Index
Bold numbers depict gures, tables or boxes.
Abbeystead disaster (United Kingdom), 130
adjudication, in dispute resolution, 24
aggregate, 2289
AGS, see Association of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS)
air photo interpretation (API), 1258; process of, 126
aperture, 16972
API, see air photo interpretation (API)
arbitration, in dispute resolution, 24
architect, role of, 1416
armourstone, 229
Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Specialists (AGS), 125, 3534
Atterberg limits, 51
Australia; Kata Tjuta (the Olgas), 83; South West
Transport Corridor, Queensland, 122; Uluru
(Ayers Rock), 82
barrettes, 2512
basalt, 445, 47
basement construction, 18
bearing pressure, 2830; denition, 239;
allowable, 197, 239, 240, 363; presumed,
239, 240; ultimate bearing capacity, 239;
on rocks, 197, 240; on soils, 240
BGS, see British Geological Survey (BGS)
bill of quantities (BOQ), 17, 20
BIPS, see Borehole Image Processing System
(BIPS)
black cotton soils, 50, 206
blasting, 225, 2589, 288, 2934, 304, 312; see also
drill and blast
Bologna Declaration, 3456
BOQ, see bill of quantities (BOQ)
Borehole Image Processing System (BIPS), 173,
1745; comparison with surface mapping, 175
boreholes, 155; examples of logs; Australian, 3834;
Hong Kong, 384; UK, 37983; preliminary, 1212;
logging of samples, 16872, 38493; periscope,
1401, 154, 171, 172
Britain, see United Kingdom
British Code of Practice for Site Investigation
(BS5930), 115, 124; objectives of, 115
British Geological Survey (BGS), 125
British Geotechnical Association (BGA), 353
Brockram (United Kingdom), 1324
Busan (South Korea), landslide in, 3412
Busan Clay (South Korea), 205
cable-percussive rigs, 155
caissons, 252
Canada, training for engineering geologist, 3478
Canadian Council of Professional Engineers, 3478
Carsington Dam (United Kingdom), failure of, 67,
131, 31112, 315
cementation, 10, 11, 59, 189, 192, 203, 208
Cerchar abrasivity index tests, 313
chalk, 59, 312
Channel Tunnel, 312
checking engineer, role of, 18
cherry picker platform, 145
China; codes, 124, 169, 360, 367, 378; Sutong Bridge,
245; training of engineering geologist, 3489;
Wenchuan earthquake, 300
Ching Cheung Road (Hong Kong), 127, 173, 3423
Christchurch earthquake (New Zealand), 296, 298
claims procedures, 23
clay soils, 502, 2056; aluminosilicates, 501;
cohesiveness of, 50; and granular soils, 50;
overconsolidated; stress in, 2345;
montmorillonite, 501, 203, 206; phyllosilicates,
50; smectite, 50, 52, 130, 206; vane test on, 205; see
also London Clay
client, of engineering projects, 14
coastal recession, 181
codes; for design, see design, codes; for earthworks and
retaining structures, 35, 35978; for site investigation
and testing, 34, 115, 1245, 1289, 35978
Coefcient of earth pressure at rest, 232, 234
cohesion, 50, 189, 203
colluvium, 52, 54, 95, 158, 2278
compass-clinometer, 148
 444 Index
compressive strength, 196, 197; of rock, 196, 197200,
208, 23940; of soil, 196, 197; tests, 197200; see
also unconned compressive strength (UCS)
concrete; compressive strength of, 196, 1978; tensile
strength, 201
construction vibrations, 304; blasting, 304;
piling, 305
contaminated land, 182
Continuing Professional Development (CPD), 4
contractors; as designers, 18; responsibilities of,
1718; sub-contractors, 18
contracts; arrangements, 15; attitudes of parties, 26;
claims procedures, 23; denition of, 19; dispute
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resolution, 24; legal process, 256; reference
ground conditions, 213; risks assigned under,
1921; to contractors, 201; to owners, 20;
shared, 21
conversion factors, 3568
cost; of arbitration, 24; of construction, 1618; in
failed projects; Heathrow Express Tunnel collapse,
333; inadequate site investigation, 9; prot margin,
1617; of site investigation, 119; of site
