Chnh sch ca vua Gia Long

V Ng Chiu

Va chim li Hu ngy 13/6/1801, n lc u tin ca Nguyn Chng (Gia Long, 1/6/1802-

3/2/1820) l thit lp s chnh thng cho tn tro. Nhng bc c bn nhm thit lp lin h vi
nh Thanh v cc ln bang; tuyn dng mnh tri [thin mnh] ca nh Nguyn; phc hng chnh
gio, tc chn Khng gio lm nn tng chnh tr; v, tch bit dn khi nh hng Ki-t.

Tuy nhin, ngi t xung nhng nn mng cho nh Nguyn l Nguyn Phc m, tc Minh
Mng (14/2//1820-20/1/1841). Ln ngi khi gn ba chc tui, Nguyn Phc m thc hin
ci t triu chnh, da trn kiu mu nh Thanh, nhng li t ho ch ca mnh ging nh Hn
hn chinh vua quan Thanh. Tuy nhin, vua th hai nh Nguyn phm phi ba li lm ln. Th nht,
l vua quay lng li vi cc cng quc u M, theo ui chnh sch t c lpkhng chung
vi di chb l mt c hi hin i ha nh Nht Bn hay Xim La (Thi Lan, t 1938), khin
vng quc tr thnh thuc a ca Php gn mt th k, t 1859 ti 1955. Tnh trng na thuc
a, na bo h ny khin i Nam ngy thm lc hu v c kinh t ln qun s, l cha ni n
him ha phn chia di theo ranh gii a phng, m cho ti u th k XXI, sau 40 nm thng
nht, vn cha gii quyt c.

Li lm th hai l vn Trn Ty Thnh, hay m mu xm chim v ng ha nc Kamboja t

nm 1837, to nn nhiu hu qu xunh tinh thn bi Vit (cp dun, git mi Vit) trong nhiu
tng lp Khmer; hay, s him khch vi Xim La. Li lm th ba l s thin cn, bi Ki-t, vi tham
vng dung thnh gio Trung Hoa, hay Thanh Nho, i x vi tn Ki-t v cc nh truyn gio
Ty Phng. V Nguyn Phc m c coi nh gng mu, sut hai triu Min Tng (Thiu Tr,
11/2/1841-4/11/1847) v Hng Nhim (T c (10/11/1847-19/7/1833) phi gnh chu hu
qu tai hi, nng n v ti chnh, kinh t cng nh chnh tr. Vi o vng lm sang o Tri do Khng
Khu lu truyn, Hng Nhim cn phm vo li lm th ttc st nhp vo vng quc Thanh,
khin hi tc, th ph cng quan qun Thanh thng tr min Bc, bin quan tng Vit tr thnh
nhng nhn vin tip vn sut 15 nm di. Nhng khi c ngi nhc nh n mi ha cp t ca
nh Thanh, Hn Vn nh Nguyn gin d tuyn b, Ch nn ly lng tiu nhn o d qun t.
C th ni, nhng ngi trc tip ng gp vo vic mt nc t nm 1883 l chnh Hng Nhim,
Hong thi hu T D [D], cng nhm cn thn gc Hoa nh Phan Thanh Gin, Lm Duy Thip, v
Trng ng Qu.
I. Lin h hiu cng nh Thanh (1644-1912):

T th k XIX tr v trc, cng tc ngoi giao Chu l mt vic t nh v phc tp, da theo lut
k mnh, c ln nut c b. Ti lc a, hai trung tm quyn lc ln l Trung Hoa v India. Do v tr
a d v vn ha, Vit Nam nm trong vng nh hng ca Trung Hoa, xoay quanh qu o ca h
thng thng hiu hng v kinh ln bang khng l pha Bcnm na hn l phc v con Tri,
na ngi, na Thnh, thng t nhn l ch nhn ca mun loi, mun vt di vm tribiu
dng sc mnh ca Tri, t, v Thn linh. Nhim ca cc ch hu nh i Vit (xut hin di
tn Giao Ch, An Nam, hay Man Di (Nam Man, Ty Nam Man Di) gm np cng l nh k, v xin tha
nhn, ban phong chc tc mi khi ln ngi, l phc cng lch hng nm thay mt con Tri v
nui man di. Vn th trao i gia hai nc th lun lun c nhng thut ng nh s st, run ry
tu trnh, hay i n ma mc nh nh mt tri soi ri ti hang hc ti tm. Truyn bn An Nan
zhi-lue [An Nam Ch Lc] ca L Tcmt ngi Vit gc Hoa t nhn l truyn nhn th s
Nguyn Phu (453), theo hng Mng C nm 1285 cng ch nhn l Trn Kin, ri lm vic cho triu
nh lu vong ca Trn ch Tc, nh c ti Trung Hoaghi chp li nhiu chng t ca loi vn
chng khm nm, nhng c ti ny ca nhng ngi cm quyn ti c Vit. Mt ngun t liu
phong ph khc l b Minh thc lc [Ming shi-lu]. Mc d c nhng sai lm phi c khi vit v mt
nc ln bang nh i Vittc Giao Ch thng s ti, An Nam quc, ri An Nam thng s ti
t 1540-29/4/1541 ti nm 1647gip thy r u c thc dn, k th chng tc, v nhng ti c
chin tranh ca vua quan Trung Hoa.

T ngy chim li Si Gn ln th ba nm 1788, Nguyn Chng khng ngng mua chuc cm tnh
ca nh Thanh v khot su mu thun Thanh-Ty Sn. Ma H 1798, theo ngh ca Nguyn Vn
Thnh v ng Trn Thng, Nguyn Chng sai Ng Nhn Tnh p tu bun ngi Thanh qua
Qung ng, hi tin vua L Duy K (10/8/1786-2/2/1789), nhng thc ra m lin h hiu
cng vi i Tn Gic La Ngung Dim (Gia Khnh [Jiaqing], tc Thanh Nhn Tng, 1796-1820), vi
mn qa ra mt l nhm t binh hi tc T Ngi, lc y ang lin minh vi Quang Ton nh Ty Sn.
(2)

Sau khi ti chim Hu Nguyn Chng cho Trnh Hoi c, mang chc Thng th B H, lm Chnh
s i H Mn, Qung ng, trao tr n tn nh Thanh ban cho Ty Sn, ng thi np ba th lnh
gic bin T Ngi h Mc, Lng v Phn. Phi on c Ng Nhn Tnh (Tham tri b Binh), v Hong
Ngc Un (Tham tri b Hnh) lm Ph s. Theo s Nguyn, Tng c Qung ng Gic La Ci Khnh
mng r, tip n rt hu, v cho chuyn n tn Ty Sn v kinh. Ngung Dim cng rt vui. (3)
Sau khi chim H Ni ngy 16/7/1802, mau chng gii quyt vic thng hiu, vua cho hai cu
Thng th Ng Th Nhm, v Phan Huy chtng gip vic ngoi giao thi Quang Trung v Quang
Tontham gia vo cng tc giao hiu. Th d nh khi c tham kho kin, c Ng Th Nhm ln
Phan Huy ch chng li nh tip s ngay bin gii, sau khi Nguyn Chng gi L Chnh L v
Trn Minh Ngha ti Trn Nam Quan ch tin; ri thng 7-8/1802, c inh Minh lm chnh th hiu
t i din ca Trn Nam Quan, v inh Gip lm Ph th hiu gi i Du Thn, vi n ng Vn
Uyn chu th hiu chi chng. (4)

Thng 11-12/1802, vi s chp thun ca Bc Kinh, Nguyn Chng li sai L Quang nh lm chnh
s, L Chnh L v Nguyn Gia Ct lm ph s, ln Bc Kinh cu phong v xin i quc hiu thnh
Nam Vit. Cho lnh Trnh Hoi c cng s b c a cng phm (2 cn k nam, 2 cp ng voi, 4 ta
sng t, 100 cn trm hng, 200 cn tc hng, v 200 tm tru, the v vi) n Qung Ty
thp tng bn L Quang nh ln Bc Kinh. (5)

Nhng Ngung Dim chng c g vi v, ch ng s iu tra k cng hn sau khi nhn c biu
cu phong ca Nguyn Chng. iu khin Ngung Dim v cc cn thn quan tm nht l tn Nan Yue
[Nam Vit] m Nguyn Chng ngh c Lu Bang (202-196 TTL) ban cho Zhao Tuo [Triu
, 207-137 TTL] t nm 198 TTL, v ch b Lu Trit (Hn V (140-87 TTL) sai L Bc c (Lu
Bo-De) xm lc nm 112-111 TTL, st nhp vo quc Ty Hn (202 TTL-08 TL). Cui cng,
Ngung Dim khai sinh tn Vit Nam v chc Vit Nam quc vng cho Nguyn Chng, bo m
khng c s lm ln gia Vit Thng thi Ty Chu (1112-249 TTL, hin nay, 1045-248 TTL), vi
hai tnh Ty Vit v ng Vit (Lng Qung) thuc vng quc Nam Vit (207-112 TTL) c ca
Zhao Tuo. (6)

Cc b quc s c u chp theo chnh s Trung Hoa l c Vit b Zhao Tuo chim gi, chia lm
hai hay ba qun. Tuy nhin, chng a ra c mt t liu kh tn no. Truyn bn S K [Shiji] ca
T M Thin [Sima Qian], chng hn, tng tng ra mt con ng b t Thim Ty, di theo
duyn hi ti Ph Nam [Funan], Lm p [Lin-Yi], Vit Thng [Yue Shang] vo khong nm 1110
TTL; mt iu bt kh. Thy Kinh Ch v Thy Kinh Ch th ng m thy song Lan Thng chy ra
bin Nht Nam. Truyn bn S K ca T M Thin cn thm Zhao Tuo tuyn b cho x trung
c vua. l cha ni n vic tc H thch n tht ngi, bit cch p mui n dn; ni lon
t nm 178 ti 181, khi b dn vo huyn Cao Lng [Gao Liang]; Sima Guang [T M Quang], Zizhi
tongjian [T Tr Thng Gim], chng 57-58. Cc chi tit trn u c chp trong b s Nguyn
Khm nh Vit S Thng Gim Cng Mc (1884), phn Tin Bin.

Nm 1803, Ngung Dim mi ra quyt nh sai n st Qung Ty T B Sm sang phong vng cho
Nguyn Chng. Ngy i l bang giao 24/2/1804, Nguyn Chng ra H Ni nghe T B Sm c D
ca Ngung Dim: t ch Vit ln trn, t vn theo cng th i trc, t ch Nam di
biu dng phin quc mi c sc phong; tn xng chnh i, m i vi tn c ca Lng Vit
ni a li phn bit hn. Ri ngy 28/3/1804, sau l Thi Miu Hu, Nguyn Chng chnh thc
i quc hiu thnh Vit Nam, xung chiu thng bo cho ton dn c bit.(7)

C t na hai ng lc khin Nguyn Phc Chng xin nh Thanh sc phong. Trc ht, vua mun
tuyn dng s chnh thng cho h Nguyn, mi thay nh Hu L Trung hng (1533-1789) nhn
lnh thin mnh cai tr ton ci Vit Thng v Vim bang. Trong mt nhng l thuyt gia Khng
gio, n tn sc phong ca nh Thanh biu hiu s chnh thnghoc mt s bo m s tm thi
trnh c nn binh ao. c k cc b s Trung Hoa thi qun ch chuyn ch, tham vng thc
dn, bnh trng lun lun tim n trong u c vua quan Hn tc. Kinh nghim st mu m
Nguyn Chng v cc cn thn chng kin t xa l cuc biu dng uy c ca Hong Lch nm
1789, ri n chuyn du hnh ca mt Nguyn Quang Bnh gi nm 1790, khin Hong Lch chp
nhn chi ph khong 4,000 lng bc mi ngy c thnh tch c Quc Vng Nam Man n m
u gi ngy l thng th 80trong khi nm th k trc, Ht Tt Lit [Qublai Khan] 15 ln
tht bi, d phi ba ln a qun xung chinh pht; nhng cha khin Trn Thnh Tng hay
Trn Nhn Tng hi s. Bi th tng Nguyn Quang Bnh nm 1790, v ri vn bia trn m gi ca
Quang Bnh bn H Ty H Ni, chng t Hong Lch rt vui vi chin thng ngoi giao ny. ng
hn, c hai bn u thng limt k cng ca Phc Khang An (1753-1796), thuc dng h Ph
Xt ca Bt K, m nhn chc Tng c Lng Qung t ngy 19/2/1789, thay Tn S Ngh
kho lo ra mt cho ng vua gi, hoang ph ti hn 150 triu nn bc cho mi v cng t
Thanh Hi ti Ty Tng, Mian Dian, i Loan, ri An Nam. (8)

