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Name of Student: Dorothy Kam

Grade: ______________________________

Teacher: Mr. Ng

Experiment to investigate the:


Experiment to investigate the reaction rates of different concentration of Hydrochloric acid
(2HCl(aq)), reacting with magnesium (Mg(s)) on affecting the amount of Hydrogen gas (H2 (g))
produced.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g)

Investigation Question:
To what extent does the concentration of hydrochloric acid affect how vigorous the reaction of
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g) is.

Background to the investigation question:


The aim of the experiment is to compare the amount of gas that was produced what different
concentrations of hydrochloric acid reacting to magnesium.

The gas that is produced will be measured in centimeters cube and the gas produced would be
measured every 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds and one minutes interval.

There are three trials for every concentration of acid.

The rate of a reaction can be measured in two ways:


First is to measure the time of how long it takes for a reactant to be used up and measure the time
where a product is made.

In order to find how vigorous the reaction is, we measure the time where a product is made. To find if
concentration of acid affects the amount of hydrogen gas produced in a set period of time.

Hypothesis:
My hypotheses is that:
The more concentrated the hydrochloric acid, the more vigorously it will react with the magnesium,
therefore and it will produce more gas in the set period of time.

Explanation of hypothesis:
Because the reactant particles are more crowded in a more concentrated hydrochloric acid that's why
the chances of the magnesium particles and the hydrochloric acid particles colliding is greater,
producing more hydrogen gas in a shorter amount of time, that is why the reaction will become more
vigorous.

Variables:
Independent variable Concentration of Hydrochloric acid(0.4M, 0.8M,
1.2M, 1.6M, 2.0M)

Unit of IV M

Range of IV 0.4M, 0.8M, 1.2M, 1.6M, 2.0M

Describe and explain the Changing the independent variable we use


procedure to change the droppers to take the acid and transfer it to a
independent variable. measuring cylinder (40 ml) to measure 40 mL of
the acid. Then we pour the acid into the colonial
flask.

Dependant variable Amount of hydrogen gas emitted in a set period


of time

Unit of DV cm^3

Derived Variable Rates of reaction

Units of DV cm^3 / seconds

Describe and explain the The derived variable is calculated by calculating


procedure to calculate the the speed of reactions this can be calculated by
derived variable. dividing the volume of gas to the time taken

Controlled Variable Amount of acid used and amount of magnesium


used

Explain why it matters to the investigation The amount of acid and amount of magnesium
used in the experiment is important to control it
because the quantity of the would produce
different quantities of gas.

Procedure to control it Procedures that we have taken to control the


amount of acid and magnesium used in the
experiment include using a dropper and a
cylinder to carefully control the amount of acid
used in the experiment.

Controlled Variable The temperature of the room

Explain why it matters to the investigation It is important to conduct the experiment in a


room where the temperature is constantly the
same, because the temperature will affect the
reaction time and how vigorous the reaction will
be

Procedure to control it The experiment will be conducted in the same


day in the same lab

Materials and Equipment:


Equipment (for one repeat):
Rubber bung (x1)
Glass tube (x1)
Conical Flask(250ml) (x1)
Gas Syringe (x1)
Measuring Cylinder(200ml) (x1)
Dropper (x1)
Rubber connector (x1)
Stopwatch (x1)

Materials:
Hydrochloric acid (0.4M, 0.8M, 1.2M, 1.6M, 2.0M)
Magnesium (in ribbons) (2 strips about 0.6g)

Risk Assessment:

Safety issue Reasons that you have Safety precautions Emergency/ Treatment
to consider

the safety issue

Acid spillage When working on the We have safety Inform a teacher and
experiment, we had no goggles and lab coats rinse the skin which
gloves, acid and was exposed to acid
chemicals we used under running water.
may not be corrosive,
but it may irritate skin.

Acid waste When there is too We have safety Inform a teacher and
overflowing much acid waste put goggles and lab coats open windows to let
together chemical the gas escape from
reactions may occur. the lab.

Usage of glassware Injuries such as cuts Handling the broken Inform a teacher and
during the experiment because of contact glass with care when escort the student to
with broken glass conducting the the nurse
experiment

Method/ Procedure:

1. Wear safety goggles and lab coat


2. Measure 40 ml of hydrochloric acid using a dropper to take some acid
3. Measure the acid using the measuring cylinder
4. Pour the acid into the conical flask.
5. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Set up the plastic tube by connecting the tube to
the rubber bung.
6. Then drop the magnesium into the acid and cap the rubber bung
7. On the timer and record the data from the gas syringe measurement every 10 seconds, 20
seconds, 30 seconds and 1 minutes
8. Repeat the experiment above at least three times

Results:
Trial 1:

Concentration of Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in


Acid (M) 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds one minute
(cm3)

0.4 2.9 4.2 6 7.1

0.8 6.5 10 14.8 28.6

1.2 13 31 35 55

1.6 20 39 48 52

2.0 43 60 63 64

Trial 2:

Concentration of Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in


Acid (M) 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds one minute (cm3)

0.4 2 3 4.9 6

0.8 5.8 9.7 18 28.3

1.2 15 30 41 46

1.6 19 35 43 52

2.0 35 42 46 46.7

Trial 3:
Concentration of Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in
Acid (M) 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds one minute
(cm3)

0.4 3.5 4.6 4.8 6.8

0.8 6 11 15 27.3

1.2 17 25 43 51.2

1.6 19 40 44.3 53

2.0 35.1 56 57 57.8

Average:

Concentration of Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in


Acid (M) 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds one minute
(cm3)

0.4 2.8 3.9 5.2 6.6

0.8 6.1 10.2 15.9 28.1

1.2 15 30.33 39.67 50.73

1.6 19.33 38 45.1 52.33

2.0 37.7 52.67 55.33 56.13

Calculations of Speed of Reactions:


Concentration of Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in Gas Produced in
Acid (M) 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds one minute
(cm3)

0.4 0.28 0.195 0.17333 0.11

0.8 0.61 0.51 0.53 0.46833

1.2 1.5 1.5165 1.32233 0.8455

1.6 1.933 1.9 1.5033 0.8721667

2.0 3.77 2.6335 1.84433 0.9355

Qualitative Observations:
When the magnesium is dropped into the acid it fizzes and bubbles.