reconnaissance, 1401
critical potential slip surface, 9, 306
Daikai subway station (Japan), 299
deformability, 204, 334, 377; of rocks, 21113; of
soil, 1856; tests, 167
Dennison sampler, 160
density, denition, 361
design model, see model, design
design; application of engineering geological
principles, 367; codes, 346; criteria, 2; design and
build, 14, 19; engineers design, 14, 237; for
earthworks and retaining structures, 35; Eurocode
7, 356; for foundations, 2931, 35; for site
investigation, 34; of tunnels, 313
desk study, 1245
DFN, see discrete fracture network (DFN)
diagenesis, 1913
diagenetic and lithication processes, 11, 47
differentiation into sets, in rocks, 734
dilation, 189; angle of, 21519
dimension stone, 22930
Dips from Rocscience, 73, 151
direct shear tests, 201, 209; to measure basic friction
of natural joints, 21521; in eld, 166, 167; on
granite, 188; Leeds direct shear box, 144; on soil,
201; Yip Kan Street landslide, 21921
discontinuities in rocks, see rocks, types of
discontinuities in
discrete fracture network (DFN), 103
dispute resolution, 24; see also expert witness, role of
disturbance of samples, 1578, 161, 166
Drax Power Station (United Kingdom), 2423, 3302
dredging, 288; see also site excavation
drill and blast, 313, 136, 254, 2578, 375, 398400;
see also blasting
drilling, rotary, 15861; wire-line, 160
dune bedding, 53
dykes, 45, 48, 61
earth pressure balance machines (EPBM),
255, 256, 313
earthquakes, 100; damage in Mexico and Turkey,
328; design considerations, 297307; design of
buildings, 2979; ground motion, 2946; landslides
triggered by, 3003; empirical relationships, 3023;
landslide mechanisms, 3003; liquefaction, 296;
slope design, 3034; displacement analysis, 304;
pseudo-static load analysis, 304; tunnels, 299
effective stress, principle of, 91, 202, 206, 231, 2323,
2767, 357
employers, re engineering projects, 14
end bearing (piling), 30, 105, 211, 24551
engineers, 1416; responsibilities of, 1617
engineering geologists; career routes, 12,
34455; institutions; Institution of Civil Engineers
(ICE), 351; Institution of Geologists (IG), 3501;
Institution of Materials, Minerals and Mining
(IOM3), 352; learned societies; Association of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists,
353; British Geotechnical Association (BGA), 353;
Geological Society of London, 352; International
Association for Engineering Geology and the
Environment, 353; International Society for Rock
Mechanics, 354; International Society for Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 354;
knowledge of, 25; role in project, 12, 59, 38;
training; Canada, 3478; China, 3489; Europe,
34950; Hong Kong, 349; UK, 3445, 353; United
States of America, 3467; see also geotechnical
engineer, career routes
engineering geologists, role during construction,
3079; alertness to fraud, 309; checking design
assumptions, 307; record-keeping, 307, 308
engineering geology; denition, 1
engineering judgement, see judgement, engineering
environmental factors, in site investigations, 1356
environmental hazards, 17980; coastal recession,
181; contaminated land, 182; natural terrain
landslides, 1801; seismicity, 1834; subsidence
and settlement, 182
EPBM, see earth pressure balance machines (EPBM)
Eurocodes, 346, 239, 2456, 3723
Europe, training for geologists, 3456
European Federation of Geologists, 346
exfoliation fractures, see joints, in rocks
expert witness, role of, 256; see also dispute resolution
extensometer, 177, 178
Factor of Safety (FoS); foundations, 29, 236, 238;
slopes, 98, 278; of temporary works in Nicoll
Highway collapse, 3234
failures in projects, examples; due to adverse ground
conditions; Ping Lin Tunnel, Taiwan, 318; due to
chemical reactions; Carsington Dam (UK), 31112;
gas storage caverns in Killingholme, 312; Pracana

Dam (Portugal), 314; TBM Singapore, 31214; due