Chng nhng t ho l dn tc vn minh duy nht trong thin h, vua quan Hn cn t xng l con
Tri, lm ch mun loi, mun vt di vm tri. n i nh Minh d bit c nhiu quc gia
hung mnh khcnhng gung my tuyn truyn khua ching g trng cho ngai v c tn ca Hn
tc; tt c mi dn tc khc u l mi rman yi, cn c tm gi nh sang thnh gio, ca
nhng thnh nhn nh Khng Khu, L Nh, cng t ca h, ni danh mun i qua th kin
thc tri t l mt nh tinh hnh khi vung, c mt tri, mt trng cng tinh t xoay quanh. Mt
tri hay mt trng c nhng trc di chuyn t im mc, ti im ln, nhng cui chn tri xa
thm, ni t tri gp nhau. Gia nh Ban C (Ban Gu, 32-92), trong Tin Hn Th, cho rng ch
mt tri ln ch cch x Tiaozhi vi trm ngy i ng v hng Tyd cha ai t chn ti
Tiaozhi, hay ng trn b vc thm y sng m ngm cnh mt tri ln. S ngu dt sc s v
kiu cng cn i xa hn na khi vua quan Hn thng nhc n c Vit hay c Chm (Chim hay
Champa) nm v pha nam ca trc quay ca mt tri; v khng phi l chuyn ni xung, m
c trc nghim nhiu ln trn thc a.. Th d nh trng mt cy nu Giao Chu, bng ca n
nm v pha nam ba tc mt phn; nhng Lm p th bng cy nu di ti tm tc mt phn.
Vn theo nhng khi c kit xut ca Hn tc, chiu di ca bng cy nu cn tng ng vi khong
cch t a im o trc nghim ti kinh Trung Hoa, tc Lc Dng. Th d nh Giao Chu cch
Lc Dng ti 7700 dm [3,850 cy s], trong khi t Shu Le (Kasgar, mt th trn trn trc l t la
c thi [silk road], cng mt trung tm truyn b Pht Gio vo n Hong v ng ), cch Lc
Dng 10,300 l, hay 9,282 cy s. (9)
Cc s quan nh hng Nho gio tng gi nhng vua Vitnh Ng Quyn (939-945)l
tim thit, dng inh Tin Hong (968?-979) khi u phn chnh bin ca quc s phn v
h inh c cng thng nht t nc, v xin sc phong ca nh Tng. Nhng L Duy m (Th
Tng, 2/2/1573-12/10/1599) phi hai ln mang ng o ty tng, k c Nguyn Hong, ti Trn
Nam Quan trnh din, ngy 25/11/1597 mi c Chu Dc Qun (Minh Thn Tng, 5/7/1572-
18/8/1620) phong chc An Nam thng s ti thng s ging Mc ng Dung, Mc Phc Hi
v Mc Mu Hp.(CMCB XXX:26; (H Ni: 1998), II:221) Mi ti i L Duy K (Thn Tng, 1619-
1643, TTH 1643-1649, 1649-1662) khi nh Minh mt Yn Kinh, rt chy v x t Hng Chu
pha nam, nm 1647 Chu Do Lang (1647-1662) mi phong Duy K lm ANQV. Ring nh Thanh,
nm 1667, Huyn Hoa tc Khang Hy (Kangxi, 1662-1722) phong L Huyn Tng (11-12/1662-
16/11/1671) lm An Nam Quc vng, v khng tip tay Ng Tam Qu ni lon Vn Nam. (CMCB,
XXXIII:21, (H Ni: 1998), II:317). Trong khi , nm 1702, triu nh Thanh t chi biu cu phong
ca cha Nguyn, v phong cho vua L ng Ngoi. (10) (10) Nm 1744, V vng Nguyn
Phc Khot (1738-1765) phi t c n ANQV, sai s gi i cc nc ln bang thng bo vic ny.
Mt s gi phi t t phn i.

Yu t th hai l Nguyn Chng hnh x theo ng trt t chnh tr Chu lc by gitc ho

hiu vi cng quc phng Bc tm thi bo m nn ho bnh mi thit lp sau hn phn t
th k ni chin. Nhn n phong vng, bi th, nng tnh cch nghi thcca h thng ngoi giao
nc nh th phng nc ln cho n ngy b tiu dithn cng nhn ch quyn Trung Hoa trn
lnh th Vit Nam. iu ny gii thch ti sao trong khi tho lun v quc hiu, Nguyn Chng tng
e da khng xin tn phong na nu vua Thanh khng chp nhn quc hiu Nam Vit. V, d ch
c phong quc vng, t ngy 28/6/1806 Nguyn Chng t xng Hong trong nc hay
quc th vi cc ch humt hnh ng m ngy cn Si Gn, Nguyn Chng tng t co vi
nh Thanh l biu hiu s thiu thnh thc v tn trung ca cha con Quang Trung (1788- 1792).
(11)

Ngoi ra, trong khi tho lun cng cc i thn v bang giao vi cc nc, Nguyn Chng khng du
nim t ho bi o qun mt thi bch chin ca Ty Sn, chng nhng ph tan qun Xim
nm 1785 m cn khin o qun hng L ca Tn S Ngh [Sun Shi-Yi] r nt trong vng su ngy
Tt K Du ngn ngi. (12)

Ging nh bt c ch no mi ln cm quyn, thit lp quan h vi i cng phng Bc l u

tin hng u v ngoi giao ca cc vua Vit. Cc i thn thng khm nm chc mng vua cha
khi gii quyt xong vn thng hiu. Ngay n Quang Trung Nguyn Hu ([1753]-1789-1792)
ngi hng ca bao chin thng qun s, dit Nguyn, dit Trnh, v ghi hai chin cng v i chng
qun Xim do Nguyn Chng v Chu Vn Ngnh n v, hay o qun ph L ca Tn S Ngh qua
v cng su [6] ngy Tt K Du (1789). Tuy nhin, vua quan Trung Hoa cha hi lng vi quan h
thng hiu trch thng do h p t, m lun tham vng chim ot t nc, hay n l ha cc tc
man di bn ngoi ni a. iu t ngi quan tm hay bit n l mi v cng ca i Tn Gic
La Hong Lch (tc Qian-long hay Cn Long, 1735-1796) v mn chin ph khng l ln ti 150 triu
nn bc, i ly c mt vng t bao la t ng bc ti cc ty nh Thanh Hi, Tibet, Tn Cng
[Xinjiang]ni sc tc Uyghur ang b dit chng, ch cn li khong na dn s.

Ba tiu quc Nam Man hay Ty Nam Man Ditc Mian Dian, Taiwan v An Namcng trc
tip b xm ln nm 1766-1770, 1786-1788, v 1788-1789, nhng thot nn. Thi t tn khin
Hong Lch, ging nh nhng ngi tin nhim, ch chp nhn n x hay tha ti cho cc nn
nhn, Phc Khang An, tng c Lng Qung t ngy 19/2/1789 dn cnh cho mt Nguyn Quang
Bnh gi ti tn Nhit H m u gi ng gi 80 tui Hong Lch, hu ra mt sau thm bi Tt K
Du. V th qun bng quyn lc qu chnh lch, mi quan h hu nh c dn xp v quyt nh
ti Lng Qung, tc phin ti Qung ng v Qung Ty, hay Vn Nam, qua cc i Trn Nam, hay
Lin Hoa. Qung ng v Qung Ty cn c bit nh Ty Vit v ng Vit m theo truyn
thuyt vn l t c ca ngi Vit, b dn Hn chim ot v Hn ha trong thin nin k u
tin Ty lch.

II. Lin h vi cc ln bang ng Nam :

Vi ln bang ng Nam , Nguyn Chng cng gi th thc hiu knh bt chc ca Hn tc ni

chung.

Hai nc ng Nam c coi nh ln bang l Xim La (Thi Lan t nm 1938) v L Tng

(Luzon, Philippines). Vi Min in [Ava, Burma hay Mayannar], Nguyn Chng gi mt khong
cch, phn v xa cch, phn do th i nghch Xim-Min t nm 1767, phn v s suy tn ca vng
quc ny sau cuc bi trn nm 1811. Trong s cc phin thuc c Chn Lp [Chenla], Vn Tng
[Ving Chn] v cc t trng ri rc gia rng Trng Sn v sng Khung (Mekong, hay Cu
Long). Vi ln bang vng ng Nam , Nguyn Chng gi mt chnh sch thn hu, ci m. Lin
h vi Xim La ko di tt p cho ti ci cht vo nm 1809 ca Rama [Pht vng] Ivua lp
nghip dng Chakri, cng ngi tng ra tay cu tr Nguyn Chng, c Chng gi l cha, tin
cng hoa vng, hoa bc nh du hiu thn phc. Cao Man (Kam-puchia hin nay) bt u thn phc
Vit Nam t ba nm trc (1806), nhng thc t tiu quc ny bin thnh mt th chim nhiu
umt hng v Krung Thp, mt hng v Hu, mt hng v Trung Hoa, v mt v i Ty..
Cc x Nam Chng, Ai Lao u chu triu cng. Nhng sc tc trn vng Trng Sn, c bit l
cc b lc Gia Rai, cng bt u bin thnh ch hu ca Vit Nam. (13)
Nm 1815, Nguyn Chng cng b mt danh sch 13 nc n cng (vin phng ch quc lai
cng) gm Nam Chng [Luang Prabang], Vn Tng [Vientiane], Trn Ninh [Siang Khuang], Min
in [Burma], Pht Lang Sa [France], Anh Ct Li [Britain], Thy X [Water Heaven] v Ho X
[Fire Heaven]. (14)

A. Xim La:

Nguyn Chng nm mi v mn ngt, chua cay trong lin h vi Xim La. Trc chin dch 1782-
1783 ca anh em Ty Sn, Nguyn Chng tng i c lp vi Xim. Qun Nguyn v Xim tng
giao tranh trn t Kamboja (Chn Lp) bo v quyn bo h tiu quc chim nhiu u hay
tim chn l ny. (15)

Tuy nhin, sau ngy chy qua Bangkok xin cu vin ln th nht nm 1783, Nguyn Chng tr
thnh phin thuc ca Xim. Chng gi Rama [Pht vng] I (1782- 1809)vua lp nghip dng
Chakri, tc cu nguyn soi Chakri cm qun tn ph Ving Chn (Vn Tng) nm 1777-1779, v
xm ln Kamboja nm 1781l cha nui, mi nm hai ln tin cng hoa vng, hoa bc nh du
hiu thn phc. Chng cn ng cho Xim quyn bo h Kamboja v cc tiu vng Lo, c bit
l x Ving Chn, cng cai qun t H Tin ca dng gii Mc Cu, Mc Thin T. (16)

i li, nm 1784, Rama I tng a binh thuyn qua gip Chng, nhng b Nguyn Hu nh tan
u nm 1785. Cuc thm bi ny khin Rama I tuyn b khng can thip vo ni tnh Vit Nam v
ng ngoi cuc tranh chp Nguyn-Ty Sn. Tuy nhin, nm 1786, Rama I t chi ngh dn
Nguyn Chng ca Ty Sn, v ng thi s dng cc t trng Lo ngn chn tham vng Ty tin
ca nh Ty Sn. Thp nin 1790, d ang bn tranh chp vi Min in, Rama I vn t nhiu tip
tay Chng m mt trn th hai trn t Lo. Vua Ving Chn (Vn Tng) l Nanthasen (1781-
1794), ri Chao In (Inthavong, 1794-1804) cng ph vng Chao Anou (1794-1804) kh tch cc
trong cuc chin y thc [proxy wars] ny.

