COPTER Banc Orting Skls TABLE 4-1 Types of lines. (comtinucd ‘Type of Line Description iden tne ‘The iden ist ine sed 19 & Soe er rc on te that ase hae Grom view Eran es ‘Center lines ar uid to show te comer | oF Rees and symm features. (Ceter tne TACTERNATE TINE AND STORY ORDER Symmetry ine = Symmeny lnes ae uted when pata Se ma | sure rnen race mae Tan dancin non wd ni ag oo jh} 4 | Seca ps 1 Ke omenowane® | 4 \ ' t Leaders” ‘Leaders are used to indicate the part etre whch oa ‘Annow ¥ 7 “Arrowheads touch the object lines SoDecaicn eae man ae 7” resi nee ‘Break line we ted when diablo yy te Bonen he vw of ng ‘Cutog- plane Hae te | ‘The cuting-plane Hine is sed esigate where an imaginary suing tot pice on eee46 PARTY Bc avy ad Dean TABLE 4-1. ‘Types of lines. (continued) ‘Type of ne, Apilenin Deseriptlon “Visti tne “The vse line i used wo inate all vibe eiges ofan objst They sid stand oat clearly in conte mck {0 oe ies 50th the shape a objet i apparent the exe fo rS Section tines Sein ning is wed wo lade the surface inthe seton view Wy estegeie ttt eee e “The wiewing-plane line is used to | 1 aura ti eae —4 ee east Phan ie tee Tae of moving pos ‘cet positon of rel prs, snd wepetine de ‘Ste tne ‘lich lines re wd for indicing {sewing aching peo i that x surface 0 2one Is 0 AE rece adional rete i 0, fi or conidraivas, ctl width of each line is governed by the sie and aye of ee ‘the drawing and the smallest size to which it's to be reduced. Al ines of the same type should be uniform throughout the ‘drawing, Spacing between parallel lines should be sich that there is no ili” when he eopy is seproncel by phorographic metoss. Spacing on ks tht ormelly meets epention ssp, Fig. 4:2. tine wits THINAIT Tings shoold be srpska, opaque, uniform, snd properly spaced for legible spmastion by all con only used meth, clung mictfoming i ascndane with industry and goverment reuiemas Tere sold be 4 distinet canvas between the 0 wits of Hines, Visble Lines The “visible linc are used for representing isle edges or contours of objects. Vise ines should be drawn so that he views they outineclsly snd out onthe drawing witha definite contrast between thee ines and sce ondary lines. ‘The applications ofthe oter types of ines ae explained in deta throughout his text. Drawing Straight Lines The pure sis, sso called 3 ‘Sen ad bon A 7 a Zine es wi mnccinin baer | ome —[ ons |S 5 i Disease ” 3 eater Sit ec ee He tate et 5 lig bat‘CHAPTER 4. Bsc rang hls “ Fig. 4-38 Carrer pike, Fig. 439° Shaft spect 17, On an A (AA) sine format aw the gasket shown Fig. 436, Seale 1: Do not dimension 1K. On 8 B (A3) size format, daw the template shown Fi Do nt dens, dra ome ofthe pans shin tn Figs 4-38 and 4-39, Scale 1:1, Do at dimension,Fig. 4-42. Cover plats Fig. 445 Wo optn paar Basic Drawing and Osan Fig. 5:4 Biowting a ine Fig. 55 _Bicsting an ar To Bisect a Straight Line 1, Given line AB (Fig. 5), set the compass to a radius areater than AB. 2, Using centers at A and, dea intersecting acs above ‘and below line AB. Aline CD drawn trough the ines- sections wil biseet Ad (vide it nto two equal pus) ‘and will be perpendicular Hine AB. ‘To Bisect an Arc 1, Given are AB (Fig, 5-5), set the compass to a alive ‘gear than 1 AB 2 Using poins Aa #38 centers, draw interesting ans ove a belo ate AB. A Tne draw dough interes tions C an wil dive are ius two eal pars Fig. 5-6 bisecting an angle Fig. 5-7 Dividing « igh tne tm equal pats, To Blsect an Angle 1. Given angle ABC, with center B and any suitable» (Fig. 540), draw an ae wo inersect BC at D and BA 2 With centers D and E and equal rai, draw aes toi sect a F. 3. Bisec angle ABC by drawing aline from po point F, 1 Bibe ‘To Divide a Line Into a Given Number of Equal Parts 1, Give fine AB and the numberof equal divisions dk (12 for example), draw a perpendicular from A. 2 Place the soa so thatthe desvedmurubcr of ual sions is comvenicnly included between Bad the pe cular. Then mark these divisions ving show ¥ marks fram the scale division, asin Fig. 5-7. 