to deep weathering and cavern inll; Tung Chung
(Hong Kong), 31820; due to damage from
earthquakes at great distance (Mexico and Turkey),
328; due to explosive gases (UK), 328; due to failure
of ground anchors (Hong Kong and UK), 3278;
due to faults (UK), 31618; due to faults in
foundations (Hong Kong), 316; due to incorrect
hydrogeological ground model, (UK), 3246; due to
karstic limestone (UK), 332; due to landslides
(Ching Cheung Road and Korea), 3423; due to
pre-disposed rock structure (Pos Selim landslide),
3202; due to pre-existing shear surfaces,
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(Carsington Dam), 315; due to soil grading (Drax
Power Station) 3302; due to systemic failure
(Heathrow Express Tunnel collapse), 3336; due to
temporary works failure (Nicoll Highway collapse),
3234; due to tunnel liner failure (Kingston on
Hull) UK, 3223; Strategic Sewerage Disposal
Scheme (SSDS) (Hong Kong), 3369; underground
rock research laboratory (Sellaeld) 33941
failure envelope, in rocks, 70
fast track approach, 119
faults, in rocks, 647, 1312; brittle, 65; plastic, 65;
reverse, 65; normal, 65; seals, 67
Fei Shui Road landslide (Hong Kong), 159
feldspar, 44, 50
FIDIC, 19
eld exposures, 14351; instruments, 14451; rock
exposures, 1489
eld reconnaissance and mapping, 13941; cost-
effectiveness of, 1401; use of GPS, 1412
FLAC SLOPE, 278
FLAC, 241, 304, 306
FLAC3D, 278
force, denition, 357
Fort Canning Boulder Bed (Singapore), 54, 557
FoS, see Factor of Safety (FoS)
foundations, 19; buoyant, 2412; deep, 301,
24252; barrettes, 2512; bored piles, 2445;
caissons, 252; design of piles, 2459; driven piles,
2424; example of pile design, 247; proof testing on
piles, 249; design of, 2930; Factor of Safety (FoS), 29,
236, 238; settlement, 29; loading from buildings,
278; hazards, 28; pile, 301; raft, 301; scope of site
investigation, 122; shallow, 29, 31, 23841;
variability across footprint, 2401; strip footings, 28,
240
foundations, design of, 2931
FracMan, 103
fractures, see faults, in rocks; joints, in rocks
friction, denition, 357; between minerals, 187;
between rock joints, 21521
gabbro, 44, 68
gas storage caverns in Killingholme, 312
gases, failure of project due to (Abbeystead,
UK), 328
geological interfaces, in rocks, 64
Index 445
Geological Society Engineering Group Working
Party, 359
Geological Society of China (GSC), 348
Geological Society of London, 345, 349
Geological Strength Index (GSI), 210, 3767
geologists, denition, 1
geology, denition, 1; reference to engineering,
401
geomorphology, 3
geophysics; constraints of, 1512; down-hole, 154;
resistivity, 153; seismic methods, 1523
geotechnical engineer, career routes, 13; see also
engineering geologists
Geotechnical Engineering Ofce, Hong
Kong, 285
GI, see ground investigation (GI)
GIS, 143, 145
glaciation, 54
GPS, 141, 142
granite, 10, 44, 50
granular soils, 207
Greece; RionAntirion Bridge, 298
ground anchors, failure of project due to (Hong Kong
and UK), 3278
ground investigation (GI), see site investigation
ground model for site, creation of, 41
ground models, see models, ground
ground truthing, 125
groundwater, 262, 290, 3278; response to rainfall,
924; see also water; water table
GSI, see Geological Strength Index (GSI)
Halcrow buckets, 176, 177
hazard maps, 125
hazards, 28; chemical, 1301; earthquakes, 100; gas,
130; landslides, 97100; rock fall, 2702; slope,
2749; volcanoes, 100
Heathrow Express Tunnel collapse (United
Kingdom), 24, 116, 3336; cost, 333
history of site, geological, 42
Hoek-Brown criteria, 210; strength envelope for
slope, 211
Hong Kong, 17, 26; Black Hills Tunnels, 49; Ching
Cheung Road, 127, 3423; failure due to ground
anchors, 3278; Fei Shui Road landslide, 159;
Geotechnical Engineering Ofce, 285; Kornhill
development, 316; Mass Transit Railway