Sau ci cht ca Quang Trung nm 1792, Rama I ng hn v phe Nguyn Chng. Cc tiu vng Lo
bt u thun gi i bum, trc tip tham gia chin dch tng tn cng Ty Sn t Ngh An tr ra
Bc. (17)

Sau ngy Rama II (1809-1824) ln k v, giao tnh gia Hu v Krung thp nht dn. Trc ht, thc
t chnh tr v cn bng th lc a phng hon ton thay i. Nguyn Chng ang lm ch mt
vng quc rng ln cha h c, qun lc hng cng, khng cn l mt ngi qu tc mt nc
lu vong mu vic chn i phc th mi l i ngha.

Th hai, hu qu tt nhin l vic sa i dn nhng iu kin bt ng ng trong lin h gia hai

nc. Chng nhng ngng cng hin hoa vng, hoa bc nh biu hiu mt vua phin thuc ca
muang yuon [yuan], Nguyn Chng cn tng gia uy th ca mt Thin vng nh hng Khng
gio bng cch cng c s kim sot Gia nh thnh, qua vic ct c mt Tng trn Si Gn t
nm 1808, ti t chc gung my hnh chnh a phng vng h lu chu th Cu Long, chia
bin gii min nam thnh su trn loi b dn nh hng ca Xim ti H Tin, v o kinh Vnh T
nh ranh gii mi gia Chu c v nc Kambojia. (18)

Thng 10-11/1808, t chc Tng trn Gia nh thnh. Nguyn Vn Nhn lm Tng trn; Trnh
Hoi c, Hip tng trn. Ban n bc c tay cm hnh s t. Thng 1- 2/1810, sau ci cht ca Trn
th Mc T Thim, H Tin t di s cai tr trc tip ca Tng trn. Con Thim l Cng Th, Cng
Ti cn nh, trong khi chu ch tn l Cng Du phm ti mang v nh ca Thng ch Phan Vn
Triu bn cho Xim. Cai i Ng Y Nghim v L Tin Ging quyn lnh vic trn. Vua Xim can
thip cng khng c. Thng 8-9/1810 vua c Nguyn Vn Thin lm trn th H Tin. (19)

Th ba, theo ng lut k mnh truyn thng, Nguyn Chng khng ngng khi phc li nh hng
ti vng tri n trn t Kamboja v Lo. T xng l Thin vng, hay Pht vng, v la chn bt
c thc h no i na, nhng ngi cm quyn Chu ni chung v ng Nam ni ring u
quan nim bin gii v cng n hi [elastic] v khng ngng bin i. Nhng o qun vin chinh
mang theo trn lng nga, voi v khoang chin thuyn tr mc ranh gii sau khi tn ph kinh thnh
cc ln bang nh yu, cp bc ti sn, thc go, git lnh o, v sn bt dn a phng, thch ch
[tatooing] vo tay hay thn th lm n l. Lch s qun s, ngoi giao v kinh t cn c ghi chp
li ca cc triu nh ng Nam trong ba th k XVIIIXX y ry nhng s c m mu ny. Rama
III (1825-1851), chng hn, tng dng vic tra tn cho n cht vua Ving Chn, Chao Anu (1804-
1829) gn hai tun l trc cng chng Khrung thp (Bangkok) vo h tun thng 1/1829
cnh co dn Lo v hu qu ca nhng hnh ng ni lon chng chnh sch b quyn Xim La.
Trong thi gian th chin th hai (1939-1945), nhng ngi ch trng i Thi [Pan Thaism]
Bangkok khng ngng t co thc dn u chu chim ng v ct xn hng triu cy s vung
ca Thi Lan; v, khng nh bin gii ca Xim La v pha ng ni rng ti c trin ng rng
Trng Sn, bao gm cc tnh Kontum, Pleiku [Gia Lai], Bun Ma Thut hin nay. (Cho ti th k
XXI, Trung Hoa Nhn dn Cng ha Quc tin bnh hng x hi ch nghavn tip tc m
rng bin cng v pha Ty v Bc, li xm cp c vng qun o Hong Sa, Trng Sa (m h
i tn l Nansha) ngoi khi bin ng Nam ), v t nm 2007, t nhn ch quyn 80-90% bin
ng Nam m nhng nh hang hi Ty phng li bing gi l Nam Trung Hoa. Chuyn
ving thm M v tham d l k nim 70 nm ngy thnh lp Lin Hip Quc vo h tun thng
9/2015, dng n du mu toan dn xp vi chnh ph Barack Obama Bc Kinh c t tung, t
tc xm lc ln bang v bin o. Nhng thng vin M anh ging ch trch m mu bnh
trng v thi hiu chin ca Trung Cng.

Ngay n h bn th k XX v u th k XXI, B Chnh Tr ng Cng Sn Trung Hoa cn xm

chim Tibet, Thanh Hi, v t nhn ch quyn t 80 n 90% bin ng Nam , cng hi o i
Loan, hay Ryukyu bin ng Chu, ngo mn thch thc hng chc quc gia Chu cng ton
th gii, k c t chc Lin Hip Quc, v h thng cng php quc t hin hnhkhin khng th
khng lin tng ti thi hung hng, hiu chin ca Germany, Nht Bn v Italia trong giai on
tin Th Chin Th Hai. ng e ngi hn na l Tp Cn Bnh, Tng B th ng CSTH, kim Chu
tch nh nc, s dng chuyn ving thm chnh thc Lin bang M cng din n Lin Hip Quc,
nhn dp k nim 70 nm ngy thnh lp, p lc chnh ph Barack Obama quay mt lm ng
trc chnh sch ngoi giao hiu chin, vi nhng mn dng oai, diu v, trn khng, trn bin,
cng nhng li e da rng phi ng la, hay im lng nhn k hoch xp t li trt t th gii ph
hp vi tin trnh bnh trng ca Bc Kinh, hay s gnh chu nhng kh s s ti. Thng vin M
v y Ban Qun S Thng Vin ca TNS John McCainv ngay c tn Th tng Australia Malcom
Turnbull, cng Quc Hi Nht v Th tng Abe Shinzo by t s bt mn, nhng ngi thng
hiu tnh hnh khng th khng t hi liu th gii vn minh c sn sng i u by rui gy mu
la Trung Nam Hi [Zhongnanhai] ang vo ve trn lnh th M, hay s dm li trn nhng du chn
Hi ngh Munich nm 1938?

C th hy vng rng Tng thng Obama tip tc duy tr v th bo v t do hng hi hay hng khng
ng Nam , ngn chn kp thi nhng cnh phi c chin u Trung Cng nho ln da nt cc
phi c dn s, v tip tc nng nhit ym tr dn tc Phi-lp-pin chng li s xm lc ca Trung
Nam Hi. ng thi, tch cc gip Phi-lip-pin thng li trong cuc chin bo v cng php quc t,
v ch quyn t nhin, hp l ca cc nc tip gip ng Nam , hay i Loan, Nht Bn. V nu
cn, triu tp mt phin ta hnh s quc t ti ng Nam , a nhng ngi cm u Trung Nam
Hi ra trc vnh mng nga

Ti Kamboja, thng 1/1805, Rama I lm l phong vng Ang Chan (Nc ng Chn, 1790-1835) ri
a v Oudong. Nhng ngay sau , vi s ng ca Bangkok, Ang Chan xin thun phc muang
yuon, v t thng 10/1807, Nguyn Chng nh l cng l ba nm mt ln Gia nh. (20)

B. Kamboja: Ming xng sn g kh nut:

Kamboja hay Chn Lp l quc gia tri n gia Xim La v Vit Nam. T th k XVI-XVII, Kamboja
bt u suy yu dn, lin tc b Ayuthya v ri Thun Ha xm lng, tm thc dn t ai. Cui th
k XVII, u th k XVIII, nh s tip sc ca t di dn trung thnh vi nh Minh (1368-1664)
nh Dng Ngn ch, Trn Thng Xuyn, Mc Cuv nhng cuc ni chin ginh ot ngai
vng ca gii qu tc Khmer, cc cha Nguyn chim c vng chu th h lu sng Mekong,
thng c bit nh Thy Chn Lp. Trong khi , Xim La xm ln dn vng lnh th pha Ty v
Ty Bc Kamboja.

Cuc ni chin Nguyn-Ty Sn (1778-1802) gip Kamboja tm thi yn n mt thi gian di s

bo h ca Xim. Mt s vin chc v qun s Khmer cng tham gia o qun L dng ca Nguyn
Chng. Tiu biu l Nguyn Vn Tn, mt cu n l Nam Vang. Sau chin thng ca Nguyn Chng,
vic tranh chp nh hng VitXim trn Kamboja ngy mt gia tng. Kamboja bt u triu cng
Hu t nm 1807, nhng thc t tr li tnh trng chim hai u cmt u hng v Krung
Thp, mt hng v Hu.

Nhng chng bnh di truyn ni ngi ca cc vua Kamboja li ti pht t 1810. Ba anh em cng
cha khc m ca Ang Chan l Ang Em [Nc ng Ym], Ang Duong [Nc ng Giun] v Ang Snguon
[Nc ng Nguyn], ang b gi lm con tin Xim, mun v nc chia chc quyn lc. Bi th, Rama
II sai Ut V Thi a bn Ang Em [Ym] v, v p lc Ang Chan lp Ang Em lm vua th hai, Ang
Duong [n hay ng Giun] lm vua th ba. Li cn i 10,000 qun Khmer i nh Min in. Ang
Chan nghi Ph chnh [c Nha] Cao La Hm Mang Tr Tri Bin thng mu vi Xim, nn thng
9/1810, git i. Ri cu cu Gia nh. Gia Long cho s Kamboja ti kinh, hi r tnh hnh. Nhn hiu
tnh hnh c th nghim trng, Gia Long cho lnh cc trn Gia nh thnh ti lp hng binh, ng
vin na dn inh lm lnh, v h hp phong th. Li sai cc thnh thn lo vic ch o trn, rn kh
gii, luyn thuc n, lp kho lng, phng trng hp phi dng binh. (4:90-91) ng thi cho
tng cng vic phng th ti Qui Hp (Ngh An), Cam L (Qung Tr), cng cc ca Eo, ca Nht
L. (4:92) Nhng chuyn vin v Xim-Lo hay Kamboja nh Lu Phc Tng (trn th Kinh Bc),
Phan Tin Thin (Hip trn) hay Nguyn Vn Thoi (trn th Lng Sn) u c triu v kinh.
(4:93) [Thng 10-11/1810, sai thng ch L Vn Phong, Nguyn Vn Tr v Nguyn Vn Gim
mang binh thuyn ti Tn Chu, i tun bin gii. Li sai k lc nh Tng Bi c Mn v Nguyn
Vn Tn mang binh hai ph Tr Vinh, Mn Tht i theo. (4:94)

Trong khi , ti Kamboja, tnh hnh ngy mt cng thng. Sau khi Ang Chan git Ph chnh do Xim
b nhm, ng ng l bn Minh chim Bng xuy, A Phi Ph Bit in n Bc Tm Bn ni
ln lm phn. Xim cng sai hai tng Phi Nh Long Mang v Phi Nh La Trt em binh n gip.
Ang Chan s, sai s i cu vin. Nguyn Chng v nh thn ngh rng Minh l thn thuc ca
Ang Chan ngy trc, v ng s m phn li, cn chiu phc. Battambang l t ca Kamboja, Xim
khng th chim c. Bn sai Tng trn Nguyn Vn Nhn t Gia nh qua Kamboja nh liu.
(NTLCB, I, 4:98-99) Thng 1/1811, Nhn ti La Bch. Ang Chan yu cu Nhn ly li Batttambang.
Nguyn Chng cho lnh ng qun bt ng, v ch mun gip ngm, v qun ca Trung Quc c
phi l dng bo on cho ngi di ch u. Phi Trn Vn Nng vo Gia nh ph t Nhn
vic binh. C Lu Phc Tng lm trn th Vnh Thanh; Nguyn Vn Thoi, nh Tng, cng Mai
Vn T dn 1200 qun qua La Bch. (4:101-102) t ngy sau, Tng Xim Phi Nh Long Mang t
Battambang th cho Ang Chan, ni khng i lnh na. Nguyn Chng Gia Long bn vit th cho
Rama II, bnh vc vic Ang Chan git Cao La Hm. Vua Xim b mt cho qun Xim rt v. (NTLCB,
I, 4:103)] (21)

Nm 1813, vi s tha thun ca Xim, Nguyn Chng li sai tn Tng trn L Vn Duyt em
13,000 binh v chin thuyn Gia nh thnh a Ang Chan v nc. Xy gip thnh Nam Vang v L
Ym xong, Duyt rt qun v Gia nh, Nguyn Vn Thoingi tng quen bit Rama II t nm
1782 li lm Bo h. Qun Xim cng rt khi Battambang. Ma ng 1813, Nguyn Chng ban
m o Vit cho Ang Chan, c mt cai i lo vic phin dch. Vua cng gip xy dng ba ng trm
t Nam Vang ti Kampot v mt s v tr quan trng khc. i li, Ang Chan cng hin [c tr tin]
s voi c cn thit cho cc n v Tng binh nh Nguyn. (22) 22. NTLCB, I, 3:347, 4:90-92 [Ang
Chan than phin vic Xim i chia t cho cc em], 98-99, 101, 103 [Nguyn Vn Nhn kinh l Nam
Vang], 154 [cng voi], 163-164 [Ang Chan chy qua Gia nh], 169 [Nc Nguyn chy qua Xim;
Xim np qua Gia nh], 187 [Duyt a Ang Chan v nc], 194-195 [rt qun], 198-199 [ban m
o, thng ngn]. [39 voi c nm 1812, 4:154], 4:27 [cho c-nha Siu lm cai i, chuyn bt voi,
mi nm np 30 con, 4:272], 26:195 [88 voi nm 1813, 6:195]. Khi Ang Chan cht nm 1834, Minh
Mng lp Ang Mey (Ngc Vn) ln lm n cha. Nm 1835, v ri 1840-1841, anh em Ang Duong
theo Tng Xim Bodin v nc nh xm lc yuon [dun]. Nm 1847, Ang Duong ln ngi, xy
tng Bodin th. Ang Duong c 3 con l Norodom, Sisowath v Sri Votha. C ba u khc m.

