Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
2530 FLOATABLES*
2530 A. Introduction
One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of teria and/or viruses associated with individual particles, and can
waste disposal into surface waters is the amount of floatable significantly concentrate metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons
material in the waste. Two general types of floating matter are such as pesticides and PCBs. Colloidally dispersed oil and grease
found: particulate matter that includes grease balls, and liquid behave like other dispersed organic matter and are included in
components capable of spreading as a thin, highly visible film the material measured by the COD, BOD, and TOC tests. The
over large areas. Floatable material in wastewaters is important floatable oil test indicates the readily separable fraction. The
because it accumulates on the surface, is often highly visible, is results are useful in designing oil and grease separators, in
subject to wind-induced transport, may contain pathogenic bac- ascertaining the efficiency of operating separators, and in mon-
itoring raw and treated wastewater streams. Many cities and
districts have specified floatable oil and grease limits for waste-
* Approved by Standard Methods Committee, 2000. water discharged to sewers.
1. Discussion
3. Procedure
While the flotation funnel is being filled, mix sampler contents with B weight of filter, mg, and
a small propeller mixer. Adjust mixing speed to provide uniform C sample volume, L. (Do not include volume used for density
distribution of floating particles throughout the liquid but avoid or concentration correction, if used.)
extensive air entrapment through formation of a large vortex.
c. Correction for density and for concentration effects: When 5. Precision and Bias
a receiving water has a density and ion concentration different
from that of the waste, adjust sample density and ion concentra- Precision varies with the concentration of suspended matter in
tion to that of the receiving water. For example, if the receiving the sample. There is no completely satisfactory procedure for
water is ocean water, place 1.5 L sample in flotation funnel and determining the bias of the method for wastewater samples but
add 1.5 L filtered seawater from the receiving area together with approximate recovery can be determined by running a second
mixture of 39.8 g NaCl, 8.0 g MgCl2 6H2O, and 2.3 g test for floatables on all water discharged throughout the proce-
CaCl2 2H2O. The final mixture contains the amount of dure, with the exception of the last 10 mL. Precision and bias are
floatables in a 1.5-L sample in a medium of approximately the summarized in Table 2530:I. Experience with the method at one
same density and ion concentration as seawater. municipal treatment plant indicates that the practical lower limit
d. Flotation: Mix flotation funnel contents at 40 rpm for 15 of detection is approximately 1 mg/L.
min using a paddle mixer (Figure 2530:3). Let settle for 5 min,
mix at 100 rpm for 1 min, and let settle for 30 min. Discharge 2.8 6. Bibliography
L through bottom stopcock at a rate of 500 mL/min. Do not
disturb the sample surface in the flotation funnel during dis- HEUKELEKIAN, H. & J. BALMAT. 1956. Chemical composition of the
charge. With distilled water from a wash bottle, wash down any particulate fractions of domestic sewage. Sewage Ind. Wastes 31:
floatable material sticking to sides of stirring paddle and funnel. 413.
Let remaining 200 mL settle for 15 min and discharge settled ENGINEERING-SCIENCE, INC. 1965. Determination and Removal of Float-
solids and liquid down to the 40-mL mark on the Imhoff cone. able Material from Waste Water. Rep. for U.S. Public Health Serv.
Let settle again for 10 min and discharge until only 10 mL liquid contracts WPD 12-01 (R1)-63 and WPD 12-02-64, Engineering-
and the floating particles remain in funnel. Add 500 mL distilled Science, Inc., Arcadia & Oakland, Calif.
HUNTER, J.V. & H. HEUKELEKIAN. 1965. Composition of domestic sewage
water and stir by hand to separate entrapped settleable particles
fractions. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37:1142.
from the floatable particles. Let settle for 15 min, then discharge NUSBAUM I. & L. BURTMAN. 1965. Determination of floatable matter in
to the 40-mL mark. Let settle for 10 min, then discharge drop- waste discharges. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37:577.
wise to the 10-mL mark. Filter remaining 10 mL and floating SCHERFIG, J. & H. F. LUDWIG. 1967. Determination of floatables and
particles through a preweighed glass fiber filter. Wash sides of hexane extractables in sewage. In Advances in Water Pollution
flotation funnel with distilled water to transfer all floatable Research, Vol. 3, p. 217, Water Pollution Control Federation,
material to filter. Washington, D.C.
e. Weighing: Dry and weigh glass fiber filter at 103 to 105 C SELLECK, R.E., L. W. BRACEWELL & R. CARTER. 1974. The Significance
for exactly 2 h (see Section 2540D.3c). and Control of Wastewater Floatables in Coastal Waters. Rep. for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency contract R-800373, SERL
Rep. No. 74-1, Sanitary Engineering Research Lab., Univ. Califor-
4. Calculation nia, Berkeley.
BRACEWELL, L.W. 1976. Contribution of Wastewater Discharges to Sur-
face Films and Other Floatables on the Ocean Surface. Thesis,
(A B)
mg particulate floatables/L Univ. California, Berkeley.
C BRACEWELL, L.W., R.E. SELLECK & R. CARTER. 1980. Contribution of
where: wastewater discharges to ocean surface particulates. J. Water Pol-
A weight of filter floatables, mg, lut. Control Fed. 52:2230.
1. Discussion 2. Apparatus
The floatable oil and grease test does not measure a precise class a. Floatable oil tube (Figure 2530:4): Before use, carefully
of substances; rather, the results are determined by the conditions of clean tube by brushing with a mild scouring powder. Water must
the test. The fraction measured includes oil and grease, both floating form a smooth film on inside of cleaned glass. Do not use
and adhering to the sides of the test vessel. The adhering and the lubricant on stopcock.
floating portions are of similar practical significance because it is b. Conical flask, 300 mL.
assumed that most of the adhering portion would otherwise float
under receiving water conditions. The results have been found to
represent well the amount of oil removed in separators having
overflow rates equivalent to test conditions.
2-54 PHYSICAL & AGGREGATE PROPERTIES (2000)
5. Calculations
where:
Figure 2530:4. Floatable oil tube, 1-L capacity.
A total gain in weight of tared flask, mg, and
B calculated residue from solvent blank of the same volume
as that used in the test, mg.
3. Reagents
6. Precision and Bias
a. 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane*: See Section 5520C.3b.
b. Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 6N. There is no standard against which bias of this test can be
c. Filter paper. determined. Variability of replicates is influenced by sample heter-
ogeneity. If large grease particles are present, the element of chance
4. Procedure in sampling may be a major factor. One municipal wastewater
discharge and two meat-packing plant discharges, both containing
a. Sampling: Collect samples at a place where there is a strong noticeable particles of grease, were analyzed in triplicate. Averages
turbulence in the water and where floating material is not trapped at for the three wastewaters were 48, 57, and 25 mg/L; standard
the surface. Fill floatable oil tube to mark by dipping into water. Do deviations averaged 11%. An oil refinery made duplicate determi-
not use samples taken to the laboratory in a bottle, because oil and nations of its separator effluent on 15 consecutive days, obtaining
grease cannot be redispersed to their original condition. results ranging from 5.1 to 11.2 mg/L. The average difference
b. Flotation: Support tube in a vertical position. Start flotation between pairs of samples was 0.37 mg/L.
period at sampling site immediately after filling tube. The standard
flotation time is 30 min. If a different time is used, state this
7. Bibliography
* Freon or equivalent. POMEROY, R.D. 1953. Floatability of oil and grease in wastewaters.
Whatman No. 40 or equivalent. Sewage Ind. Wastes 25:1304.