Authority, 17, 26; site investigations in, 121; South
Bay Close slope failure, 69; Stonecutters Bridge,
121, 122; Strategic Sewerage Disposal Scheme
(SSDS), 3369; Tai Po to Buttery Valley water
tunnel, 261; training for engineering geologist, 349;
trial pit logs, 3923; Tsing Yi Island landslide,
10510; Tuen Mun Highway landslide, 11013;
Yip Kan Street landslide, 21921
hornfels, 601
hydraulic conductivity tests, 167, 2045; see also
permeability
hydraulic fracturing, 264
 446 Index
hydroelectric scheme, site investigation plan, 1389
hydrogeological ground model, failure due to landll
(UK), 324, 3246
igneous rocks, 10, 436, 48; acidic, 43; associations,
48; basic, 43, 44; chemical weathering in, 10, 12;
classication of, 43; extrusive, 43; granite, 44;
intrusive, 43, 44
impression packers, 1723
improvement, ground, 28893; cavities, 2923;
drainage, 2901; dynamic compaction, 289;
geotextiles, 291; as drainage and barrier, 2912; as
ground strengthening, 291; grouting, 292; jet
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grouting, 290; soil mixing, 290; static preloading,
28990; stone columns, 290
Incheon Bridge (South Korea), 121, 245, 24950
inclinometer, 177, 180
India, basalt rocks in, 44
Indonesia; LUSI mud volcano, 52
in-situ, sub-surface, 15467; boreholes in soil, 155;
deformability tests, 167; hydraulic conductivity
tests, 167; objectives, 1545; piezocone, 166; rotary
drilling, 15861; shear tests, 166, 167; standard
penetration test (SPT), 1615, 201; static cone
penetrometer, 165, 166, 201; vane test, 165, 201
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE), 34951
Institution of Geologists (IG), 3501
Institution of Materials, Minerals and Mining
(IOM3), 352
instrumentation, 1749; extensometer, 177, 178;
inclinometer, 177, 179; piezometers, 1767, 178
insurance, 22
International Association for Engineering Geology
and the Environment, 353
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong, 251
International Finance Centre in Seoul, Korea, 237
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM),
1956, 3545
International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), 354
intra-formational slip, 63
Japan; earthquakes in, 299; Daikai subway station,
299; Kiamichi Mine, 956; Kobe earthquake, 299
Joint Roughness Coefcient (JRC), 85, 224
joint venture (JV), 1415, 16
joints, in rocks, 6773, 3658; columnar, 73; hybrid,
70, 71, 78; inlled, 7, 223; non-orthogonal
systematic, 768; orthogonal systematic, 746;
primary, 68; secondary, 68; shear, 70, 78;
sheeting, 804; systematic, 68, 748; tensile,
768; tertiary, 68
JRC, see Joint Roughness Coefcient (JRC)
judgement, engineering, 221, 248, 269
JV, see joint venture (JV)
Kallang Clay, 323
Kallang Formation, 305
karstic limestone, failure due to (UK), 332
Kiamichi Mine (Japan), 956
Kobe earthquake (Japan), 299
Korea, Po Chang, 2746
laboratory testing, 184
lahars, 100
Lake Nyos, 100
Landslide Preventive Measures (LPM) programme, 342
landslides, 92; modes of failure, 978; slope
deterioration and failure, 98100; triggered by
earthquakes, 3003; empirical relationships,
3023; landslide mechanisms, 3002; see also slopes
lawyers, 19
limestone, 59, 103; cavities in, 292; construction of
piles in, 332; dolomitisation of, 59; joints, 218;
marble, 61; Simsima Limestone (Qatar), 198200
liquefaction susceptibility, 125
liquid limit (LL) of clay, 51
lithication, 1913
LL, see liquid limit (LL) of clay
loads, 2316; from buildings, 236; natural stress
conditions, 2315; active tectonic regions, 234;
overconsolidated clay, 234; Poisson effect, 232;
topographic regions, 235; tunnels, 2323
loess, 53
logging of borehole samples, 16872; examples,
1689; consultants report, 38493; Hong Kong,
384; UK, 37983; over-simplication of
classication terminology, 16972; reporting,
184; terminology, 169
logging, down-hole, 1724
London Clay, 116, 207, 234, 2345, 3336; see also
