94
COLUMN
COLUMN
13'-2 12" 1'-7" 13'-2 12"
28'
60.94
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
48.24
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft) 48.24
Fig. 14. Vi = 0; beam shear and moment with work point at mid-span.
1'-7"
912" 912"
8.2"
W16x57 w.p.
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
70.71 70.71
60.94 60.94
COLUMN
COLUMN
21'-2 12" 1'-7" 5'-21
2"
28'
60.94
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM
48.24
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM 48.24
Fig.15. Vi = 0; beam shear and moment with work point off mid-span.
3'-2"
1'-7" 1'-7"
w.p. W16x57
11" 8.2"
NODE 1 NODE 2
COLUMN
COLUMN
ps x 1
H 0k
(C 2
30
SS ip
)
ki 6
0 6x
6x s (T
10 HSS
6x )
1
2
12 12
12 12
14' 14'
28'
(a)
3'-2"
1'-7" 1'-7"
8.2"
W16x57 w.p.
NODE 1 NODE 2
11"
COLUMN
COLUMN
ps x 1
H 0k
(C 2
SS ip
30
)
ki 6
0 6x
6x s (T
10 HSS
6x )
1
2
12 12
12 12
22' 6'
28'
(b)
1'-7"
912" 912"
8.2"
w.p. W16x57
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
141.4 141.4
122.1 122.1
COLUMN
COLUMN
70.6 70.6
28'
70.60 122.1
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
70.60
932.5 1,030
835.9 932.6
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 17. Vi 0 (141.2 kips) beam shear and moment with mid-span work point.
1'-7"
912" 912"
8.2"
W16x57 w.p.
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
141.4 141.4
122.1 122.1
COLUMN
COLUMN
70.6 70.6
28'
81.71
30.25
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
111
641.6 674.4
545.1
578.0
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 18. Vi 0 (141.2 kips) beam shear and moment with work point off mid-span.
It is worth noting here that load cases 2 and 3 are repre- Figure 20 shows the geometry and brace forces for Load
sentative of the mechanistic analysis required by the AISC Case 1. From the data given in Figure 20, the forces acting
Seismic Provisions. on section a-a can be determined.
3'-1143"
1'-812" 2'-314"
10.70"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 NODE 2
a b a
981"
b
COLUMN
COLUMN
HS
S9
P x 9x 5
9 x8 5
2
9x
8
S
1
P
HS
11
12 1016
12
9
12' 18'
30'
H a a = ( H1 + H 2 ) = (723.00 580.89)
= 1,303.98 kips
3'-1143"
1'-812" 2'-314"
10.70"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 NODE 2
a a
918"
COLUMN
COLUMN
H
5 4 SS
kip 9x 5
s( 8
T)
0 9x
ki 9
9 9x
ps x8 5
44 SS
(C
)
H
11
12 1016
12
9
12' 18'
30'
Fig. 20. Geometry and brace forces for Example 2, load case 1.
301.4 301.4
COLUMN
COLUMN
7"
11'-316 1'-1187" 11"
16'-816
30'
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
Mn =735 k-ft
299.8
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft) 299.8
Mn =735 k-ft
Fig. 21. Beam shear and moment distribution for load case 1.
3'-11 43"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 NODE 2
a a
981"
COLUMN
COLUMN
H
77 SS
kip 9x8 5
T)
8 k 9x
s(
ip 9x 5
05 9x
s( 8
1,2 HSS
C)
11
12 1016
12
9
12' 18'
30'
Fig. 22. Geometry and brace forces for Example 2, load case 2.
