ACESSO A SKINNER PELA SUA PRPRIA OBRA: PUBLICAES DE 1930 A 1990 (1)

Kester Carrara - UNESP / Marlia (2)

RESUMO: Extensa e controvertida, a obra publicada de B. F. Skinner est reunida, sob a
forma de lista de referncias, no presente trabalho. As publicaes incluem artigos, livros,
revises, cartas a editores, comentrios e outras manifestaes de algum modo chanceladas
pelo behaviorista de 1930 a 1990. Notas explicativas, ao final, acrescentam esclarecimentos
importantes sobre vrios dos seus trabalhos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Anlise do comportamento; behaviorismo; behaviorismo radical;
publicaes de Skinner.
Uma primeira verso deste trabalho foi publicada na revista Didtica, v.28, p.195-212, 1992. Esta
verso, preparada por sugesto de Behaviorism, para a Internet, teve autorizao da direo do
referido peridico. Algumas alteraes foram feitas, com o objetivo de aperfeioar a primeira
publicao: passado mais tempo desde o desaparecimento de Skinner, bibliotecas, instituies de
ensino e a prpria B. F. Skinner Foundation possuem, agora, um agrupamento de informaes mais
slidas acerca das publicaes do autor. Na lista que se segue, foram acrescentadas algumas novas
referncias s 234 mencionadas anteriormente: as atualizaes dizem respeito ao perodo
1961-1990 e valem-se, especialmente, do trabalho de compilao de R. Epstein (An updated
bibliography of B. F. Skinners works, 1995, que pode ser encontrada em Todd, J. T. & Morris, E.
K., Modern perspectives on B. F. Skinner and contemporary Behaviorism. Westport: Greenwood
Press, 1995).
Tal lista, apresentada em ordem cronolgica anual, mas sem maiores comentrios, pode ser
acessada no site da B.F. Skinner Foundation. Na seqncia, segue-se, na medida do possvel, a
redao introdutria e o formato da verso inicial (1992). Observaes julgadas importantes foram
acrescentadas entre colchetes. Crticas e sugestes sero bem-vindas e podero ser encaminhadas
via e-mail para o autor.
O presente trabalho rene a obra publicada por B. F. Skinner, cobrindo toda a sua vida profissional
ativa na rea de Psicologia. O autor, nascido a 20.3.1904 e falecido a 18.8.1990, recebeu sua maior
lurea em 10.8.1990, da American Psychological Association (...) o Citation for Outstanding
Lifetime Contribution to Psychology pretendeu homenagear Skinner, autor de mais de 230
publicaes e cujo ltimo artigo, Can Psychology be a science of mind? teve sua redao
completada apenas no anoitecer do dia 17.8.1990, vspera de sua morte.
Quando se trata de um autor controvertido tal como Skinner, fundamental sair do conhecimento
por vezes superficial e distorcido, gerado por fontes secundrias de referncia, para ir direto a sua
obra angariar argumentos que pretendam sustentar, derrubar ou apenas compreender os postulados
do behaviorismo radical. Conhecer mais profundamente as publicaes desse autor no tarefa
simples, dada sua extenso, seu carter polmico e as dificuldades para reuni-las.
Tambm Epstein (1977) no se disse completamente certo da exatido e completitude de sua lista
de publicaes, embora a tenha elaborado a partir de entendimento com o prprio Skinner e tenha
desfrutado das facilidades de contato direto com editores de revistas e peridicos norte-americanos,
na poca em que escreveu seu artigo [primeira parte da bibliografia] para Behaviorism [peridico].
Algumas razes contribuem, s vezes em conjunto, para dificultar a elaborao: primeiro, Skinner
no se prendia aos padres comuns de publicao, atravs de livros e artigos de pesquisa (ao longo
da carreira, foram divulgadas tambm revises, cartas a editores, resumos, prefcios, verbetes, etc.);
segundo, muitas de suas publicaes tm sido parcial ou completamente republicadas em diferentes
ocasies ou lugares; terceiro, as obras de referncia (como Current Contents ou Psychological
Abstracts) cobriram apenas parte do seu trabalho, tornando-se impraticvel t-las como nico
parmetro para elaborar uma lista aceitvel; quarto, tem-se um conhecido problema local, que o
fato de no se dispor, nas bibliotecas pblicas brasileiras, de um nmero adequado de assinaturas de
revistas e peridicos [problema que permanece].