clay soils
Ltschberg rail tunnel (Switzerland), 54
LUSI mud volcano (Indonesia), 52
Malaysia; Pergau Dam, 235; Pos Selim Landslide,
105, 123, 128, 3202
maps; guidance for, 147; for geological modelling,
102; hazard, 125
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) (Singapore), 312, 323
Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) Hong
Kong, 26
Mazier core barrel, 160, 1612
mediation, 24
metamorphic rocks; aureole, 601, 102; classication,
602; regional, 61
method of slices, 280, 306
method statements, 16
mines; safety during earthquakes, 299; surface, 2967
model, design, 102, 104, 105
models, ground, 38, 10014; design of tunnel,
11314; development of, 41, 104; examples,
1037; fracture networks, 103; principles of, 101;
procedures for creating, 1023
models, site, 12
Mohrs stress circles, 6971, 202
Mohr-Coulomb model, 71, 210, 276, 305
mud volcanoes, 52

NEC, see New Engineering Contract (NEC)
New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), 33, 334
New Engineering Contract (NEC), 19, 335
New Zealand; Christchurch earthquake 296,
298
Nicoll Highway collapse (Singapore), 24, 119, 237,
305, 3234
Nirex, 33940
nuclear waste disposal, 1323
numerical modelling; for analysis and design, 3057;
software, 3067
observational approach, 33, 119
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oedometer tests, 204, 206, 241
Osterberg cells, 249
owner, of engineering projects, 14
Pacoima Dam (United States of America), 295
Pergau Dam (Malaysia), 235
periglacial shears, 67
periscope, borehole, 1401, 154, 171, 172
permeability, 2045; see also hydraulic conductivity tests
PI, see plasticity index (PI) of clay
piezocone, 166
piezometers, 91, 1756, 178
pile foundations, 30; barrettes, 2512; bored piles,
2445; caissons, 252; design of piles, 2459; driven
piles, 2424; example of pile design, 247; proof
testing on piles, 249
pile load test, 249
piling, 305
Ping Lin Tunnel (Taiwan), failure of, 67, 318
piping, types of, 94
PL, see plastic limit (PL) of clay
plastic limit (PL) of clay, 51
plasticity index (PI) of clay, 51
plates, 44, 63
PLAXIS, 241, 305
Po Chang (South Korea) slope hazards, 2746
point load test, 147, 196, 199
Poisson effect, 232
polished stone value (PSV), 229
porosity, denition, 356
Portsmouth University, 344
Portugal; Cachopo Road, 49, 58; Pracana Dam,
failure of, 131, 314
Pos Selim Landslide (Malaysia), 105, 123, 3201; air
photograph interpretation (API), 1258
Pracana Dam (Portugal), failure of, 131, 314
pre-drill, 121
preliminary boreholes, scope of site investigation,
1223
pressuremeter, self-boring, 161
principal stresses, 33, 70, 76, 78, 83, 2315
principal planes, 202, 231
programmes, 16
project design, 1617
project designers, 14; contractors as, 18
project director, 16
Index 447
project management, 1418
properties of soil and rock, 186
Qatar; Simsima Limestone, compressive strength
tests, 1989
QS, see quantity surveyors (QS)
quantity surveyors (QS), 20
quarrying, 2934
quartz, 44, 50
Queens Valley Dam (United Kingdom), compressive
strength tests, 1978
Q value, 22, 212, 253, 368, 374
raft foundations, 30
rainfall; ow paths through rock, 956; ow paths
through soil, 945; groundwater response to, 924
RE, see resident engineer (RE)
reference ground conditions, 213
representative elemental volume (REV), 94
resident engineer (RE), 17
REV, see representative elemental volume (REV)
RionAntirion Bridge (Greece), 298
risk allocation for geotechnical conditions, 1921
risk register, for soil slopes, 281
RMR, see Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
road stone, 229
rock mass classication, 22, 1467, 3748; GSI,
21012, 3767; limitations of, 168; Q value, 22,
210, 212; rock mass modulus, 21112; Rock Mass
Rating (RMR), 22, 210, 212, 3756; Rock Quality
Designation (RQD), 147, 359, 3745
Rock Mass Rating (RMR), 22, 210, 212, 3756