10.70"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
651.99 651.99
647.53 647.53
COLUMN
COLUMN
223.28 223.28
7"
11'-316 1'-1178" 11"
16'-816
30'
Vn =331 kips
267.9
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
178.7
Vn =331 kips
602.9
3,605
3,024 2,987
2,405
Mn =735 k-ft
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 23. Beam shear and moment distribution for load case 2.
connection region in load case 3. Thus, if the span overestimation of approximately 7.3%. For load case3,
of the beam and the location of the work point are if the maximum beam shear is determined assuming
not considered when evaluating the beam shear, the the connection is isolated from the frame, the maxi-
maximum beam shear would not be captured for load mum beam shear is determined to be 516.4kips. When
case3. the span of the beam and the location of the work point
are considered for load case 3, the maximum beam
2. The algebraic sum of the vertical components of the
shear is determined to be 485.6 kips (and is located
brace forces is zero for load case 1. For load cases2
outside of the connection region), an overestimation of
and 3, the algebraic sums of the vertical components
approximately 6.3%. For this example, the maximum
of the brace forces are 446.6 kips and 809.0kips,
beam shear is overestimated by 6.3% to 7.3%. Under
respectively. Thus, the vertical components of the
different geometry and loading, its quite possible to
brace forces for load cases 2 and 3 are unbalanced. For
significantly underestimate or overestimate the maxi-
load case 2, if the maximum beam shear is determined
mum beam shear when the connection is evaluated as
assuming the connection is isolated from the frame, the
if it is isolated from the frame.
maximum beam shear is determined to be 647.5kips.
When the span of the beam and the location of the 3. The beam moment is significantly underestimated
work point are considered for load case2, the maxi- when the connection is evaluated as if it is isolated
mum beam shear is determined to be 602.9 kips, an from the beam when the vertical components of the
3'-11 43"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 NODE 2
a a
981"
COLUMN
COLUMN
H
23 SS
kip 9x8 5
T)
3 k 9x
s(
ip 9x 5
05 9x
s( 8
1,2 HSS
C)
11
12 1016
12
9
12' 18'
30'
Fig. 24. Geometry and brace forces for Example 2, load case 3.
10.70"
w.p. W21x83
NODE 1 a b NODE 2
448.50 448.50
516.37 516.37
COLUMN
COLUMN
404.65 404.65
7"
11'-316 1'-1187" 11"
16'-816
30'
485.6
Vn =331 kips
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
5,881 5,412
5,481
5,014
Mn=735 k-ft
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 25. Beam shear and moment distribution for load case 3.
Fig. 26. Partial frame elevation for Example 3. Tributary width of frame beam is 28 ft.
The moment of inertia required for the deflection limits is: H1 = 249.67 kips
H 2 = 468.61 kips
5wi L4 5wi L4 V1 = 208.06 kips
i = Ii
384 EI i 384 E i V2 = 390.51 kips
3.3 + 1.4
(5) (26)(12) 4
[ ]
12
I D+ L = 1, 282 in.4 Forces acting on section a-a:
(26)(12)
(384)(29,000)
240
H a a = (H1 + H 2 )
1.4
(5) (26)(12) 4
[ ] = (249.67 + 468.61)
12
IL = 573 in.4
(26)(12) = 718.29 kips
(384)(29, 000)
360 Va a = (V1 + V2 ) = (208.06 390.51)
Therefore, I > 1,282 in4. = 182.45 kips
Thus, for a trial beam size, select a beam that satisfies the 1
following requirements. = ( L1 L2 ) = 0.5(32.0 32.0)
2
Vu = 80.6 kips =0
M u = 524 k-ft eb = 10.70 in.
3 M a a = (V1 + V2 ) ( H1 + H 2 ) eb
Zreq 140 in.
= (208.06 390.51)(0)
I 1, 282 in.4
(249.67 + 468.61)(10.70)
Try a W2183 beam. = 7,685.67 kip-in.
M n = 735 k-ft > M u = 524 k-ft o.k. The couple of Ma-a is:
Vn = 331 k > Vu = 80.6 k o.k. (2)(7,182.67)
4 4
N eq = = 240.18 kips
I = 1,830 in. > I = 1, 282 in. o.k. 64.0
Forces acting on section a-a: Part 2d. Compare beam shear and moment diagrams
generated for parts 2b and 2c.