C. Cc tiu vng Lo:

Vn Tng, v cc t trng Ai Lao u chu triu cng, d trn thc t Xim vn bo h. T nm

1788-1789, Rama I s dng cc tiu vng Lo m mt mt trn th hai uy hip Ngh An, chng
Ty Sn, tip tay Nguyn Chng. Anh em Nanthasen (1781-1794), Chao In (Inthavong, Chiu n,
1794-1804) v Chao Anu (A N, 1804- 1829)ngi s tr thnh anh hng ca dn tc Lo sau ci
cht bi thm ti Bangkok u nm 1829to nhiu kh khn cho Ty Sn. Nm 1791, Khm sai
Xim l Phraya Kraikosa n Vn Tng v Phraya Kalahom Ratchasena cai qun Kamboja. T
Ngh An, Trn Quang Diu sai qun qua nh Vn Tng, tin n st sng Khung (Mekong). Qun
Vn Tng thua to, ngm u hng Ty Sn, yu cu Trn Quang Diu a qun qua nh Xim.
ng thi li xin Xim a qun ti chng Ty Sn. Tuy nhin, ci cht ca Quang Trung nm 1892
khin Trn Quang Diu bi b vic dng binh trn t Lo. Nm 1793, Rama I khm ph ra chnh
sch n sc hai u ca Vn Tng, cho lnh bt giam Nathasen, ri lp Chao In (Inthavong) lm
vua t nm 1794

Tng gp g Nguyn Chng Bangkok, v v s thay i tnh hnh qun s ti Vit Namtc Ty
Sn suy yu dn ti min Trung, vo th phng ng hn tn cng Chao In ng hn v phe
Nguyn Chng. Nm 1797, Rama I ngh m mt trn th hai, dng Lo t pha Ty nh Ty Sn.
Nguyn Chng c Nguyn Vn Thoi qua Vn Tng ch huy thng o, hu phi hp tn cng
Ngh An. Tuy nhin, k hoch ny phi tm nh hon v Min in tn cng Xim, v lin qun
Xim-Vn Tng phi bn rn chng gi. Sau , Chng c L Vn Xun thay Thoi, ri n Lu
Phc Tng ch huy mt trn Lo. Thng 9/1801, sau khi Chng chim Ph Xun, Tng v
Phraya Khu-b ca Vn Tng git c c Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn Hin Thanh Chng,
khin Ngh An rng ng

Nm 1804, Chao In cht. Xim a Chao Anou (Chiu A N) ln lm vua. Thng Chp t Su [20/1-
17/2/1806], Anou sai mt s on theo ng Cam L sang cng. Gia Long cho php ba nm cng mt
ln [su, thn, mi, tut]. l cng gm 2 voi c, 2 sng t, 2 ng voi, 5 cn v qu. S on s c
1 chnh ph s, 3 t trng, 2 thng ngn, 30 ngi hu. Do ng trm theo ng Ngh An; khng
c dng ng Cam L. (23)

Trong khi , Syam [Xim] cng s dng cc tiu vng v t trng Champassak (pha Nam Lo)
p dng chnh sch tm thc Chn Lp. Vi nhng sc tc trn Trng Snngoi tr cc b
lc Gia Rai (Jarai), vn c coi nh ch hu ca Hu, d quan triu cn ln ln gia Thy X vi
Ho X i din vua tip tc ban cho cc t trng nhng mt hng nh chn, a s v nhn
cng phm nh k nam, mt ong, v.. v Nm 1834, Minh Mng mi phong chc quc vng v t
cho vua Thy X tn Vit l Vnh Bo. Su nm sau, nhn dp l th 50 tui ca Minh Mng, c s
on Ha X ti chim bi. Tuy nhin, theo bo co ca Trng Minh Ging, vua nc Thy X tn
l Tit, c qu thut, ti gn Nam Vang. Tit quen Phin vng thng n xin tin. Minh Mng
mun n v tra hi, vit tp Thi Bnh Qung K, nhng quc trng kia i ri. (24)

Lin h vi L Tng m ra t thi ni chin, qua cc chuyn thu mua v kh. Sau ngy Nguyn
Chng thng nht vng quc, mt lnh nh thu c l dAyot tng gh thm Hu vi cng v i
din thng mi ca Manila.

Ring vi Min in, v l ng minh ca Xim, Nguyn Chng khng c lin h chnh thc.

III. Khng Ln Vi Di ch:

Ring i vi Ty Phng, nht l Php, Nguyn Chng theo ui mt chnh sch ngoi giao c th
mnh danh l khng c chnh sch, ty thi phn ng. Vua t v thn thin vi cc thuyn Php gh
Vit Nam, nhng cng quyt phn i vic i thc thi Hip nh Versailles (21-28/11/1787) m
Georges Pigneau nhn danh vua k vi B Ngoi giao Php. Vi Bri-tn, mt cng quc th
nghch ca Php, vua cng gi mt chnh sch tng t

Lch s quan h quc t ca Vit Nam l lnh vc cn cn nhiu cng trnh nghin cu. Ngay quan
h gia Vit Nam vi Trung Hoa, Nht Bn, Php, Nga mi ch c nghin cu rt gii hntrn
cn bn ca cn st thuc a v phong tro gii thc (decolonialization) trong th k XIX-XX. Tr
ngi th nht l vn t liuhoc ng hn l thiu t liu kh tn. Trc Th chin th hai
(1939-1945), a s nghin cu v lch s Vit do cc vin chc thuc a, gio s hoc gio dn Vit
thc hin nh c tip cn ti liu vn kh Hi truyn gio Php, v c iu kin hn. Bi vy,
mc tiu vn minh ha (mission civilisatrice) v truyn o (propagation de la foi) thng che
khut s thc s hc. Ngoi ra, cn c chnh sch vn ha/thng tin thuc a. V ngi Php mun
gi Vit Nam nh mt thuc a ng kn, ngi ta ch bit i cngdo n lc t mt chuyn
vin M ti ta lnh s Si Gnv nhng nhn vt nh hm trng John White, hay hai s on
ca Edmund Roberts, v.. v

Sau nm 1945, nh ti liu vn kh nh Nguyn c cng b v phin dchi chiu vi cc vn

kh Php, M, Bri-tn, Espania, Portugal, Trung Hoa, Thi Lan, Nga, v.. vlch s quan h quc t
ca Vit Nam ni chung, bt u c nhng y c vng chi, gn s thc hn l nhng cm nhn i
chng.

Lin h Vit-M xng ng c nu ln nh mt trng hp tiu biu, d b nh hng nng n

ca cuc chin tranh lnh T Bn-Cng Sn (1947-1991). Th d nh cho ti u th k [6] XXI,
cc chuyn vin cn kh nhc u vi cu hi Ai l ngi Vit u tin n M? V, d nhin, l
mt cu hi ph khc, khng km quan trng: Ai l ngi Vit u tin tip cn vi h thng chnh
tr M?

Trong dn gian, mt trong nhng huyn thoi c truyn tng l vic Bi Vin (1837-1878) tng
qua M vo khong nm 1873.(25) V nhiu l do khc nhau, rt t ngi cp n vic Nguyn
Sinh Cn (1892-1969), tc Paul Thnh, c mt M trong khong Th chin th nht (1914-1918),
lm quen vi Bn tuyn ngn c lp 4/7/1776 ca Lin bang M, v nhiu ln lp li mt cu bt
h ca vn kin lch s ny: t nhng bi hun luyn hi vin Vit Nam Kch Mnh Thanh Nin
ng Ch Hi trong giai on 1925-1927, ti bn Tuyn ngn c lp ngy 2/9/1945 ti H Ni.
(26)
PH LC: N LC Khng Thnh Cng T PHA M:

Nhng n lc m quan h gia Lin bang M v Vit Nam thot tin ch c tnh cch thng mi, v
do M ch ng. 1. Chnh khch M u tin ch tm n Cochin China [tc i Vit] l Thomas
Jefferson (1743-1826), khi cn gi chc i s ti Paris. Chuyn qua Php xin cu vin ca Gim
mc Pedro [Pierre] Pigneau [de Bhaine] (B a Lc) v Hong t Nguyn Cnh (1780-1801) vo
ma Xun 1787 khin Jefferson ch n la go ca i Vit. Ngy 28/11/1787, Jefferson t
mun c mt s la mu ca Cochin China, v ngh nn tm cch giao thng. Jefferson cn
mun nh Hong t Cnh v mt s chuyn vin Php cung cp mt s mu la trng trn cao (dry
rice), hy vng s th nghim Carolina, nhng khng thnh cng.(27)

Tuy nhin, sut hai nhim k Tng thng t 1801 ti 1809, Jefferson khng c chnh sch c th no
i vi Vit Nam.

2. Trong nhim k u ca Jefferson, Jeremiah Briggs, hm trng tu Fame, ging bum n Vit
Nam. Ngy 21/5/1803, Briggs h neo Turon, tc Vng Thng ( Nng). y l thng thuyn
u tin tip cn vi i Vit ghi trong lch s hng hi M.