Contraposta s limitaes de carter tcnico para mais competente elaborao de trabalhos do
gnero, est a evidente necessidade de uma tal lista, como instrumento de consulta rotineira, com
que se espera abreviar o tempo para localizao dos trabalhos de Skinner. Diferentemente de
Epstein, no se procedeu, aqui, a uma caracterizao das publicaes, dividindo-as em cartas,
artigos, livros, etc., embora nas notas, posteriores lista, estejam indicadas as caractersticas das
obras.
Ainda uma breve observao necessria: dadas as consideraes feitas, entende-se justificado o
ttulo do presente trabalho: so mais de duzentos (aproximadamente, conforme os critrios de
classificao que se empregue) os trabalhos publicados durante o perodo citado; importa, aqui,
facilitar o acesso a eles, supondo que isso deva ampliar o conhecimento de estudantes, professores,
pesquisadores, a respeito do trabalho de B. F. Skinner.
No fazem parte deste levantamento, mas existem produes que expressam pontos de vista do
autor e que, por diferentes razes, no foram integralmente publicadas. So casos importantes:
Something to think about, 1930 (um embrio da instruo programada);
Properties of behavior paced by an external stimulus (trabalho apresentado com W. H. Morse na
reunio anual da Eastern Psychological Association, New York, abril de 1957);
The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior (Tese de doutoramento defendida em 1930,
na Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts - apenas parcialmente publicada no ano seguinte,
conforme entrada 4);
Sketch for an epistemology, 1932 (os primeiros rascunhos tericos para uma cincia do
comportamento);
On writing an autobiography (conferncia, a convite, na reunio anual da American Psychological
Association, New York, em 3 de setembro de 1979);
Studies in behavior therapy: status report I & II (material mimeografado, com H. C. Solomon, O. R.
Lindsley e M. Richards, a partir de pesquisa subsidiada pelo Office of Naval Research, em 1969);
Naturalmente, tambm esto excludas as entrevistas, os pronunciamentos, comentrios,
comunicaes pessoais, programas estabelecendo contingncias e excertos ou apreciaes menos
sistematizadas. Nesses gneros, foram importantes, por exemplo:
"I have been misunterstood..." - An interview with B. F. Skinner, por R. I. Evans, em The Center
Magazine, 1972 (maro/abril), 5(2), p.63-5; trata-se de sntese do publicado na forma de livro, sob
mesmo ttulo e pelo mesmo autor, em 1968, New York, E. P. Dutton, 140p.;
Will sucess spoil B. F. Skinner?, por E. Hall, no Psychology Today, 1972, novembro, 6, p.65-72,
130;
What price utopia?, pronunciamento gravado no Reed College, Portland, Oregon. Portland State
University, 21.5.1964;
Particular communication to Ernest Hilgard, em 28.12.1954, citada em E. Hilgard, Theories of
Learning. New York, 1956, p.94 (na edio brasileira: Teorias da Aprendizagem, So Paulo:
Editora Pedaggica e Universitria, 1975, 4 reimpresso, p.115-6).
Particular communication to R. L. Shoemaker, Dean of students, em 30.4.1946, Indiana University:
Archives, Bloomington, Indiana;
Handwriting with write and see, programa de contingncias escrito em co-autoria com Sue Ann
Krakower. Chicago: Lyons and Carnahan, Inc., 1968. Excertos (p.44) foram publicados em J.
Holland, C. Solomon, J. Doran & D. A. Frezza, The behavior analysis in planning instruction.
Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1976 (p.101-3).
Seguem-se as publicaes de B. F. Skinner, referentes ao perodo de 1930 a 1990 (inclusive);
informaes adicionais podem ser encontradas nas Notas. [Nestas, so citadas algumas edies
brasileiras, a ttulo de exemplo. Em geral, existem vrias, naturalmente.]
Publicaes (3)
The progressive increase in the geotropic response of the ant Aphaenogaster. Journal of General
Psychology, 1930, 4, p.102-12 (com T. C. Barnes (1)).
On the inheritance of maze behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 1930, 4, p.342-6.
On the conditions of elicitation of certain eating reflexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 1930, 16, p.433-8.
The concept of the reflex in the description of behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 1931, 5,
427-58.