H a a = ( H1 + H 2 ) = (445.57 + 510.00)
Referring to Figure 28, if the beam is evaluated for gravity
= 955.57 kips
load effects only, the beam has sufficient shear and moment
Va a = (V1 + V2 ) = (371.31 680.00) strength. This should be no surprise considering that the
= 308.69 kips beam size was selected based on required gravity load and
1 deflection considerations. However, the brace forces do have
= ( L1 L2 ) = 0.5(38.0 27.0)
2 an impact on the forces imparted to the beam.
5.50 in. Figure 29 shows the beam shear and moment diagrams for
eb = 10.70 in. the brace force effects only. Note in the force distributions
M a a = (V1 + V2 ) ( H1 + H 2 )eb acting at the gusset-to-beam interfaces that the couples, Neq,
= (371.31 680.00)(5.50) of the moments, Ma-a , acting at the top and bottom of the
beam act in the same direction. However, the normal forces
(445.57 + 510.00)(10.70) acting at the top and bottom of the beam due to the unbal-
= 11,922.39 kip-in. anced vertical components of the brace forces, 2Va-a , act
in the opposite direction. This is always true for the typical
The couple of Ma-a is: case where one line of braces is in tension while the other
line of braces is in compression. Thus, the moments acting
(2)(11,922.39)
N eq = = 366.84 kips at the interfaces of a two-story X-braced frame accumulate,
65.0
Vn =331 kips
60.58
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
60.58
Vn =331 kips
Mn=735 k-ft
394
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 28. Beam shear and moment for gravity: load case 4 for part 2 of Example 3.
240.2 240.2
91.23 91.23
359.2 359.2
477.8
154.4
366.8
592.4
Vn =331 kips
261.0
48.61 71.24
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
77.73
Vn =331 kips
1,389 994.0
689.7 388.6 962.9 Mn =735 k-ft
673.8
263.6
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft) 68.39
Fig. 29. Forces and moments acting at gusset-beam interfaces and beam
shear and moment from brace forces: load case 4 for part 2 of Example 3.
240.2 240.2
91.23 91.23
359.2 359.2
477.8
154.4
366.8
584.7 574.3
Vn =331 kips
255.5 253.3
109.2
43.08 53.10 51.06
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
97.91 138.3
Vn =331 kips
1,748
1,322 1,344
1,080 1,024 Mn =735 k-ft
654.2 776.1
0 455.8
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 30. Forces and moments acting at gusset-beam interfaces and beam shear
and moment from gravity load plus brace forces: load case 4 for part 2 of Example 3.
* V H1 = 445.57 kips
2 bot
240.2 240.2 H 2 = 510.00 kips
91.23 91.23 V1 = 371.31 kips
359.2 359.2
* V V2 = 680.00 kips
70.74 70.74
2 bot
The length of the gusset is approximated as:
477.8
154.4
L (26 ft)(12 in./ft)
366.8 Lg ,app = = = 52.0 in.
6 6
Note that V term of the One-half of the beam depth, eb, is approximated as:
*M
a-a,bot equation must be
considered when generating
the moment diagram when eb ,app = (0.375)(26 ft) = 9.750 in.
the connection is evaluated as 607.0
if isolated from the frame.
The approximated moment acting on section a-a at the bot-
tom of the beam is:
366.8 Vn =331 kips
240.2 M a a ,app = ( H1 + H 2 ) eb ,app
= (445.57 + 510.00)(9.75)
SHEAR = 9,316.81 k-in.
0
(kips) Mn =735 k-ft N eq ,app = 0.375 ( 445.57 + 510.00 )
711.8
MOMENT 320.3 = 358.34 kips
(kip-ft) 0
496.7 215.1
The horizontal force acting on section a-a is:
641.3
H a a = (445.57 + 510.00)
Fig. 31. Beam shear and bending if connection is
evaluated as if isolated from the frame. Effect = 955.57 kips
of brace forces only; part 2 of Example 3.