rock slopes; modes of failure, 69, 2704; deep-
seated, 274; shallow, 269; structural, 2724;
undrained analysis, 276
rock to soil and soil to rock, cycle of, 11
rocks; bearing pressures, 23940; classication
terminology, 22, 23, 34, 210, 212, 35960, 3645;
complex geometries in, 7880; compressive
strength, 23940; denition of, 9; description of,
3623, 364; differentiation into sets, 734; as
engineering materials, 911; exposures, 1478;
failure envelope, in rocks, 70; fall hazards, 2702;
joint data, 1501; solid, 40; strength envelope, 189,
202, 209, 210, 211, 218
rockhead, 39; end-bearing on, 30; geological
denition, 40; geotechnical denition, 40
rocks, in construction; aggregate, 2289;
armourstone, 229; dimension stone, 22930; road
stone, 229
rocks, discontinuity properties, 213, 3658; in-lled
joints, 223; parameters, 21415; shear strength of
joints, 21522; basic friction, 21521; dilation
angle, 21618; estimation using empirical methods,
2235; roughness, 2212
rocks, physical properties of; cohesion, 189;
compressive strength, 196, 197200, 208;
conversion from soil, 186, 1913; deformability,
204; fractures, 193; fresh to moderately weathered
 448 Index
rock, 207; friction, 1879; mass deformability,
21113; mass strength, 20911; permeability,
2045; shear strength, 201; direct shear, 201;
dynamic, 2268; residual strength, 2034; triaxial
testing, 201; true cohesion, 203; and soil mixtures,
2268; tensile strength, 201; weathering, 1901, 208,
36873; chemical, 10, 12; see also sedimentary rocks
rocks, types of discontinuities in, 6384, 1301,
3678; complex geometries, 7880; differentiation
into sets, 734; faults, 647, 1312; brittle, 65;
plastic, 65; reverse, 65; normal, 65; seals, 67; TBM
tunnel collapse, 65; geological interfaces, 64; joints,
6773, 3658; columnar, 73; primary, 68;
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secondary, 68; tertiary, 68; morphology of, 846;
non-orthogonal systematic, 768; orthogonal
systematic, 746; periglacial shears, 67; Carsington
Dam, 67; sedimentary rocks, 856; shear joints, 78;
sheeting joints, 804; tension fracture, 86
rock-soil mixes, 2268; bearing capacity, 228; shear
strength, 2278
RocLab, 210
Rocscience, 306
rotary drilling, 15861
roughness, 68, 85, 189, 21415, 2214, 376
salts, 5960
sands, 47, 53
satellite imagery, for site investigation, 127
saturation, denition, 356
scan line survey, 149, 174175
Schmidt hammer, 196
sedimentary rocks, 4660; environments, 52;
offshore, 5860; onshore, 527; grain size, 47, 50;
morphology of discontinuities in, 845, 3678; see
also rocks
sedimentation, rates of, 1912
self-boring pressuremeter (SPT), 1614
Sellaeld Investigations (United Kingdom) 1323,
33940
serviceability limit state (SLS), 29; denition, 239
settlement, 29; differential, 29
SHAKE, 298
shallow foundations, 29
shear strength, 201; direct shear, 201; residual strength,
2034; triaxial testing, 201; true cohesion, 203
shear strength, of rock-soil mixes, 2256
shear tests, 166, 167; direct shear tests, 201, 209; to
measure basic friction of natural joints, 21521; in
eld, 165, 166; on granite, 188; Leeds direct shear
box, 144; for persistent rock discontinuities, 201;
on soil, 201; Yip Kan Street landslide, 21921;
triaxial shear tests, 67, 144, 227; on soils, 201
shell and auger rig, 1568, 337
Simsima Limestone (Qatar), compressive strength
tests, 198200
Singapore; Fort Canning Boulder Bed, 54, 557;
Jurong Formation, 55, 57; Nicoll Highway
collapse, 24, 119, 237, 306, 3234; TBM tunnel
collapse, 65, 31413
site excavation, 1921, 288; see also dredging
site investigation; down-hole logging, 1725;
environmental hazards, 17980; coastal recession,
181; contaminated land, 182; natural terrain
landslides, 1801; seismicity, 1834; subsidence
and settlement, 1813; eld exposures, 14351;
instruments, 1468, 150; rock exposures, 1489;