Review of F. Fearings Reflex Action: a study in the History of Physiological Psychology. Journal
of General Psychology, 1931, 5, p.125-9 (com W. J. Crozier (2)).
Drive and reflex strength. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 6, p.22-37.
Drive and reflex strength II. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 6, p.38-48.
On the rate of formation of a conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 7, p.274-86.
A paradoxical color effect. Journal of General Psychology, 1932, 7, p.481-2.
On the rate of extinction of a conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 8, p.114-29.
The measurement of spontaneous activity. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9, p.3-23.
The rate of establishment of a discrimination. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9, p.302-50.
Resistance to extinction in the process of conditioning. Journal of General Psychology, 1933, 9,
p.420-9.
The abolishment of a discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1933, 19,
p.825-8.
Some conditions affecting intensity and duration thresholds in motor nerve, with reference to
chronaxie of subordination. American Journal of Physiology, 1933, 106, p.721-37 (com E. F.
Lambert (1) e A. Forbes (3)).
Has Gertrude Stein a secret? Atlantic Monthly, 1934 (janeiro), 153, p.50-7.
The extinction of chained reflexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1934, 20,
p.234-7.
A discrimination without previous conditioning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
1934, 20, p.532-6.
The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology, 1935,
12, p.40-65.
Two types of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type. Journal of General Psychology, 1935, 12,
p.66-77.
A discrimination based upon a change in the properties of a stimulus. Journal of General
Psychology, 1935, 12, p.313-6.
A failure to obtain disinhibition. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14, p.127-35.
The reinforcing effect of a differentiating stimulus. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14,
p.263-78.
The effect on the amount of conditioning of an interval of time before reinforcement. Journal of
General Psychology, 1936, 14, p.279-95.
Conditioning and extinction and their relation to drive. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 14,
p.296-317.
Thirst as an arbitrary drive. Journal of General Psychology, 1936, 15, p.205-10.
The verbal summator and a method for the study of latent speech. Journal of Psychology, 1936, 2,
p.71-107.
Two types of conditioned reflex: a reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal of General Psychology,
1937, 16, p.272-9.
Changes in hunger during starvation. Psychological Record, 1937, 1, 51-60 (com W. T. Heron (1)).
The effects of certain drugs and hormones on conditioning and extinction. Psychological Bulletin,
1937, 34, p.741-2 (com W. T. Heron (1)).
The distribution of associated words. Psychological Record, 1937, 1, p.71-6.
Effects of caffeine and benzedrine upon conditioning and extinction. Psychological Record, 1937,
1, p.340-6 (com W. T. Heron (2)).
Is sense necessary? (Review of J. B. Rhines New Frontiers of the Mind). The Saturday Review of
Literature, 1937, 9 de outubro, 16, p.5-6.
The frequencies of occurrence of associated words. Psychological Bulletin, 1938, 35, p.675.
The behavior of organisms: an experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938.
An apparatus for the study of animal behavior. Psychological Record, 1939, 3, p.166-76 (com W. T.
Heron (1)).
Some factors influencing the distribution of associated words. Psychological Record, 1939, 3(14),
p.178-84 (com S. W. Cook (1)).
The alliteration in Shakespeares sonnets: a study in literary behavior. Psychological Record, 1939,
3, p.186-92.
Rate extinction in maze-bright and maze-dull rats. Psychological Bulletin, 1939, 36, p.520 (com W.
T. Heron (2)).
The rate of extinction in maze-bright and maze-dull rats. Psychological Record, 1940, 4, p. 11-8
(com W. T. Heron (1)).
A method of maintaining an arbitrary degree of hunger. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1940,
30, p.139-45.
The nature of the operant reserve. Psychological Bulletin, 1940, 37, p.423.
The psychology of design. In: Art education today. New York: Bureau Publications, Teachers
College, Columbia University, 1941, p.1-6.
A quantitative estimate of certain types of sound-patterning in poetry. American Journal of
Psychology, 1941, 54, p.64-79.
Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1941, 29, p.390-400
(com W. K. Estes (1)).
The processes involved in the repeated guessing of alternatives. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 1942, 30, p.495-503.
Reply to dr. Yacorzynski. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1943, 32, p.93-4.
A review of Hulls Principles of Behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 1944, 57, p.276-81.