Tu ri Boston ngy 17/1/1803; thy Cn Sn ngy 15/5/1803; Vng Tu ngy 16/5/1803. Ti

Nng, Briggs ln mt trong hai tu ca thy s Nguyn, do mt ngi Php ch huy. c khuyn
nn n Cowe (Hu?) mi c hy vng bun bn (v vua nm c quyn ngoi thng, v khng c
giai tng thng gia bn x). Ngy 23/5, Briggs cng nm [5] thuc h v mt li tu ngi
Portuguese sng Macao ln Hu bng thuyn nh. Ngh m Haifoo, ni dn chng sng bng
ngh nh c, nh ca ti tn. Hm sau, ngc sng Haifoo ln Hu. Thy thuyn v tu xui ngc.
Ti [8] Hu, ln tu bum do mt ngi Php ch huy. Theo nht k (logs) ca Briggs, vua Nguyn
sai mt linh mc ti gp hiu thm v nc M. Briggs li Hu ba ngy. Hm trng ngi
Php gii thiu cho Briggs c php bun bn. Trong 10 ngy, Briggs giong tu chy di theo b
bin, v khng cp b na. Ngy 10/6/1803, Briggs hng v Manila. (28)

i Nam Thc Lc triu Nguyn Chng [Gia Long] khng nhc n Briggs hay nc M. Nhng
thng 7-8/1803 [6 Qu Hi, 19/7-16/8/1803], ghi: Hng Mao sai s n hin phng vt, dng biu
xin lp ph bun Tr Sn, dinh Qung Nam. Vua ni rng hi cng l ni quan yu sao cho ngi
ngoi c. Khng cho. Tr vt li m bo v. (29)
John W. Roberts thuc cng ty ng n [East India Company] ca Bri-tn cng hai ln a tu
Gunjava ti Nng vi nhim v thit lp bun bn v loi nh hng Php khi Vit Nam, nhng
tht bi. Ln th nht, ngy 16/12/1803 Philippe Vannier (1762-1842)ngi thp tng Gim
mc Pigneau ti Si Gn nm 1789, cng 13 ngi khc (k c anh em Flix v Jean-Marie dAyot
[Dayot]) v 80 binh s, ri c giao ch huy tu ng Nai, di quyn J. M. dAyotcng mt ngi
Vit c tn Juan Babtiste xung Nng gp Roberts, cho bit Nguyn Chng ch tr li Hu vo
ma Xun 1804. Roberts bn nh neo, hng v Malacca. Khi Roberts tr li Nng, Gim mc
Jean Labartette, cng cc Linh mc Jacques Liot v Francois-Joseph Gurard t nhiu lin h trong
vic tho lun, nhng Nguyn Chng khng thun. Vua ni vi nh thn: Tin vng kinh dinh
vic nc, khng ngi H ln vi ngi Di, thc l ci phng vic t lc cn nh. Ngi
Hng Mao gian gio, tr tr, khng phi ni ging ta, lng h hn khc, khng cho li. (30)

Quyt nh trn phn nh chnh sch i ngoi mi ca Nguyn Chng: l ng bun bn

hiu theo ngha thng thng, tr tin bc cho cc ha vt, hoc trao i sn vt trong nc ly vt
dng cn thit, nhng khng thun cho cng ty ngoi quc t tr s trn t lin, vi l do an ninh
quc gia. ng hn l mi e da m mt thnh ng Malay din t mt cch thm thy: Kim xuyn
qua ri, ch chc s vo theo. V vy sau ny s quan Nguyn ca tng khc hiu ca Ty di
nh cng lao i hng u ca vua, trn c nhng vic cn thn phng nc Xim, yu nui
nc Chn Lp, v v nc Vn Tng, uy danh lng phng xa, nhn c trm nc nh. . . . (31)

y l mt thay i quan trng, ct t dn quan h vi phng Ty m Gia Long tng tip cn

nhiu thp nins tip cn c l qu gn vi nhng tn ti t quc tch, cc li sng m s
lng thin l nhng du hi ln, v cc nh truyn gio tham vng. Bi [9] th t u nm 1790,
Nguyn Chng (1762-1820) chnh thc hy b Hip c 1787, yu cu ch thn Gim Mc
Pigneau dch qua ting Php, gi v Parismt trong nhng l do chnh khin Pigneau c ln
mun b i, trong khi mt s lnh nh thu ri Gia nh.(32)

Du vy, Nguyn Chng cng chng c thin cm g vi Bri-tn, mt i cung quc v ngun cung
cp v kh quan trng trong thi gian ny. Nm 1797, Nguyn Chng ngh vi Rama I (1782-
1809) hp binh nh nu Hng Mao tip tay Min in (Burma, Myanmar hin nay) tn cng
Xim.(33) Tuy nhin Nguyn Chngvi quan nim chn i bo th mi l i ngha khn
ngoan duy tr nhng quan h cn thit vi Ty phng cho mc tiu cui cng ca mnh. Vng
chp nhn nhng b mt s yu cu ca Pigneau, nh cho t do truyn o, s dng gio dn Ki-
t, v cho ng cung Cnh tn Pigneau lm ph o. o qun L dng cng c tn dng trong
mi lnh vc, k c vic tm mua v kh cc thuc a Bri-tn, Portugal, Dutch. Mt y t ngi
Bri-tnLaurent Barizyc giao trch nhim mua bn v kh v hnh x nh i din khng
chnh thc cho cc cng ty Bri-tn, c bit l cng ty Abbott & Maitland ti Madras (Pondichry).
(34)
Cc thuyn bun ngoi quc n lm n t phi theo lut l mi. Nguyn c Xuyn, Jean
Baptiste Chaigneau, v Philippe Vannier c trch cng tc t nh ny. S tu ngoi quc thng
xuyn gh Nng v Si Gn l tu Bri-tn, Portuguese (Macao), Xim, v nht l Trung Hoa.

Vua rt nghim ngt trong vic xut cng sn phm ni a v kim sot tu bun ngoi quc. Thng
7/1804, cm dn khng c ly bn cc th g cm (g tu, g lim, g ging hng); thuyn nc
ngoi mua lu s b ti nng nh ngi bn. l mua trc khi c lnh cm, np li, tr tin cao.
Dn chng cng khng c bun bn ng bin. Ai vi phm, thuyn v hng ha b tch thu, pht
100 trng, [y] 3,000 dm. Trong khi , thu cng (nhp bn), thu nh trn hng ha v
tin ba l [dng hong thi hu, dng vua, dng hong thi t] khin cc hm trng ngoi quc
rt bt bnh. l cha ni n khong cch bit gia lut php v vic thi hnh, cng tc l hin
nay thng bit nh ci thin cho cc vin chc v mi gii.(35)

S thay i thi vi nhng ngun cung cp v kh v n dc trong thi ni chin ny phn no

do dch v ca h khng cn cp thit na. Trong khi , vua khng khi nhc u v nhng ch n
c. t nht c 2 tu Bri-tn gh Nng i thm tin bn kh gii. Thng 10/1807, K-l-mn ti
Kinh, ni vi bn Chaigneau, Vannier v de Forcanz l p bt mit lng [Abbott & Maitland] trc
y bn nhiu sng n cho vua, nay tng tin xin vua tr thm. Gia Long cp cho 24,000 ng, ri
bo i. Nm nm sau, thng 7/1812, c Lun gh tu Tr Sn, i tin mua kh gii cn thiu.
Nguyn c Xuyn tu ln, vua ni: Ngi Di ch ch bit c li, kh ni nhn ngha c. Gi
hng mua nm trc cn s kia. Gn y K L Mn n xin thm gi ta cng khng thm so o,
cho s ri. Nay li tham lam khng chn s dc bit lm sao cho no c? Sai Xuyn tr li. c
Lun xu h b i. (36)

Tng nn lp li v nhn mnh thm, vic ngoi thng di triu Nguyn Chng ging nh cc
quc gia lng gingdo triu nh c quyn. Vua nhp cng nhng g cn thit cho ch nh v
kh, vi vc, cng vt dng dnh ring cho gii qu tc v quan li. ng thi c quyn thu mua v
xut cng nhng mt hng m th trng ngoi nc a chung. i a s dn chng phi s dng
hng ni ha, ngoi tr mt s nhu yu phm nh thuc Bc, tr, sm, sch, giy mc, v.. v Vic
ngoi thng cng ch c din ra ti cc hi cng chn lc: Nam nh, H Ni, Nng, Hu, Si
Gn v H Tin. Sau ny, do s xung cp ca ngoi thng v l do an ninh, Nng tr thnh
cng duy nht cc tu Ty phng c cp bn lm n vi Hu. Mi giao tip vi dn chng u b
tuyt cm. Bi th, gn cui i Nguyn Chng, vic ngoi thng gim hn.

in vo ch trng, vua s dng Thanh nhn lm giai tng trung gian (lnh trng [farming])
trong mi lnh vct khai m, thu thu ch, chuyn ch, ti bun bn vi nh Thanh v nhng
nhu yu phm nh thuc Bc, vi vc, v.. v
3. Nm 1819, hai trong s bn tu M c cp bn Si Gn. l tu Marmion ca Oliver
Blanchard, v chin hm Franklin ca Thiu t John White (1782-1840).

Theo White, ri Salem ngy Th By 2/1/1819, hn 5 thng sau tu Franklin bung neo Vng
Tu. Hm sau, 8/6, ti Canjeo (Cn Gi), nm v pha ty nam Vng Tu. V khng c php vo
Si Gn, ngy 12/6 nh neo ra Hu. Ngy 18/6, ti Turon ( Nng). Tr ngi nht l ngn ng;
nhng White hiu i khi rng vua hin khng kinh , Vit Nam mi qua cn binh la nn
khng c nhiu hng xut cng. Thng 7/1819, White ging bum qua Manila, nhn tin tm thng
ngn. y hai thng, White gp hm trng John Brown ca tu Marmion. Tu Marmion n
Vng Tu vi ngy sau khi White ri ni ny, nhng c php vo Si Gn nh s d di ca Ph
vng (tc Tng trn Gia nh thnh). Chng may thuyn trng Blanchard cht bnh gn hi
phn Vng Tu; v Brown ln thay, a tu v Manila. Ngy 6/9, Brown v White ging bum tr
li Vit Nam. Ti Vng Tu ngy 25/9. Ri li di xung Cn Gi, c ngi vo Si Gn xin php
nhp cnh. Ngy 9/10, hai tu Franklin v Marmion bung neo Si Gn

Qua nhng linguists (thng ngn) v cc gio s trung gian bit ting Portuguese [B o nha]
nh Joachim, ngi Portuguese Si Gn mt thi gian; Pasqual, mt ngi Tagal, c v Vit;
Linh mc Antonio v Joseph, ngi Italia; Mariano, mt gio dn Ki-t bn x ; Polonio, ngi tng
hu cn Pigneau (dn White i thm th nhiu ni, k c mt ngi cha ln c l l cha Barb)
White tip xc vi cc vin chc cao cp, k c quyn Ph vng. ng thi, tm hiu sinh hot
chnh tr, kinh t v x hi min Nam

White gp nhiu rc ri vi quan chc bn x v thu nh qu nng, v h tc cng khai n hi l.

Khng phn bit Php, M, Anh, gi chung ngi Ty phng l Olan (Ho Lan). T ngy 10/10,
White phi ng u vi ton kim tra tu. Tin thu chnh thc 2816 quan; thu ph tri, 113
quan, 4 tin [maces], 61 ng [sapque]; tng ng 1697 dollars Espania. (1 quan n 10 tin, 1
tin, 60 ng) Qu tng ln ti 2700 dollar Espania. (37)

Thi gian ny, thng mi vi Macao b ct t. Tu bun Trung Hoa cng rt him.

Ngy 11/10/1819, White gp Quyn Tng trn. ng ny l quan vn, lo hnh to. Tng trn l v
quan, ang ra Hu trnh by v trng hp White. V Pasqual lo vic qu biu Quyn Tng trn:
4 ci n trn, 4 bnh thy tinh, ly ung vang v ly khng chn, ru vang, vi chai rhum, 1 hp
ng tru, v.. v. Ngy 12/10, vit th cho c Vannier, km theo mt cy kim v 12 chai
moutarde tng vua. Ngy 24/10, thm quyn Tng trn ti nh ring. Sau ny Tng trn mn mt
khu sng ca White, nhng khng tr li. Ngy 31/10, White da xung tu b i.

Ngy 6/12/1819, Tng trn tr v nhim s. Hm sau, 7/12, White vo thm. Sau , c th
ngy 20/11/1819 ca Vannier, bo tin thu cng gim; v khng phi tng qu cho cc quan. Vua
ang b bnh, nn Vannier khng c dp gp vua. trao thanh on kim White tng vua. Ngi
trao th ca Vannierc bit danh Aqua Ardientei tin cng a th mt chai ru rhum v
mt yard [gn mt thc Php] vi . Aqua Ardiente l nhn vt qu quyt nht.

Vi ngy sau bui s kin, Tng trn li gp White. Khng c quan chc Vit, ch c 4 thng ngn
Antonio, Mariano, LM Joseph v Vincente, tt c u l gio dn Ki-t. Tng trn thm hi k v tnh
hnh u chu. Ni ngng m dn Olan; bun v tnh trng man r [sauvage] ca dn Vit.

Ngy 16/1/1820, bt u cht ng xung tu. Ngy 29/1, xung c 1700 picul (n v o
lng Xim, khong 62.5 kilogram) ng. Tu Marmion phi tr tng cng 2,708.70 dollar Espania
tin thu v dch v khc, gn bng 50% tr gi s ng mang i

Trc ngy White ri Si Gn, Tng trn trao cho White danh sch cc vt liu vua mun mua: i
bc, bn , sch v Ty phng, v.. v Vua s tr bng th sn. White khng nhn li v nhng mt
hng vua cn khng c nhu cu nhng ni khc. Hn na, c tin vua s dng kh gii nh Xim.