eld reconnaissance and mapping, 13941; cost-
effectiveness of, 1401; use of GPS, 1412;
geophysics; constraints of, 1512; down-hole, 154;
resistivity, 154; seismic methods, 1523; in-situ,
sub-surface, 15467; boreholes in soil, 155;
deformability tests, 167; hydraulic conductivity
tests, 167; objectives, 1545; piezocone, 166; rotary
drilling, 15861; shear tests, 166, 167; standard
penetration test (SPT), 1615, 202; static cone
penetrometer, 165, 166, 202; vane test, 165, 202;
instrumentation, 17681; extensometer, 177, 179;
inclinometer, 178, 180; piezometers, 1767, 179;
laboratory testing, 184; logging of borehole
samples, 16873; examples, 1689, 38395;
over-simplication of classication terminology,
16973; reporting, 1845; terminology, 169
site investigation, procedures for; desk study, 1248;
air photograph interpretation, (API) 1258; sources
of information, 1245; planning, 12839; for
hydroelectric scheme, 1379; verbal equations,
12936
site investigation, scope of, 6, 11524; Stonecutters
Bridge, 121, 122; extent of, 120; for foundations,
123; for new tunnel, 121; preliminary boreholes,
1223; variations around the world, 121
site variations, 1921
skin friction (piling), 30, 105, 24552, 301
slake test, 147
SLIDE, 306
slope hazards, 2746
slope stability assessment, 910, 197, 225,
268, 277
slopes, rock, see rock slopes
slopes; classication, 378; deterioration and failure of,
69, 98100; instrumentation of, 94; modes of
failure, 69, 978; see also landslides
SLOPE-W, 274, 278, 304, 306
SLS, see serviceability limit state (SLS)
slurry machines, 255
soil slopes, 274; design considerations for
earthquakes; displacement analysis, 305; pseudo-
static load analysis, 3045; example of hazard
model, 2746; options to improve stability of;
drainage, 2845; maintenance, 2878; mesh, 283;
reinforcement, 2856; retaining walls, 2867; rock
and boulder falls, 2823; surface treatment, 2812;
remediation, 27981; risk assessment, 279; slip
planes, 277; stability analyses, 278; Factor of Safety
approach, 2789; partial factor approach, 278;
undrained approach, 278
soil; bearing pressures, 240; classication
terminology, 35960; compressibility and

settlement, 241; denition of, 910; description of,
362, 3634
soil, physical properties of; clay soils, 2056;
cohesion, 189; compressive strength, 196, 197;
conversion to rock, 186, 1913; deformability of,
1856, 204; fractures, 193; friction between
minerals, 1879; granular soils, 207; mass
properties, 207; permeability, 2045; and rock
mixtures, 1935; shear strength, 201; direct shear,
201; residual strength, 2034; triaxial testing, 201;
true cohesion, 203; strength of, 1856
soil vs. rock rock assessment, 910
solid rock, denition, 40
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South Africa; avalanche shelter, 283; colluvium, 227;
geological interfaces, 63, 64, 74
South Bay Close (Hong Kong), rock slope failure in,
69
South Korea; Busan Clay, 205; Busan, landslide in,
3412; Incheon Bridge, 121, 24950; Po Chang,
2746; Young Dong Mountain Loop Tunnel
project, 3947
South West Transport Corridor (Queensland,
Australia), 122
specic volume, denition, 356
Spain; Cabacs, 39; Falset, 39
SPT, see standard penetration test (SPT)
Staffa, Isle of, see United Kingdom
standard penetration test (SPT), 156, 158, 1605; on
granular soils, 241; in situ site investigation, 1617
standards, 195
static cone penetrometer, 165, 166
Stonecutters Bridge (Hong Kong), site investigation,
121, 122
Strategic Sewerage Disposal Scheme (SSDS) (Hong
Kong), 3369
strength envelope, for rock, 189, 202, 209, 210,
211, 218
stress bulb, 27
stress calculations, examples; active tectonic regions,
235; over-consolidated clay, 2345; topographic
regions, 235; tunnels, 2323
stress, denition, 3678
strip footings, 28, 240
subsidence, 1823
surface mining, 2934
Sutong Bridge (China), 245