359.2
604.2 594.1
109.2
39.69
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
96.75
138.3
1,729
1,111 1,048
430.0
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 32. Beam shear and bending for trial beam size: Lg = 52.0 in., eb = 9.75 in.; part 3a of Example 3.
Parts 3b and 3c. Using the trial size selected in part H1 = 445.57 kips
3a, calculate the brace connection force distribution H 2 = 510.00 kips
on section a-a. Generate the beam shear and moment V1 = 371.31 kips
diagrams.
V2 = 680.00 kips
A W18211 has been selected for the frame beam. Know-
ing the loading, geometry and beam size, a gusseted brace
connection can be designed. Figure 33 shows an elevation Forces acting on section a-a:
of the frame beam with the gusset geometry. Based on the
geometry given in Figure 33, the brace force distributions at H a a = ( H1 + H 2 ) = (445.57 + 510.00)
the gusset-to-beam interfaces can be calculated. = 955.57 kips
Va a = (V1 + V2 ) = (371.31 680.00)
Section a-atop of beam:
= 308.69 kips
H1 = 249.67 kips 1
= ( L1 L2 ) = 0.5(38.5 27.5)
H 2 = 468.61 kips 2
V1 = 208.06 kips = 5.50 in.
V2 = 390.51 kips eb = 10.35 in.
M a a = (V1 + V2 ) ( H1 + H 2 ) eb
= (371.31 680.00)(5.50)
Forces acting on section a-a: (445.57 + 510.00)(10.35)
H a a = ( H1 + H 2 ) = 11,587.94 kip-in.
= (249.67 + 468.61)
The couple of Ma-a is:
= 718.29 kips
Va a = (V1 + V2 ) (2)(11,587.94)
N eq = = 351.15 kips
= (208.06 390.51) 66.0
= 182.45 kips The force distributions at the gusset-to-beam interfaces are
1 shown in Figure 34 along with the beam shear and moment
= ( L1 L 2 ) = 0.5(33.0 33.0)
2 diagrams resulting from load case 4.
=0
eb = 10.35 in. Part 3d. Compare required to available beam shear and
M a a = (V1 + V2 ) ( H1 + H 2 ) eb moment strengths.
= (208.06 390.51)(0) The W18211 is adequate for the required beam shear and
(249.67 + 468.61)(10.35) bending. When the beam was selected based on gravity load
effects only, the beam was found to be woefully inadequate
= 7, 434.27 kip-in. for shear and moment. When the brace force distribution is
considered in combination with the gravity load effects, a
The couple of Ma-a is: satisfactory beam is selected eliminating any need for web
doubler plates, cover plates, or any other type of reinforce-
(2)(7, 434.27) ment. The method presented (rule of thumb) for approximat-
N eq = = 225.28 kips
66.0 ing the moment at the gusset interface provides an adequate
Fig. 33. Brace and gusset geometry for trial W18211 frame beam; part 3b of Example 3.
477.8
154.3
351.2
Vn =657 kips
108.9
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
Vn =657 kips
Mn=1,840 k-ft
0
MOMENT DIAGRAM (kip-ft)
Fig. 34. Force distribution and beam shear and moment diagrams with W18211 frame beam; part 3c of Example 3.
FILL VALLEY,
TYP.
584.7 574.3
Vn =331 kips
255.5 253.3
109.2
43.08 53.10 51.06
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips)
97.91 138.3
Vn =331 kips
Fig. 35. Web doubler plate detail using the resultant load method.
TYP. 3
16
34.21 k/ft
134.7 k/ft
176.4 k/ft
FILL VALLEY, 56.99 k/ft
TYP.
+/-135.4 k/ft
Edge of Gusset Edge of Gusset
523.9 490.3
Vn =331 kips
86.23
109.2
49.34
0
SHEAR DIAGRAM (kips) 78.87
104.1 138.3
Vn =331 kips
Fig. 36. Web doubler plate detail using the distributed load method.