Linh mc Joseph th xin ru vang v bt m lm l. Theo Joseph, vua sp cht; thi t s ln ngi.
Tn Ki-t sp i din him ha b bch hi. White khuyn Joseph ra i, nhng ng ta khng
mun phn bi thng cp.

Khi White cho t bit, Tng c y ny khng gip g c White. Ngy 30/1/1820, White nh
neo. Mang theo vi na sc cha ng v t. Ti Cn Gi ngy 1/2. Ngy 3/2 (tc 19/12 K Mo),
ng ngy Gia Long cht, tu Marmion cng ti ni.(38)

Bo co ca White, bn cnh nhng chi tit y hp dn, c vi ba thiu st quan trng. Th d nh

White khng nhc g n ci cht ca Tng trn Nguyn Hunh c, v Hu qun Nguyn Vn Nhn
ln thay trong dp White Si Gn. (39)
Theo White, Quyn Tng trn l quan vn; Tng trn l quan v. C Chng Tin qun c ln
Chng Hu qun Nhn u l quan v. Hong Cng L, Ph Tng trn t thng 9/1818 l T thng
ch th trung, coi vic o sng An Thng, vn dng ti 10,000 nhn cng m White nhc n trong
bo co. Ngoi ra, cn Hip trn Trnh Hoi c, thy dy c ca vua Minh Mngc Gia Long v
Minh Mng c bit qu mn. L v c u l vn quan. (40)

Li c tc gi cho rng Tng trn Gia nh m White c gp l L Vn Duyt. iu ny kh xy ra.

T qun Duyt gi chc Tng trn Gia nh hai ln, mt vo gia triu Gia Long (1812-1815), mt
u i Minh Mng. Ngy 26/1/1820, Chng T qun Duyt c mt bn ging bnh Gia Long
cng Phm ng Hng nghe di chiu lp Thi t m; v kim gim nm [5] kinh doanh Thn
sch ti kinh . Sau ra Ngh An. Duyt ch c c lm Tng trn nhim k hai (1820-1832) v
ti Gia nh ngy 28/8/1820, khong na nm sau ngy White ri Si Gn. (41)

Ngy 13/4/1820, Minh Mng mi triu Tng trn Nhn v kinh; ng thi c Hip tng trn c v
Ph Tng trn L tm th l n tng trn. Hai thng sau, ngy 10/6, c v kinh. L quyn lnh n
Tng trn trong khi ch Khm sai Tng trn [Duyt] nhn nhim s. Hu tham tri b H Nguyn
Xun Thc qun l to H v Hnh. (42)

Phi chng nhm thng ngn ca White khng ni ht s thc? (White cng ghi nhn l bn
linguists rt tham lam, gio hot, ch lo kim limt c tnh ca gii i chc vi ngoi nhn
cc hi cng nm chu. Linh mc Antonio gc Italia ch l mt th d. Hay b v ngi Vit v
Domingo, con r tng lai, ca Pasqual). ng tic l bn Thc lc Vit ng chng ti tham kho
khng nhc g n cc tu M Gia nh, d thi gian b neo ca hai tu kh lu (gn 4 thng)

Nhiu du hiu cho thy nhm c vn Php ca Nguyn Chngtc cc gio s v hai thng dch
vin Chaigneau, Vannier Huc phn thin v, mun gi u quyn thng mi cho Php.
Vannier c l khng trnh ln vua chuyn i ca White, nu l do vua b m. V th sn tu M mun
muatc ng v t ikho triu nh cn v mi dn hng cho hai tu Php. Ma ng
nm sau th triu nh c k hoch thu mua ht. Thc ra, Vannier ang ch i chuyn tr li ca
tu La Rosse [Rose] vi quc th ca vua Php. S thin v ny d hiu. T nm 1815, sau cuc i
bi ca Napolon Bonaparte, triu nh Bourbons bt u mun i Nguyn Chng thc thi Hip
c 1787 m Pigneau i din k kt (nhng Nguyn Chng t khc nm 1790). Nm 1817,
Th tng kim Ngoi trng Richelieu c Hi qun i t Achille de Kergariou a chin hm
Cyble [Phi Gic] qua ving thm thn hu Vit Nam. Mang theo th Richelieu gi Chaigneau, yu
cu bo co tnh hnh, ng thi kim k li bn do Jean-Marie DAyot v. Ngy 6/1/1818, de
Kergariou ti Nng. Vannier xung chin hm Cyble gp. Chaigneau dch hai l th ca de
Kergariou, nhng Nguyn Chng t chi tip kin. Nu l do khng c quc th. (43)
T 1817 ti 1819, mt s tu Php ti bun bn Nng v Si Gn. l cc tu Henry ca cng
ty Philippon et Cie. (ti Nng thng 12/1817), La Rose ca hng Balguerie, Sarget et Cie.,
Courrier de la Paix, v.. v Cc tu ny u c Chaigneau v Vannier tip. Thng 11/1819,
Chaigneau v gia nh ln tu Henry v Php ngh hai nm. (44)

Phn cc nh truyn gio Php khng ngng on trch vua Nguyn qun cng n khi Ki-t. S bt
mn ca cc gio s khi ngun t quyt nh kim sot tn gio nm 1803t Ki-t gio ngang
hng vi Pht Gio. Tip n s thng tin ca Khng gio ln hng chnh gio. Mt Vn Miu nguy
nga c khai trng Hu, trong khi vua m nhng cuc thi Hng chn ngi ra lm quan. Tn
Khng Khu tr thnh mt th quc hy, phi c thnh K. Nguyn Chng cn mun tm hiu v
Nghiu, Thun v thut tr nc v vi nhi tr. (45)

Mt trong nhng cao im ca s xa cch gia Ki-t gio v triu nh l vic k v. Nm 1816sau
ci cht ca m rut Hong t CnhGia Long loi Hong tn n (con thi t Cnh), chn Hong
t m lm Thi t. Trong khi ly kin triu nh, Nguyn Chng nhc n kinh nghim Chu L
hay , con th Chu c D, lm lon, cp ngi chu nm 1402. Tuy vy, m v phe phc
hng chnh gio (nh ng c Siu, Trnh Hoi c, v.. v) tr thnh i tng nh ph ca Hi
truyn gio qua cc chin dch tin n v nhng li dm xim vi d lun quc t. Mc d mi ti
ma H 1826, Gim mc Jean Taberd mi chnh thc tuyn chin vi Phc m, cuc ng u
st mu gia Ki-t gio v triu Nguyn m t trc ngy White ti Si Gn. (46)

Nhng n lc ca Php trong vic k thng c vi Vit Namtrn bi cnh bnh trng nh
hng ca Bri-tn (qua cng ty East India Company) ti Min in [Burma, nay l Myanmar], Xim,
Malaya v Hoa Namc tip tc trong nhng nm u triu Nguyn Phc m. Tuy nhin,
Nguyn Phc m khng thay i lp trng. Khi Chaigneau tr li Hu ngy 17/5/1821, vi th
ca vua Louis XVIII ngh giao thng, v c Chaigneau lm Lnh s, Nguyn Phc m ch tr
li sau khi Vannier v Chaigneau e da s t chc, hi hng. (23) Nm 1822, Nguyn Phc m
cng t chi k thng c vi s on Bri-tn, d John Crawfurd [C- la-khoa-thc] c L Vn
Duyt tip ti Gia nh, v gp mt thng th ti Hu. Nu l do khng c th ca Quc vng Bri-
tn. (47)

Chnh sch t c lp [self-isolationism] ca Nguyn Phc m khin ma Thu 1824 c Chaigneau

ln Vannier u t chc v nc. Nhng n lc ngoi giao n ha cui cng ca Php t 1825 ti
1830 cng u tht bi, v Hong ca Trung Quc Vit Nam khng thch ln vi Di ch. (48)
Ch thch:

2. i Nam Thc Lc Chnh Bin [NTLCB], nht k [I], tp 2: 1778-1801, 1963:283-284, 287

3. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:29-30; Khm nh i Nam Hi in s l).

4. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:51, 63-64. Dch gi c l khng dch ng tn Trn Nam Quan,
ghi l ca i Nam Quan, v ca i Du Thn. Theo Minh th lc [Ming shi-lu], k Th Tng
[Shizong], nin hiu Gia Tnh, tn Trn Nam Quan c khai sinh khong ngy 14/3/1539, khi
Nguyn Vn Thi dn xp l u hng ca Mc ng Doanh (29/1/1530-22/2 [3/3]/1540). V
Doanh cht t ngt u nm 1540, Mc ng Dung (12/7/1527-29/1/1530, TTH 11/9/1541) phi
dn chu l Vn Minh cng hn 40 th h qua bin gii, vo Trn Nam Quan, t tri, xa tc, i chn
t, b vo hnh dinh Mao B n bi ly dng s sch, tuyn b ton th t ai An Nam thuc
quyn s hu ca Chu Hu Tng (28/5/1521-23/1/1567), v tr li t hai , bn ng ca An
Bang (Qung Yn, tc Qung Ninh hin nay), k c Phn Mao Lnh ni vua quan Trung Hoa nm m
thy M Vin trng tr ng ranh gii sau khi bi hai ch em B Trng nm 43-44. Sau , Vn
Minh cng 28 ngi khc theo Mao B n ln Yn Kinh np biu u hang ca Dung, v ngy
29/4/1641 c Hu Tng phong lm An Nam thng s ti thng s, mt tc quan hm
tng nh phm ca triu Minh, di quyn iu ng ca phin ti Quang ng-Qung Ty; trong khi
L Ninh v cha Bu V Vn Uyn-V Vn Mt do phin ti Vn Nam cai qun; Ming shi-lu, Shizong
(Wade, NUS data base, 2005), juan 221:16a-17a, 248:1b-5a; MSL, vol 81, pp 4593/95, vol 82, pp
7968/43; Ph bn V: L u hng ca ng chu Mc ng Dung (30/11/1540-29/4/1541), trong
V Ng Chiu & Hong V, Kin hay Khng Kin (2015). Xem thm Ph lc Trng tu Trn Nam
Quan (1725-1726), v Tun bin i An Nam (1732); Phn III, Khu V Loi, s 81-82; L Qu n,
Vn i Lun Ng [VLN] (Si Gn: 1973), tr 160-165; i Nam Nht Thng Ch [NNTC], q XXIV:
Lng Sn, bn dch o Duy Anh et al., (1997), 4:91 [Ngng c i trn lnh th Lng Sn, lp t
triu L], 384-387. Theo Phan Huy ch, ngi thp tng Nguyn Quang Bnh i s Nhit H v Bc
Kinh t 30/5/1790-3/1/1791, chuyn i s k b ny khi u bng l dng hng ti Chiu c
i trong Trn Nam Quan ngy 30/5/1790; sau c Phc Khang An thp tng ln Nhit H;
ng Hoa Thc Lc, q 111, t 2; i Thanh Lch Triu Thc Lc, q 1356, t 13-14, q 1347, t 10, q
1348, t 14. S gia Trng Bu Lm v Hoa Bng bn lun kh k chuyn i s ny.
5. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:91, 157-58.

6. Xem, chng hn, Sima Qian [T M Thin, 145-86 TTL], Shiji [S K], 113: Nam Vit Triu
truyn; Ban Gu [Ban C, 32-92], et al., Xian Hanshu [Tin Hn Th]; a L Ch; Fan Ye [Phm Vip,
398-446], Hou Hanshu [Hu Hn th], Lit truyn, q 86/76 [Nam Man v Ty Nam Man Di]. Sima
Guang [T M Quang,] , Zizhi Tongjian [T Tr Thng Gim], chng 54, 56, 57, pp 1757, 1825,
1844. Quc hiu China [Tn, hay Qin] hay Trung Quc ph thng hin nay khin nhiu ngi
ng nhn rng t thi Nghiu, Thun hoang ng hay i H, Thng, Chu ranh gii chnh tr ca
cng quc lc a Chu ny tri rng bao la nh nc Trung Hoa Nhn Dn Cng Ha hin
naymt cng trnh tch ly nhiu ngn nm ca chnh sch n dn [thc dn] v tm thc trn
nn tng lut k mnh. t Lai Lt Ma th 14, lnh o ti cao ca Tibet, hin ang sng lu vong,
l mt trong nhng nhn chng sng cho truyn thng thc dn ny ca Hn tc. Cho ti u th k
XXI, giai tng cai tr Trung Hoa vn i a s l ngi Hn.