The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 1945, 52, p.270-7.
Rejoinders and second thoughts: Part V. Psychological Review, 1945, 52, p.291-4.
Baby in a box. Ladies Home Journal, 1945, outubro, 62, p.20-31, 135-6, 138.
The effect of the difficulty of a response upon its rate of emission. American Psychologist, 1946, 1,
p.462.
Differential reinforcement with respect to time. American Psychologist, 1946, 1, p.274-5.
An automatic shocking-grid apparatus for continuous use. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 1947, 40, p.305-7 (com S. L. Campbell (2)).
Experimental psychology. In: J. T. Wilson et al., Current trends in Psychology. Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 1947, p.16-49.
Psi and its manifestations (Review of J. B. Rhines The Reach of the Mind). New York Times
Book Review, 2 de novembro, 1947, p.34.
Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1948, 38, p.168-72.
Card-guessing experiments. American Scientist, 1948, 36, p.456, 458.
Walden Two. New York: MacMillan, 1948.
Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 1950, 57, p.193-216.
How to teach animals. Scientific American, dezembro de 1951, 185, p.26-9.
Review of Norman Wieners The Human Use of Human Beings. Psychological Bulletin, 1951, 48,
p.367-68.
Some contributions of an experimental analysis of behavior to Psychology as a whole. American
Psychologist, 1953, 8, 69-78.
Science and human behavior. New York: MacMillan, 1953.
The science of learning and the art of teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 1954, 24, p.86-97.
A critique of psychoanalytic concepts and theories. Scientific Monthly, 1954, novembro, 79,
p.300-5.
A new method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of psychotic patients. Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease, 1954, 120, p.403-6 (com H. C. Solomon (2) e O. R. Lindsley (3)).
The control of human behavior. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1955, 17(7),
p.547-51.
Freedom and the control of men. American Scholar, 1955-1956, 25, p.47-65.
A case history in scientific method. American Psychologist, 1956, 11, p.221-33.
Review of Bush and Mostellers Stochastic Models of Learning. Contemporary Psychology, 1956,
1, p.101-3.
What is psychotic behavior? In: F. Gildea (ed.) Theory and treatment of the psychoses: some newer
aspects. St. Louis: Committee on Publications, Washington University Studies, 1956, p.77-99.
Some issues concerning the control of human behavior: a symposium. Science, 1956, 124,
p.1057-66 (com C. R. Rogers (1)).
The experimental analysis of behavior. American Scientist, 1957, 45, p.343-71.
The psychological point of view. In: H. D. Kruse (ed.) Integrating the approaches to mental
disease. New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1957, p.130-3.
A second type of superstition in the pigeon. American Journal of Psychology, 1957, 70, p.308-11
(com W. H. Morse (1)).
Concurrent activity under fixed-interval reinforcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 1957, 50, p.279-81 (com W. H. Morse (2)).
Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957 (com C. B. Ferster (1)).
Diagramming schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1958,
1(1), p.67-8.
Some factors involved in the stimulus control of operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1(1), p. 103-7 (com W. H. Morse (1)).
Reinforcement today. American Psychologist, 1958, 13(3), p.94-9.
Teaching machines. Science, 24.10.1958, 128, p.969-77.
Sustained performance during very long experimental sessions. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 1958, 1(1), p.235-44 (com W. H. Morse (2)).
Fixed-interval reinforcement of running in a wheel. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 1958, 1(1), p.371-9 (com W. H. Morse (2)).
An experimental analysis of certain emotions. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
1959, 2, p.264.
John Broadus Watson, behaviorist. Science, 1959, 129, p.197-8.
The programming of verbal knowledge. In: E. Galanter (ed). Automatic teaching: the state of the
art. New York: John Wiley, 1959, p. 63-8.
Animal research in the pharmacotherapy of mental disease. In: J. Cole & R. Gerard (eds.)
Psychopharmacology: problems in evaluation. Washington: National Academy of
Sciences-National Research Council, 1959, p.224-8.
Cumulative record. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1959.
The flight from the laboratory. In: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative record. New York, 1959, p.242-57.
Special problems in programming language instruction for teaching machines. In: F. J. Oinas (ed.)
Language teaching today. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Center in
Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, 1960, p.167-74.
Concept formation in philosophy and psychology. In: S. Hook (ed.), Dimensions of mind: a
symposium. Washington Square: New York University Press, 1960, p.226-30.