Switzerland; Ltschberg rail tunnel, 54
Tai Po to Buttery Valley (Hong Kong), 261
Tailuko Gorge (Taiwan), 272
Taiwan; Ping Lin Tunnel, 65, 318;
Tailuko Gorge, 272
TBM tunnel collapse (Singapore), 65, 260
temporary works, 237
tensile fractures, 826, 217
tensile strength, 2930, 201; of concrete, 201, 244,
tensile strength, 201, 365
total geological approach model, 42, 128,
1334
Index 449
trial pit logs; of consultant, 384; of contractor, 394;
Hong Kong, 384; UK, 391
triaxial shear tests, 67, 145, 224, 360; on soils, 201
Tsing Yi Island Landslide (Hong Kong), 10510
Tuen Mun Highway Landslide (Hong Kong), 11013
tuff, 45, 46
Tung Chung, Hong Kong, 31819
tunnel boring machines (TBM), 312, 65, 2546,
31213, 399411
Tunnelmans classication, 255
tunnels; cavern design, 2656; design of, 313,
11314; general considerations, 2534; hard rock
tunnelling, 25860; drill and blast, 25860;
permanent design, 2612; permanent liners, 2624;
portal design, 2612; procedures for site
investigation, 124; risk assessment, 19, 2668; at
design stage, 267, 3978; registers during
construction, 2678, 41516; road headers, 2569;
safety during earthquakes, 303; safety issues, 323;
scope of site investigation, 117; shallow, 323; soft
rock tunnelling, 2545; stress calculations, 2323;
techniques of construction, 31; temporary works
for supports, 2378, 2601; tunnel boring
machines (TBMs), 312, 65, 2545, 31618,
398416; underground mining, 266
UCS, see unconned compressive strength (UCS)
UDEC, 73, 304, 306
UK, see United Kingdom
UK Register for Ground Engineers, 345
ULS, see ultimate limit state (ULS)
ultimate limit state (ULS), 239
unconned compressive strength (UCS), 197, 200,
207; see also compressive strength
United Kingdom; Abbeystead disaster, 130, 328;
bridge abutment, Lake District, 1401; Brockram
Investigations, 1324; Carsington Dam, failure of,
67, 31112, 315; chalk, 59; Drax Power Station,
54, 3301; failure of project due to ground anchors,
32732; failure of project due to karstic limestone,
333; glaciers in, 534; Heathrow Express Tunnel
collapse, 24, 116, 3336; igneous rocks, 44, 48;
Kingston on Hull, 3223; prot margins of design
consultants, 16; Queens Valley Dam, compressive
strength tests, 1978; Sellaeld Investigations
(United Kingdom) 1323, 33941; Skiddaw
Granite, 61; Staffa, Isle of, 48, 77, 78; TBM collapse
in Halifax, 31618; training for engineering
geologist, 3445, 352; trial pit logs, 393
United States of America; Pacoima Dam, 295;
training, 3445
vane test, 165, 201; on clay soil, 205
verbal equations, for planning of site investigations,
12943; construction-related factors, 136;
environmental factors, 1356; geological
factors, 12930; mass scale, 1313;
material scale, 1301
vibrations, construction, see construction vibrations
 450 Index
void ratio, denition, 356
volcanoes, 45, 48, 100; mud, 52
wash boring, 156
water content, denition, 356
water, 913; ow paths through rock, 956; ow
paths through soil, 945; ground water response to
rainfall, 924; inows, 92; runoff, 93; see also
groundwater; water table
water table; changes in, 88, 912, 155, 182, 262; stress
calculations, 2323; Tsing Yi Island
landslide (Hong Kong), 10510; Tuen Mun
Highway landslide (Hong Kong), 11013;
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cold climates, 878; denition, 87; failure in
projects due to, 3204; processes, 87;
decomposition, 87; disintegration, 87; eluviation,
87; in temperate climates, 88; in tropical areas, 87
websites, 235, 307
Wenchuan earthquake (China),
300
wetting band theory, 93
wire line drilling, 160
Yip Kan Street landslide (Hong Kong),
21921
Young Dong Mountain Loop Tunnel project (South

wetting band theory, 93; see also groundwater; water Korea), 3945
waviness, 85 Youngs Modulus, 204
weathering, in rocks, 8790, 1901, 2089, 3689;
chemical, 10, 12, 8890; corestones, 88, 8990; in Zambezi River, 126