8. Wei Yuan [Ngy Nguyn], Zheng Wushi [Thnh V K], mt ti liu tuyn truyn xng tng
Hong Lch gia giai on chin tranh nha phin (1839-1842). Chng An Nam Chinh V K khc
hn thng tin t quc s Vit Nam, c bit l tng s qun Thanh tham d trn nh 6 ngy Tt K
Du (1789).

9. An Nam zhi-lue [An Nam Ch Lc], I, 1961:49; Hou Hanshu [HHS], Lit truyn, q 88: Ty vc,
on 12, 21 (ban dch Hill. 2003);

10. Thng 2-3/1596, L Duy m (Th Tng) ti Trn Nam Quan gp quan chc nh Minh. Thng 3-
4/1596, L Duy m tr v tay khng v quan chc a phng Minh c tnh tr hon thi gian cng
nhn, hch hi v n tn nh Mc, nh L, cng cng l, nh hai pho tng ngi bng vng, bc,
ci u; CMCB, XXX: 15, 18-20 (H Ni: 1998), II:211-212, 214-215 . Shenzong (Wade, NUS data
base, 2005), juan 9:11b, 315:4ab; MSL, vol 110, pp 5887/88. Thng 5-6/1597, Duy m li i Trn
Nam Quan hi hp vi bn Trn n Lm. Ln ny, mi vic c dn xp m p ngy
25/11/1597. Shenzong (Wade, NUS data base, 2005), juan 315:4ab; MSL, vol 110, pp 5887/88. Vua
L sai bn Phng Khc Khoan ln Bc Kinh xin cu phong; CMCB, XXX:18-20 (H Ni: 1998), II:214-
15, XXX:26 (H Ni: 1998), II:221. Thng 12/1598-1/1599, Phng Khc Khoan i s v, bo tin Chu
Dc Qun (Minh Thn Tng, 5/7/1572-18/8/1620) ch ng phong chc An Nam thng s ti
thng s nh phong cho h Mc; CMCB, XXX:26 , XXXIII:21 (H Ni: 1998), II:221, 317;
Shizong, (Wade, NUS data base, 2005), juan 268:3ab; Shenzong, juan 431:5b-6a;Thng 3-4/1667,
Khang Hy, (Kangxi, 1662-1722) sai s qua Thng Long phong L Huyn Tng (11-12/1662-
16/11/1671) chc An Nam Quc vng; Ibid., XXXIII:21, 22-23 (H Ni: 1998), II:317, 318-19.
Thng 10-11/1667, Trnh Tc mang qun nh Cao Bng. Mc Knh V chy sang Trung Hoa; Ibid.,
XXXIII:22-23, 25-26, (H Ni: 1998), II:318-319; 320-21. Thng 2-3/1669, vua Thanh ng 6 nm
cng mt ln; s nh Thanh cho lnh nhng 4 chu ng bc Thi Nguyn (Cao Bng hin nay) cho
dng gii h Mc th cng t tin; Ibid., XXXIII:25-26, (H Ni: 1998), II:320-21)], [Nguyn V V
Ng Chiu, t ai Vit Nam b Trung Hoa Nhn Dn Cng Ha Quc xm chim; Hp Lu
Magazine (Fountain Valley, CA), No. 105 (5-6/2009), tr 5-32]

11. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:262, 281-282, 283-285.

12. V Ng Chiu & Hong V, Nhn Lai Chin Thng Xun K Du (1789); hopluu.net,
vietnamvanhien.net, minhtrietviet.net; Truong Buu Lam, Intervention versus Tribute in Sino-
Vietnam Relations, 1788-1790; in John King Fairbank, (ed) The Chinese World Order: Traditional
Chinese Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ Press, 1968), pp 165-179, 321-26
[notes] [s dng i Thanh Lch Triu Thc Lc (Tokyo: 1937-1938), 1315:7ab [c l l ngy lch
ta, 21/10 Mu Thn Thanh, tc 16/11/1788]. Ngy Nguyn (Wei Yuan, 1794- 1854), Sheng Wuji
[Thnh V K] (1842), [Cn Long Chinh v An Nam k; pp 187-188];

13. Trong s nhng Thy X v Ho X l hai chi nhnh ca sc tc Jarai (Gia Lai). Nm 1834,
Nguyn Phc m phong chc quc vng cho vua nc man di ngoi bin cng Thy X,
v t cho mt tn Vit l Vnh Bo; NTLCB, II, 23: 1841, 1970:145-8; 27: 1848-1853, 1973:70;
[Woodside 1971:237-238].

14. i Nam Chnh Bin Lit Truyn S Tp, hon tt ngy 5/11/1889 di triu Thnh Thi (1889-
1907) c tm lc truyn cc nc Xim La, Thy X, Ha X, Din in, Nam Chng, Vn Tng
(q. 32-33). n bn Vit ng nm 1993 ca Vin S hc H Ni, tp II, tr. 563-630. [Wooside,
1971:237-238]

15. NTLCB, I, 2:1778-1801, 196332 [Thng 6 nm K Hi (13/7-11/8/1779), sai Thanh Nhn

qua nh Chn Lp. Git Nc Vinh, lp con Nc Tn l Nc An lm vua. Lu H Vn Ln lm Bo h]

16. NTLCB, I, 2:1778-1801, 1963:128, 140, 151, 182, 198, 204, 224; Paths, 1998:92. Mc Thin T
chy qua Xim sau ngy Ty Sn dit cha Nguyn nm 1776-1777. [2:128 [Thng 12/1790-
1/1791 [Mt Canh Tut, 6/12/1790-4/1/1791], sai Bo h Nguyn Vn Nhn v cai c Nguyn Tin
Lng i s Xim. Tng vua Xim hoa vng, hoa bc, v.. v], 2:140 [Thng 5 Tn Hi (1791), Bo h
Nguyn Vn Nhn v cai c Nguyn Tin Lng i s Xim tng hoa vng, hoa bc, v.. v], 2:151
[Thng 12 Tn Hi (1792), Bo h Nguyn Vn Nhn v cai c Nguyn Tin Lng i s Xim tng
hoa vng, hoa bc, v.. v], 2:182 [Thng 11-12/1793 (10 Qu Su, 4/11-2/12/1793), cai c Trn
Phc Cht i s Xim tng hoa vng, hoa bc, v.. v], 2:198 [V Vn Khnh qua Xim, 1794], 2:204
[Nguyn Vn Nhn qua Xim, thng 12 Gip Dn 1795], 2:224 [Nguyn Vn Nhn qua Xim, Thng
10 t Mo, 1795],

17. NTLCB, I, 2:1778-1801, 1963:298, 312, 347, 356-357, 385, 389, 3:12, Paths, 1998: 92 [Thng 3
Bnh Ng [1786], c tin Ty Sn yu cu Rama I bt cc Chng, trao cho Ty Sn, nhng Rama I
khng ng , v khng mun can thip vo ni tnh Vit Nam.]

Nm 1799, lin minh Xim nh Ty Sn, nhng b Min in tn cng, tm gc. 2:298: Thng 1 K
Mi [5/2-5/3/1799], Nguyn Vn Thoi (Thy) qua Xim. (2:298 [yu cu mang lnh Khmer v Vn
Tng nh Ngh An] 312 [4/1799: Nguyn Vn Thoi cng c Nha B Dch Lch i t bn Tm
bng me, Kamboja, qua Khu Khng, n U-bn, a u Vn Tng], 324-325 [11/1799: Nguyn
Vn Thoi v Lu Phc Tng ti Ving Chn. Chiu n n tip trang trng, v tng gp Nguyn
Chng Bangkok. Hn nm sau s xut binh) 2:347: Thng 3 Canh Thn [25/3-23/4/1800], Thoi
tr li Gia nh. Gia Long sai Thoi tr li Vn Tng, tin nh Ngh An. (2:347) 2:356-357: Thng
6 Canh Thn [22/8-19/9/1800], Thoi v Lu Phc Tng tn cng Ngh An. nh nhau vi
c Nguyn Doanh Nhc B n, ph m Nguyn Vn Tr Lam n. Tr thua to. Bn phin thn
Thanh Ha l H Cng Thi, th ti Hng Ha l Phan B Hng u ni ln hng ng. Nguyn Long
cng khi bnh, gi bo La Thai, chiu d ngi H Di (2:356-357) 2:385: Thng 2 Tn Du
[14/3-12/4/1801], s Vn Tng ti dng biu thn phc, bn Thun Ha v Ngh An, xin nh
k nh gic. (2:385), 2:389: Thng 3 Tn Du [13/4-12/5/1801], Thoi t ng v Gia nh. Chng
ging lm cai i, cho L Vn Xun thay. (2:389) 3:12: Nm 1802, qun Xim phi hp vi qun
Nguyn nh Ty Sn Ngh An. (3:1802-1808, 1963:12).

18. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:360-361, 394, 4:1809-1820, 1963:46 NTLCB, I, 3:360-361

[Thng 1-2/1808]: i tn cc dinh trn. Gia nh trn: Gia nh thnh. Dinh Phin trn: trn Phin
An; Dinh Trn bin: trn Bin ha; Dinh Vnh trn: trn Vnh Thanh; Dinh Trn nh: trn nh
Tng)

19. NTLCB, I, 3:1802-1808, 1963:394; 4:1809-1820, 1963:46.

20. Xim lm l phong vng cho Ang Chan ti Bangkok ri a v nc. Ngay sau , Ang Chan xin
thn phc Hu. Nguyn Chng nh l cng 3 nm mt ln, ri m ngi Hn [Vit] vo hai i
Cng b v An b lm thng dch ti thnh La Bch [Lovek].
21. NTLCB, I, 4:90-91, 94, 98-9, 101-102.

22. NTLCB, I, 3:347, 4:90-92 [Ang Chan than phin vic Xim i chia t cho cc em], 98-99, 101,
103 [Nguyn Vn Nhn kinh l Nam Vang], 154 [cng voi], 163-164 [Ang Chan chy qua Gia nh],
169 [Nc Nguyn chy qua Xim; Xim np qua Gia nh], 187 [Duyt a Ang Chan v nc], 194-
195 [rt qun], 198-199 [ban m o, thng ngn]. [39 voi c nm 1812, 4:154], 4:27 [cho c-nha
Siu lm cai i, chuyn bt voi, mi nm np 30 con, 4:272], 26:195 [88 voi nm 1813, 6:195]. Khi
Ang Chan cht nm 1834, Minh Mng lp Ang Mey (Ngc Vn) ln lm n cha. Nm 1835, v ri
1840-1841, anh em Ang Duong theo Tng Xim Bodin v nc nh xm lc yuon [dun]. Nm
1847, Ang Duong ln ngi, xy tng Bodin th. Ang Duong c 3 con l Norodom, Sisowath v Sri
Votha. C ba u khc m.