The use of teaching machines in college instruction (Parts II-IV). In: A. A. Lumsdaine & R. Glaser
(eds.) Teaching machines and programmed learning: a source book. Washington: Department of
Audio-Visual Instruction, National Education Association, 1960, p.159-72 (com J. G. Holland (2)).
Modern learning theory and some new approaches to teaching. In: J. W. Gustad (ed), Faculty
utilization and retention. Winchester: New England Bloard of Higher Education, 1960, p.64-72.
Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist, 1960, 15, p.28-37.
May we have a positive contribution? (Review of J. Herseys The Child Buyer). New Republic,
10.10.1960, 143, p.22.
The design of cultures. Daedalus, 1961, 90(3), p.534-46.
Comments at Cultural Evolution as viewed by psychologists. In: H. Hoagland & R. W. Burhoe
(org.) Introduction to the issue Evolution and mans progress. Daedalus, 1961, 90(3), p.570-86
Why we need teaching machines. Harvard Educational Review, 1961, 31, p.377-98.
Learning theory and future research. In: J. Lysaught (ed.) Programmed learning: evolving
principles and industrial applications. Ann Arbor Foundation for Research of Human Behaviors,
1961, p.59-66.
Teaching machines. Scientific American, 1961, novembro, 205, 90-102.
The analysis of behavior: a program for self-instruction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961 (com J. G.
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Behaviorism. In: The Oxford English Dictionary, (v.III). New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Comments on "extrasensory perception". In: F. Gudas (ed.) Extrasensory perception. New York:
Scribner, 1961.
The theory behind teaching machines. Journal of the American Socety of Training Directors, julho
de 1961, 31, p.377-98. (*)
Verbal behaviour (Poems). Encounter, novembro de 1962, 19, p.42-4 (com I. A. Richards (1)).
Technique for reinforcing either of two organisms with a single food magazine. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5(1), p.58 (com G. S. Reynolds (1)).
Operandum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5(2), p. 224.
Squirrel in the yard: certain sciurine experiences of B. F. Skinner. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, maio
de 1962, 64, p.642-5.
Two synthetic social relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1962, 5(4),
p.531-3.
Conditioned and unconditioned aggression in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior, 1963, 6, p.73-4 (com G. S. Reynolds (1) e A. C. Catania (2)).
Behaviorism at fifty. Science, 1963, 140, p.951-8.
Operant behavior. American Psychologist, 1953, 18(7), p.503-15.
Reply to Thouless. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1963, 15, p.92-3.
Reflections on a decade of teaching machines. Columbia University: Teachers College Record,
1963, 65(2), p.168-77.
Lavenir des machines enseigner. Psychologie Franaise, 1963, 8, p.170-80.
A Christmas caramel, or, a plum from the hasty pudding (A play). The Worm Runners Digest,
agosto de 1963, 5, p.42-6.
New methods and new aims in teaching. New Scientist, 1964, 122, 483-4.
Psychology: a behavioral reinterpretation - Man. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, 1964, 108, p.482-5.
Comments at symposium. In: T. W. Wann (ed.) Behaviorism and phenomenology: contrasting
bases for modern psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1964, p.97-108.
Letter to the editor (On theory). Science, 1964, 145, p.1385, 1387.
On the relation between mathematical and statistical competence and significant scientific
productivity. The Worm Runners Digest, 1964, 6(1), 15-17 (publicado sob o pseudnimo F.
Galtron Pennywhistle). (*)
The technology of teaching. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1965, 162, p.427-43.
Stimulus generalization in an operant: a historical note. In: D. I. Mostofsky (ed.) Stimulus
generalization. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1965, p.193-209.
Why teachers fall. The Saturday Review, 16.10.1965, 48, p.80-1, 98-102.
The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 9.9.1966, 153, p.1205-13.
An operant analysis of problem solving. In: B. Kleinmuntz (ed.) Problem solving: research,
method, and theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966, p.225-57.
Conditioning responses by reward and punishment. Proceedings of Royal Institution of Great
Britain, 1966, 41, p.48-51.
Contingencies of reinforcement in the design of a culture. Behavioral Science, 1966, 11, p.159-66.
What is the experimental analysis of behavior? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
1966, 9(3), p.213-18.