Processed Data:
0.4M
Independent Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable
(Seconds) (cm^3) Average (cm^3) Range (cm^3) Range

10 2.8 2 3.5

20 3.9 3 4.6

30 5.2 4.8 6

60 6.6 6 7.1

0.8M
Independent Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable
(Seconds) (cm^3) Average (cm^3) Range (cm^3) Range

10 6.1 5.8 6.5

20 10.2 9.7 11

30 15.9 14.8 18

60 28.1 27.3 28.6

1.2M
Independent Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable
(Seconds) (cm^3) Average (cm^3) Range (cm^3) Range

10 15 13 17

20 30.33 25 31

30 39.67 35 43

60 50.73 51.2 52

1.6M
Independent Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable
(Seconds) (cm^3) Average (cm^3) Range (cm^3) Range

10 19.33 19 20

20 38 35 40

30 45.1 43 48

60 52.33 52 53

2.0M
Independent Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable Dependant Variable
(Seconds) (cm^3) Average (cm^3) Range (cm^3) Range

10 37.7 35.1 43
20 52.67 42 60

30 55.33 63 46

60 56.13 46.7 57.8

Graph:

Conclusion:
My hypothesis, (the more concentrated the hydrochloric acid, the more vigorously it will react with
the magnesium, therefore and it will produce more gas in the set period of time.) is correct because
the gas produced when the magnesium reacted with a highly concentrated hydrochloric acid is
produced more than that of a less concentrated hydrochloric acid. This is supported by the speed of
reaction calculations. For example, the data in the 2 M concentration for 10 seconds the average
hydrogen gas produced is 37.7, but the average hydrogen gas produced in the 0.4 M concentration for
10 seconds is 2.8.

Explanation of results:
My prediction in my hypotheses was based off of, the reactant particles are more crowded in a more
concentrated hydrochloric acid that's why the chances of the magnesium particles and the
hydrochloric acid particles colliding is greater, producing more hydrogen gas in a shorter amount of
time, that is why the reaction will become more vigorous, and the results have proven this to be
correct.

Evaluation-Validity of the hypothesis:


Based on my results my hypothesis was correct. I think my hypotheses was not detailed enough
stating the effects of magnesium. I think overall my hypothesis is valid and my prediction was correct,
although i think my hypothesis needs to be more detailed in the derived variable.

Evaluation - Validity of the method

Was the method of the experiment appropriate to investigate the research question?
Yes, the method of the experiment was appropriate to investigate the research question.

Explain in detail why you did those steps(method), and how they could help you to answer your
research questions.

My method helps answer the research question because my method has stated that I follow detailed
steps, and precise timing when I do the experiment and the records of my experiment are accurate and
detailed. Method helps answer the research question in great detail because I make sure the
measurements of the hydrochloric acid passes through a measuring cylinder before transferring the
hydrochloric acid to conical flask. My method also puts safety first as I have listed wearing safety
goggles and lab coats as the first thing you should do when working on an experiment.

Problems with the experiment systematic errors The effect caused by the problem
and random errors

One of the systematic errors that I feel affected this may affect the rate of reaction as the
our experiment, is the magnesium strips that different surface area may react differently
were given to us in the lab has different surface
area

Gas escaping When we put the piece of magnesium into the


hydrochloric acid there are about a few
nanoseconds where we cannot secure the rubber
bung in time this may result in some of the
hydrogen gas escaping. This will affect our
results as well.

Based on the discussion above is your method valid to answer your research question?

We measured the hydrogen gas produced in a set amount of time, to find out if the concentration of
hydrochloric acid affect how vigorous the reaction with the hydrochloric acid and magnesium will be.

It is because we can Measure how vigorous a reaction is by the amount of product that is produced in
a set amount of time. This is calculated by dividing the hydrogen gas produced and the time taken.

However the validity may be affected as gas the escaped, and the surface area of the magnesium was
not the same and constant in every piece.
State how to improve the Describe how to improve the Explain why the improvements
method experiment benefit your investigation

The method needs to be The experiment can be This improvement helps


improved so that there can be improved if we did not need to minimize error that may affect
less human error. expose the chemical reaction the result.
between hydrochloric acid and
magnesium reaction to the
open air. It would be better if
we could have work out a way
to drop the magnesium into the
hydrochloric acid without
exposing the experiments to
open air.

Bibliography:
"BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Measuring Rates." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2017.

"Das Experiment." Wege Der Wissenschaft (n.d.): 25-34.chemconnections.org. 16 July 2014. Web. 1
Feb. 2017.

"The Rate of Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid." The Rate of Reaction of Magnesium
with Hydrochloric Acid- Learn Chemistry. LearnChemestry, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2017.

"Chemistry for the IB Diploma Exam Preparation Guide." Google Books. Cambridge University
Press, 2015. Web. 05 Feb. 2017.

"BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Effect of Temperature and Concentration." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 05
Feb. 2017.

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