23. NTLCB, I, 2:269 [Thng 8 inh T (1797), Xim ngh dng Man Lo phi hp nh Ty Sn,
Chng c Nguyn Vn Thoi ch huy thng o], 347 [Thng 3 Canh Thn (1800), Nguyn Vn
Thoi t Vn Tng tr v, Nguyn vng sai qua Vn Tng phi hp nh Ngh An], 383 [Thng
1 Tn Du (1801), Lu Phc Tng t Vn Tng tr v], 385 [Thng 2 Tn Du (1801), s Vn
Tng ti cng Gia nh], 389 [Thng 3 Tn Du (1801), Nguyn Vn Thoi t ng ri Vn
Tng, b ging chc, L Vn Xun thay], 402 [thng 5 Tn Du (11/6-10/7/1801, trn th Ngh An
ca Ty Sn l Nguyn Vn Thn chiu d cc man Trn Ninh; vua Vn Tng l Chiu n bo v
Gia nh; Nguyn vng sai Lu Phc Tng n Vn Tng, ng lc L Vn Xun cht, thay gi
qun lc, cng Chiu n nh ngy nh Ngh An], 431 [thng 8 Tn Du (8/9-7/10/1801), Lu
Phc Tng v tng Phraya Khu-b ca Vn Tng tin nh Ngh An. Git c c Nguyn
Vn Hin Thanh Chng. Ngh An rng ng.], 3:260. NTLCB, I, 3:169. [Thng Ging Gip T
[1804], Gia Long cng cho Chiu Ni t Ngh An v Trn Ninh [Sm Na].(NTLCB, 3:239)]. Thng
Su t Su [27/6- 25/7/1805]: Trc y cai i Trn Vn Long a Chiu Ni t Ngh An v Trn
Ninh, c tng qu. Gia Long: Trung quc i vi ngi Di ngoi, khng tr m ra tr [v vi nhi
tr]. C nhn. (NTLCB, I, 3:239)]

24. NTLCB, II, 22:84 [2-30/5/1840 [Thng T Canh T]: Hu: S Ha X vo chim bi. (22:84)],
22:115-119 [Thng T Canh T, Nam Vang: Trng Minh Gng bo co vua nc Thy X tn l
Tit, c qu thut, ti gn Nam Vang. Tit quen Phin vng thng n xin tin. Minh Mng mun
n v tra hi, nhng quc trng kia i ri. (22:115-119) Vua cho lnh iu tra vit tp Thi
Bnh Qung K. Nhng sau bi b v Trn Ty Thnh b lon. (22:119) 23:145-148 [23/3/1841
[Thng Ba Tn Su]: i quc hiu Ha X thnh Thy X v ngc li]; 27:70; Woodside
1971:237-238.

25. V Ng Chiu, Nguyn i Quc: Ngi Vit u Tin n M? Hp Lu, s 93 (2-3/2007), Tn

Nin inh Hi [pp.5-38; Trnh Vn Thanh, Thnh ng in tch, Danh nhn t in, 2 tp (Si Gn:
Khai Tr, 1965?), I:77; L Vn c, L Ngc Tr et al, Vit Nam T in, 2 tp (Si Gn: Khai Tr,
1970), I, phn III:23; Nguyn Q. Thng & Nguyn B Th, T in Nhn Vt Lch S Vit Nam
(TP/HCM: 1992), tr. 61-62. Chng ti ghi ngy sinh v ngy mt ca C nhn Bi Vin da trn
cc t liu Chu Bn T c, hin lu tr ti Trung Tm Lu Tr Quc Gia I (H Ni). Cc ti liu
Chu bn v Bi Vin v em l Bi Bng (hay Phng) c khong 200 t; tuy nhin m s thay
i so vi ngy cn bo qun ti Trung Tm Lu Tr Trung ng II (TP/HCM). a t Gio s
Nguyn Phm Hng, i hc H Ni, v hc gi Nguyn Thu Hoi, chuyn vin Hn Nm, v nhng
thng tin trn. Khi in thnh sch, chng ti s n lc thay m s c ti TTLTT II (TP/HCM) bng
m s mi ti TTLTQG I (H Ni). Xem thm on II.

26. Xem, chng hn, ng Kch Mnh; in li trong ng Cng Sn Vit Nam, Vn Kin ng Ton
Tp, tp I:1925-1930 (H Ni: 1999), tr. 26-27 [Trong li tuyn ngn ca M [on th hai] c cu
rng: Gii sinh ra ai cng c quyn t do, quyn gi tnh mnh ca mnh, quyn lm n cho sung
sng. H chnh ph no m c hi cho dn chng, th dn chng phi p chnh ph y i, v
gy ln chnh ph khc. Nguyn vn: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unlienable Rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness . . . . That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it,
and to institute a new government] Marr, 1981:131n, 374-375 [ng Kch Mnh]

27. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1958), vol. 11, pp. 645, &
646, vol. 12, p. 508, and vol. 14, pp. 636-637, 641 & 647; cited by Robert H. Miller, The United States
and Vietnam, 1787-1941 (Washington, DC: NDU, 1990), tr. xv-xvi.

28. Miller, 1990:3-5.

29. NTLCB, I, 3:134. Hng Mao (lng, tc ) l ting mit th gi ngi Bri-tn (lch s hn l
Anh Ct Li).

30. NTLCB, I,3:193; L. Cadire, Les francais au service de Gia Long: VII. Les diplmes et ordres de
service de Vannier et de Chaigneau; XI. Nguyn nh et la Mission. Documents Indits; Bulletin des
Amis de Vieux Hu [BAVH] (H Ni), XIII, no. 1 (Jan-Mars 1913), tr. 1-49; IX, no. 2, (4-6/1922), tr.
140-69. v Documents A. Salles, III: Philippe Vannier; BAVH, XXII, No. 2 (Avril-Juin 1935), tr. 143-
59.
31. NTLCB, I, 4:400. Nm 1848, nhm Nguyn Tri Phng cng khuyn T c: Ch nghe thy
ting l em n cng hin; ch cha nghe thy cng nc ngi bun bn bao gi; Ibid., IV,
27:117-18.

32. Th ngy 31/1/1790, Nguyn nh gi vua Php, bn dch ca Pigneau; Service historique de la
Marine [SHM], (Vincennes), GG2-44, carton 3, d.1. 48 ; v Archives du Ministre des Affaires
Etrangres [AMAE] (Paris), Mmoires et Documents, Asie, vol 64, t 21. V Ho c 1787, xem
CAOM (Aix), GGI [Amiraux], 11704. c qu nhiu ti liu v Pigneau. V ti liu nh Nguyn, xem
i Nam Chnh Bin Lit Truyn, bn dch Vit ng ca Vin s hc H Ni (Hu: Thun Ho, 1993),
tp II, tr. 476-77. [S dn NCBLT]. Ti liu ny ghi rng Pigneau qui phc Nguyn Chng t nm
Bnh T (1780); II:476. Cn nhn mnh l s ng gp ca Pigneau cho chin thng ca Gia Long ch
rt gii hn. Xem thm Cao Xun Dc, Quc triu chnh bin tot yu (Si Gn: S a, 1971), tr.12-
3; Annales annamites [S K i Nam Vit] (Si Gn: Nhm Nghin Cu S a, 1974); H. Cosserat,
Notes biographiques sur les francais au service de Gia Long; Bulletin des Amis de Vieux Hu
[BAVH], IV, no. 3 (7-9/1917), tr.165-206; Cadire, Les Francais aux service de Gia Long: XI. Nguyen
Anh et La Mission, Documents indits; Ibid. [BAVH], XIII, no. 1 (1-3/1926), tr.1-49. Cosserat s
dng ti liu vn kh Hi truyn gio, v Cadire so snh ti liu truyn gio vi t liu Vit.

33. NTLCB, I, 2:269, 282; 3:134; th ngy 11/4/1801, Barisy gi Letondel; L. Cadire, Les
francais au service de Gia Long: XII. Leur correspondance; BAVH, XIII, no. 4 (10-12/1926), tr. 359-
437

34. Sau khi chim li Gia nh thnh ngy 7/9/1788 [inh Du, 8/8 Mu Thn], Nguyn Chng
quan tm n vic ngoi thng, gii quyt nhu cu v kh, n dc. Thng Tm Mu Thn
[31/8-28/9/1788], sai ni vin Trnh Tn Ti, Chu Vn Quan i H chu mua sng n. (NTLCB, I,
2:78) Thng Ging K Du [26/1- 24/2/1789], t ba loi thu: thu cng, l cai tu, tin xem cm
cho cc tu Trung Hoa. (Ibid., 2:86-87) Thng Nm K Du [25/5/1789], cho lnh thu mua tt c
st, gang, km, lu hong trn cc tu Thanh. Ch c 10 vn cn, bt thu cng; cho ch 30 vn
cn go v. (Ibid., 2:95) Thng Mt K Du [17/12/1789-14/1/1790], sai dinh Trn Bin t mua
ng ct. Mi nm 10 vn cn. C 100 cn, 10 quan. Ngy np, tnh theo gi ch. i ly v kh Ty
phng. (Ibid., 2 :106) Thng Mt Qu Su [3/12/1793-1/1/1794], sai cai i Quang-ni-ve
[Vannier], i trng Pa--ch [Barizy], u l ngi Ty, i mua v kh thnh C [Goa, India]
v x M La Kha [Malacca]. (Ibid., 2:183; Cadire, III. Leurs noms; BAVH, VII, no.1 (1-3/1920):
ngy 17/12/1793, Barizy i Malacca v Penang)

35. NTLCB, I, 3:193, 4:382; Alexander B. Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A
Comparative Study of Nguyn and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth
Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press, 1971), p. 273. T nm 1791, tu Portugal ti bun
bn; NTLCB, I, 2:137. Nm 1805, tu Portugal t Macao ti kinh, xin vo Gia nh mua go. Vua
ng bn 1000 t. Mc lc chu bn triu Nguyn, Tp I: Gia Long (Hu: Vin i hc Hu, 1960),
tr. 27; dn trong Bang-Nguyn Minh Tng, Chn dung cc vua Nguyn, tp I (Hu: NXB Thun
Ha, 1996), tr. 74. Ma Xun 1876, T c mi bi b lnh cm xung bin i bun. NTLCB, IV,
33:281-82

36. NTLCB, I, 3:348-49, 4:157

37. Theo Thc Lc, t thng 7/1818 tu ngoi quc mun np thu cng v thu hng ha bng loi
tin no cng c; NTLCB, 4:352. T u nm 1819, tin ba l v tin cai tu c gi kho
dinh Bc thnh v Gia nh thnh, cui nm chia cho cc quan; Ibid., 4:364-65

38. John White, History of a Voyage to the China Sea (Boston: Wells & Lilly, 1823); im sch trong
The North American Review, vol. 18, no. 42 (Jan 1824), pp. 140-57; in li di ta A Voyage to
Cochin China (London: A & B. Spottiswood, 1824, 1972); bn dch Php ng ca P. Midan, Les
Europans qui ont vu le vieux Hu: John White; BAVH (Ha Noi), 24 anne, no. 2-3 (Avril-Sept.
1937), tr. 93-322; Miller, 1990:6-14.; NTLCB, I, 4:398.

39. NTLCB, I, 4:390-391. V tiu s Nguyn Vn Nhn v Nguyn Hunh c, xem NCBLT, II, q. 7,
vol. II, tr. 115-23 & 123-28.

40. NTLCB, I, 4:356, 367. V tiu s Trnh Hoi c (1760-1825), xem NCBLT, II, q. 11, vol. II, tr.
186-92.

41. NTLCB, I, 4:398; Mc lc Chu Bn triu Nguyn, tp II: Minh Mng [MLCBMM], Cheng ching-
ho [Trn Knh Ha], Nguyn Phng, et al. dch (Hu: i hc Hu, 1962) CB 1:56; tr. 12. [Gia Long
c Duyt thay lm Tng trn Gia nh ln th nht t nm 1812 ti 1815; NTLCB, I, 4:160, 252.
Trc nm 1808, ch c Lu trn, ri trn th Si Gn. Chc Tng trn Gia nh lp ra t thng 10-
11/1808].

42. CBMM, 1/3 Canh Thn; & 30/4 Canh Thn; MLCBMM, II, 1962: 65, 112-13.
43. NTLCB, I, 4:336-37; MLCBGL, tr. 196-197; Bang-Nguyn Minh Tng, 1996:75. Theo
Yoshiharu Tsuboi, nu l do vua bnh; Idem., Nc i Nam i din vi Php v Trung Hoa, 1847-
1885 [LEmpire vietnamien face la France et la Chine], bn dch Nguyn nh u (Si Gn:
1990), tr. 94-5. [S dn: Tsuboi 1990]. Alastair Lamb ghi de Kergariou ti Tourane ngy
30/12/1817; Idem., The Mandarin Road to Old Hue (London: Archon Books, 1970), Part V tr. 229.
[s dn Lamb 1970]; C l Lamb s dng ti liu ca Pierre de Joinville [1914] v Cordier [Toung
Pao, 1904 v 1908]). Ngy 22/1/1818, de Kergariou ri Tourane.

44. Thc lc cng khng nhc g n hai tu Php mang theo hn 1,000 sng v thuc n ny. Ch
ghi thng 11/1819, vua cho Chng c Chaigneau v Php ngh hai nm; NTLCB, I, 4:385.
Chaigneau ti lm vic cho Nguyn Chng t nm 1794. Ch huy tu Long Phi, ri thay Barisy ch
huy tu Thy Phng (hay Thoi Phng).

Trch tc phm : Cc vua cui triu Nguyn