Some responses to the stimulus Pavlov. Conditional Reflex: A Pavlovian Journal of Research &
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B. F. Skinner (An autobiography). In: E. G. Boring & G. Lindsley (eds.) A history of psychology in
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Visions of utopia. The Listener, 5.1.1967, 77, p.22-3.
Utopia through the control of human behavior. The Listener, 12.1.1967, 77, p.55-6.
The problem of consciousness: a debate. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, maro de
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Letter to W. H. Gantt. In: W. H. Gantt, Pavlovian classical conditional reflex - a classical error?
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The science of human behavior. In: Twenty-five years at RCA laboratories: 1942-1967. Princeton,
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Teaching science in high school - what is wrong? Science, fevereiro de 1968, 159, p.704-10.
Edwin Garrigues Boring. Year Book of the American Philosophical Society, 1968, p.111-5
The design of experimental communities. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
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The technology of teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1968.
Development of methods of preparing materials for teaching machines. Alexandria: Human
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Handwriting whith write and see. Chicago: Lyons & Carnahan, 1968 (manual para professores e
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Contingency management in the classroom. Education, dezembro de 1969, 90, p.93-100.
The machine that is man. Psychology Today, abril de 1969, 2, p.22-5, 60-3.
Contingencies of reinforcement: a theorethical analysis. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
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Operant reinforcement of prayer (An excerpt from the writings of Benjamin Franklin). Journal of
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Utopia and human behavior. In: P. Durtz (ed.) Moral problems in contemporary society. Englewood
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Creating the creative artist. In: A. J. Toynbee et al. On the future of art. New York: Viking Press,
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Humanistic behaviorism. The Humanist, maio/junho de 1971, 31, p.35.
Autoshaping. Science, 1971, 173, p.752.
A behavioral analysis of value judgements. In: E. Tobach, I. R. Aronson, E. Shaw (ed.) The
biopsychology of development. New York: Academic Press, 1971, p.543-51.
B. F. Skinner says whats wrong with the social sciences. The Listener, 30.9.1971, 86, p.429-31.
Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971.
Letter to the editor (A reply to Richard Sennett). New York Times Book Review, 21.11.1971, p.50.
Operant conditioning. In: The encyclopedia of education, v.7. New York: MacMillan and Free
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Some relations between behavior modification and basic research. In: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative
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Compassion and ethics in the care of the retardate. In: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative Record, 3.ed. New
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A lecture on having a poem. In: B. F. Skinner, Cumulative Record, 3.ed., New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972, p.345-55.
Humanism and behaviorism. The Humanist, julho/agosto de 1972, 32, p.18-20.
Freedom and dignity revisited. New York Times, 11.8.1972, p.29.
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The freedom to have a future. Annals of the 1972 Sol Feinstone Lecture, Syracuse. New York:
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Walden (One) and Walden Two. The Thoreau Society Bulletin, 1973, 122, p.1-3.
The free and happy student. New York University Education Quarterly, 1973, 4, p.2-6.
Letter to the editor (On corporal punishment). Educational Leadership, outubro de 1973, 31, p.61.
Designing higher education. Daedalus, 1974, 103, p.196-202.
About behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
Comments on Watts B. F. Skinner and the technological control of social behavior. The
American Political Science Review, 1975, 69(1), p.228-29.
The shaping of phylogenic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1975, 24,
p.117-20.
The steep and thorny way to a science of behavior. American Psychologist, 1975, 30, p.42-9.
The ethics of helping people. Criminal Law Bulletin, 1975, 11, p.623-36.
Behavior control: freedom and morality. In: D. Dennett, Teaching Philosophy, 1975, 1(2), p.175-7.
Walden Two revisited. In: B. F. Skinner, Walden Two. New York: MacMillan, 1976, p.V-SVI.
Farwell, my lovelly! Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1976, 25, p.218.
Particulars of my life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.
Between freedom and despotism. Psychology Today, setembro de 1977, 11, p.80, 82, 84, 86, 90, 91.
Why I am not a cognitive psychologist. Behaviorism, 1977, 5, p.1-10.
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Freedom, at last, from the burden of taxation. New York Times, 26.7.1977, p.29. (*)
Reflections on behaviorism and society. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978.
Why dont we use the behavioral sciences? Human Nature, 1978, 1, p.86-92.