3. Braw perpendiulars 10 line’ AB through the | ‘marked, dividing the Hine AB us neque. See Algnments 1 and 2 fr Unit 5:1 en pages 79-60. INTIME OMKECTIN._ Read about at eport on Sandards located at th ate bit iwwansonCHAPTERS Raed Geamety 5-2. ARCS AND CIRCLES 2, Set the compass to radius, and with enter € dea the ss af tangent to dhe given sides, The angst pits and To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Lines at Right 2 ae Foun by dawn perpenticulars taal point C Angles to Each Other to the given lines, rah ng pe we Ae S0 To Draw a Circle on a Regular Polygon 1. Draw an are having rats & with center ot B, cating ene 1 Given he ine fhe plygon ig. 5-10, het any 0 Brey ppp eet ee sides for example, BC and DE. The center ofthe poly- Sa ars mesecingal Sgn he cs FO an CO nent in 0. 2. Wh cents 0, da he eed a. The angen pint TR er ccle rniiunis , and the oer ie Dime To Draw an Are Tangent to the Sides of an Acute Angl 1, Given two parallel fines AB and CO und distances X and Cie is Refit 55%” Yeu. Bhan pis dC ah i 1 wins inte ap, ral oe gon, HB enero Aan CD fa pois and ‘at distance R away from the given lines. The center of _— the are will be at C, ama 2. Sethe compass to fais and with cent C daw ihe fae tangent tothe given side, The tangent points A and 2 se fund by drawing perpendiulrs thug pint © sn to the given line. cape . Gran? = ‘To Draw an Arc Tangent to the Sides of an Obtuse Angle Fig. 5-10. Draning ame tngea! othe sides of a ate ag, radius ofthe are (Fig, $10); o i Draw fines Tnside the angle, parallel tthe given ines at ditance & avay from the given lines, The center of the ae will beat C. Fig. S11 Drawing wcll on a equa pan Fig. 5-8 Are onget io wo ines tight als ech the Fig. $12. Drawing aterene oped cube sven Fig. 5-9. Drawing ate tmnt he ik am ive angle pul has” PARTY asic Braning and Design |g. 5-13. Dawing a at tangent 0 ian rahe ine 1. Selec pin Eon tine BC where the cures are 19 mee yf 44 Bsest BE and EC. Points F and G where the perpendiclars a isesins pont re di centers forte ars forming the OBE NE i g ‘Yo Draw an Arc Tangent to a Given Circle and Straight Line w 1 Given, the ratio of the are (Fig. 5-13), daa in (rll to the given stright line between the cle and The ine at dance away from the give line. ‘2 Witte camer of the cre a center and radius Ry adios ofthe cicleplur A), draw an ae 10 cut he felt srg Tine tC 3. with center Can rai R daw the egued are tangent fo te cirle and he straight Tine ‘To Draw an Arc Tangent to Two Circles Given the raias of ase (Fig S=14A), withthe center Sten As cener and radius R (ads of eile A wR) raw an ae i heaven tween the cise a. Wah the cener of clcle Bas center apd radius Ry (radi of circle plus A), drawn arc co cut he other se at C ‘4 With center Can ads, draw the eure are ngs to the given icles. [Asan alleratve: 1. Given radius of a R (Fig. S-14B), with the comer of Siete Aas center un aias Ry, aw’ an i the fre betwscn the cies. : ‘2. Wat ie comer of cise B as center and radius R-R, ‘rae an ae fo et the eer are at C. 44 an ae Cant ead ro they ae angent Fig, 5-15 Deoiog to the given cies. sag tne ro cite ough tre To Draw an Arc of Circle through Three Points Not ina Straight Line > Be te Re emt Tine pou aa CF. $15 jn is ae oa find Cass A Wah cer (nas 9 ae a aSee Asignnens 3 though 8 for Unt $2.09 poyes 81-2 INTERNE COMECTIN Vist tiie and deeb the ‘mechanical engineering organization that formulates rational andar: hplwnrmasoneory! 53. POLYGONS ‘polygon sa plane igre bound by five or more straight nes nt necessary of equal length. A regular polygon is 3 plane igure bounded by fve or more straight fines of eal Fei and containing anges of equal sie ‘To Draw 2 Hexagon, Given the Distance ‘across the Flats |. Exablish hoizonial and vertical center fines forthe hexagon (Fig 5-16). Using the intersection of these lines as cener, with ras one-half the distance aro the at, daw ight coastructon circle 4, Using the 60 rangle, daw sin straight lines, equally spaced, passing through the center of the cic 4 Draw tangents to these lines at thei intersection with the circle, To Draw a Hexagon, Given the Distance across the Corners 1. Establish horizontal and vertical center ins, and dew ‘light consircton circle with radius oneshall the distance toss the comers (Ft. $17 2 With a 60" wiangl, establish points oo the eircumfer ce 6 por, 13 Draw struight lines connecting these points. 5-16 Comurcting a era COMPTER'S Aopked Geoweny * To Draw an Octagon, Given the Distance across the Flats 1. Establish hvizonal and vertical centr tines and dew & light construction circle with radius onc all the di tance across the Mts Fig 518), 2 Draw horizon and vera lines tangent to the eel. 3 Using the 45* triangle, draw lies tangent to the cifle aa 45° ange fom the horizon To Draw an Octagon, Given the Distance across the Corners 4. Esabish horizontal and vertical ce ines and deaw & light constuction cince with radius one-half the dive lance across the comers (Fi. 5-19, p. 26). 2, With the 45° triangle establish points on the cincumfer: ence between the horizontal and verical centerline. 3. Draw steught ins connecting these pots the points whet the centerline crass the circumference. Fig. 5-17 Conuractng « hexagon, gic he vstance Psrting an tag. ge the Uta% PART ave esuing and Devan (IAN LS Fig, 519, Cosurcting an ator, hen te diane Fig. 5-20, Contring «segue pgm, gen he egth sete, ‘To Draw a Regular Polygon, Given the Length of the Sides ‘Asa example et polygon have seven sides. 1. Given the length of side AB (Fig. $20), with radius AB nd A. center, daw a semiccle and dvi i into Seven equal pars using a potato 2, Through the second division fom the eft daw rai line A 3 Through points 3, 4, 5, and 6 extend adil lines as shows 4 Win AB as radius and Bas cemer, cut Hine AB at. ‘With the same ras and Cas cele, ut line AS at D. [Repeat at E and F. ', Comect these pois with suaight lines “These steps can be followed in drawing a regular poly gon with any aumber of sides ‘To Inscribe a Regular Pentagon in a Given Circle 1. Given a ice with coer © tig. 21, draw the cee with diner A 2 Bact line OW at Fig. 5-21 Ineibing x epslr penguin a given cd ‘i 3. With ceuter D and ratius DC, draw are CE to cut th ameter st E, 44 With C as cemer and radius CE, daw are CF w « the citeumfarence at F. Distance CF is oe side of th we Wi Points on the circle. Connect the poits wih tng Hines, and the pentagon i inscribed witha the Girl. See Asignments 9 trough 11 for Unt 5:30 page 3-84, INTERNET CONNECTION Kemize he ferences Between ‘esean standards and Canaan drafting standard Ieper 5-4 ELLIPSE ‘The elipse isthe plane curve generated by a point mov 0 thatthe sum ofthe distances from any pot om # cur {0 two Bed points, clle foc scons. ‘Oien a draferscalled upon trav oblique and iti hols and surfaces that take the approximate form of ellipse. Several methods, tue and apyroximate, reused { {is comsucion. The tens myjor diameter and minor dia fer wil Be ase in place Of major as and minor ais Si eofason wih the mathemati! X and Yates. To Draw an Ellipse—Two-Circle Method 1. Given the mjoe and mince diameters Fig. 5-22), co struct wo concestc crs with diameter ea snd CD. 2 Divide the cists into a convent nome of tats, Figure :22 os 12 2 Wes the ad ing ct the a i 8 a du Fines par 0 Ine CD nak the caer ie4, Where the sube fal line interacts the ier, as ‘12, draw ne parallel axis A aay fro the nee circle. The intersection of these lines, at at 3, gives pains of the lips. 5, Draw a smooth curve trough these points ‘To Draw an Ellipse—Four-Cent Method 4. Given the major diameter CD an the minor diameter AB (Fig. $-23), join points A and C with ie 2. Draw an are with point O as the center and raias OC and extend line OA to lecate point 3. Draw an are with point A asthe center and radius AE ‘0 leat point F. 7 4. Draw the’ perpendicular biseior of tne CF w locate pins G and 5, Draw aes with Gand K ax ceners nd ai HA and EB to complee the elie ‘Yo Draw an Ellipse—Parallelogram Method 1, Given the major diameter CD st minor dianeter A (Gig. $24 constact a parler. 2. Divide CO iio a number of eauil prt, Divide CE Imo the same amber of equal pus. Nur the points fiom C. 23. Draw a line from B wo point 1 on ine CE, Draw a line fiom A aicough poi Lon CO, ners he previous line. The point oF iesscton wil be ome pat the lips 4. Proceed in the same mans to tnd ether pnts on the ellipse. 5, Draw a smooth curve though these points Se Asigenets 12 and 13 fr Unit 4 on pape, IMTENETCOMECTON Usk dating intrmstion you > need and fin it in the Dealing Reece Gude Inupstmwwada org QMPTEAS Appted Geomeny ” llipse—fourcetr mtn Fig. $:24 Dewing an ellise—parlelgram method. Helix sh ‘The ells Uh curye generated by 2 point tht revolves unifrmly around and up or down the fue of cylinder. “The Fea is the vertical distance that the pot rss o ops in one complet revoluton, 5-5 HELIX AND PARABOLA To Draw a Helix 1. Given the diameter of the eylindet aad the ead (Fg. $25, p. 78), daw th top and frat views 2. Divide the circumference (op view) into a coenient ‘mer of prs (ase 12) and abe ther. {3 Project lines down tothe front view. “4. Divide thee into the same numberof expr and label them as shown in Fig. 5-25, 5. The pois of intersection of lines with conesponding ‘numafes eon the bls. Note: Since pints 40 12 ie {on the back portion ofthe eplindr the eli uve Mat ing at point 7 and passing throgh pins 8, 9. 1, 1 12 wo point will pa ay i i 1 the sclopment of te eink bdo wl ayy as taht Heo the de “ the tix‘ssignments for Unit 5:2, Arce and On a B (A3) sie sh draw th tions in Fig. $28. Use light co ‘develop the figures. Seale 1:1, Do upper Fight-hand qual! of the 24.00 5° segments.” © upper left-hand adr of the 5.00 nto ‘qual segments 1 Bisect the are JDC. * Line GF ib twice as long a ne HG. Draw a reverse ‘ogee cuve pasing through poins HG, and Seale * 1, Do not dimension, On an A (A4)size sheet make 4 drawing of one of the pars sown ia Fig. 5:31 of $32. Seale I:1. Do not Aimession Vig. 5-31 Fig. 532 eerTheory of Shape Description OBJECTIVES Mier itaing Ma char, sa wll he abe + Define thindange prujection. (61) © Shae views fora drawing. (62) # Use miter tne. 46-2) Discuss hile lines, (64) & Descri hw vitculr features ae shan mang. (6) © Detine whique saree, (6:7) List the spinbols for materia of cunstustion, (6:12) © Solve oresnteing pees (6-14) 6-1 ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS Theory of Shape Description tn th a df echt dawing, various pjton mts ae ng "emncat jet, Each seth Ras th advantages sd Ualantages The norma echical drawing i fen soe in thoy hich mote thaw one view 8 wed to Jew and camp 6-1), The drawing of ts dnipsional reenttions, boron an ndsrtanting of both she projection method andi nearer reales ofthe drawing, locking a two-dimensional vw. wll ech ize a thceslimcnsional objet | or many technical lds sod the agen of devckpnent of exuinet al ‘fort the dater not supply th viewer ait eos Pictoril dawings provide i metab deaing| sinemional view a objet ay i wen sear the teres shown in Fig 1 These pel deaninge ne eso ‘in dal in Chap. 15 The steady increase in global te exchae of drawings ft a en ‘methods of compatce sk design a dimensions tepese imethds of representa, nicl intrcommiunicen, andthe Wai a5 wel the even of ig with thei wats pn tse ays ters have ane oa Orthographic Representations . | Onoeaphic representa i sbianed by means of pall sata pg | ‘iy andres in Hat. tweens veony yet lve treat.“ sh jet cmnpltl thy 0 tens th dts fede aml fay be wweseny dP‘OnTHOGONAL PRouEcTION Fig. 61 Types of poeton wed in dating PICTORIAL onawinas 4 ee ee acu e ‘ oes [oes ge : « [eel Fig. 62 Designation of views. ‘The mos informative view ofthe sjet to be eprescted {& momally chosen asthe principal view at view). This is view A according 10 the dvetio of viewing wand uilly sho the object inthe funtian, mntfctrng oF mounting ston. The postion ofthe ter vs laine othe pin view in the draving depends on the postion mth (hint angle, fst-angl, reference acs. tn practice, otal ix views (A 1 Fae nese. Whe vows ue than he pip ‘ew ae necessary they should eke inte + Limit the numberof views and sets fo the mininan necessary to fll repeset the ust viva amity. 9 Avoid unnecessary rpeiion of deta Methods of Representation The four methods of nlgraphiespresemtation ae thee imgle projection, fstsnle pevjcton, rave layout, and mierred erbographle representation Thi sgl postin Is sed in he ied Sse, Coad and ‘vay th coum ght he worl, Pith os Jssto sed mail ia Earopean ea An coo Third-Angle Projection Th sind angle prejecion webs an xrapbic ep ‘scan i whih the object to be eset an seh bythe Sherer apps behind the eon wing Fase on which the abet i arboreal prjcted {rig 638, p88) On ech projection plane te pct represen wi ii cen engonlly Tia et of ‘sth pln Ths positions ofthe wre sew eltie to the pea