A happening at the annual dinner of the Association for Behavioral Analysis. Chicago, 15.5.1978.
The Behavior Analyst, 1979, 2(1), 30-33 (publicao annima). (*)
The shaping of a behaviorist: part two of an autobiography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
My experience with the baby-tender. Psychology Today, maro de 1979, p.28-31, 34, 37-8, 40.
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Le renforateur arrang. Revue de modification du comportement, 1979, 9, p.59-69 (trad. p/francs
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Ressurgence of responding after the cessation of response-independent reinforcement. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Science, 1980, 77(10), p.6251-3 (com R. Epstein (1)).
The species-specific behavior of ethologists. The Behavior Analyst, 1980, 3, p.51.
Symbolic communication between two pigeons (columba livia domestica). Science, 1980, 207,
p.543-5 (com R. Epstein (1) e R. P. Lanza (2)).
Notebooks. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall (ed. R. Epstein), 1980.
The experimental analysis of operant behavior: a history. In: R. W. Rieber, K. Salzinger (eds.)
Psychology: theoretical-historical perspectives. New York: Academic Press, 1980, p.191-202.
Self awareness in the pigeon. Science, 1981, 212, p.695-6 (com R. Epstein (1) e R. P. Lanza (2)).
The spontaneous use of memoranda by pigeons. Behavior Analysis Letters, 1981, 1, p.241-6 (com
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Inovation in science teaching. Science, 17.4.1981, 212, p.283.
How to discover what you have to say: a talk to students. The Behavior Analyst, 1981, 4(1), p.1-7.
Selection by consequences. Science, 1981, 213(4507), p.501-4.
Charles B. Ferster - A personal memoir. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1981,
35, p.259-61. (*)
Pavlovs influence on psychology in America. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences,
1981, 17, p.242-5. (*)
Lying in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1982, 38(2), p.201-3 (com
R. P. Lanza (1) e J. Starr (2)).
Contrived reinforcement. The Behavior Analyst, 1982, 5(1), p.3-8.
"I am most concerned...". Psychology Today, maio de 1982, p.48-9 (parte de Understanding
psychological man: a state-of-the-science report, p.40-59). (*)
Skinner for the classroom. Champaign: Research Press, 1982 (ed. R. Epstein) (*)
Origins of a behaviorist. Psychology Today, 1983, 17(7), p.22-35.
A better way to deal with selection. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1983, 6, p.377-8.
Enjoy old age - a program of self-monitoring. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983 (com M. E.
Vaughan (2)).
A matter of consequences. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.
Can the experimental analysis rescue psychology? The Behavior Analyst, 1983, 6(1), p.9-17.
Intellectual self-management in old age. American Psychologist, 1983, 38, 239-44. (*)
Some consequences of selection. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Canonical papers), 1984,
7(4), p.502-10.
Methods and theories in the experimental analysis of behavior. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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Theoretical contingencies. The Behavioral and Bain Sciences (Canonical papers), 1984, 7(4),
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Contingencies and rules. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Canonical papers), 1984, 7(4),
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Representations and misrepresentations. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Canonical papers),
1984, 7(4), p.655-7.
Phylogenic and ontogenic environments. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Canonical papers),
1984, 7(4), p.701-11.
Reply to Catania. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences Canonical papers), 1984, 7(4), p.718-9.
Reply to Harnad. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Canonical papers), 1984, 7(4), p.721-4.
The evolution of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1984, 41(2),
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News from nowhere, 1984. The Behavior Analyst, 1985, 8, p.5-14. (*)
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Some thoughts about the future. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1986, 45(2),
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Programmed instruction revisited. Phi Delta Kappa, 1986 (outubro), 68, p.103-10.
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Outlining a science of feeling. The London Times Literary Supplement, 8.5.1987, p.490, 501.
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1987, 48(3), p.447-8.
Upon further reflection. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
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What religion means to me. Free Inquiry, 1987, 7, p.12-3. (*)
The operant side of behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry,
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integrative levels. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
A fable. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 1988, 6, 1-2. (*)
Signs and countersigns. The Behavior and Brain Sciences, 1988, 11, 466-7. (*)
War, peace, and behavior analysis: some comments. Behavior Analysis and Social Action, 1988, 6,
p.57-8. (*)
The origins of cognitive thought. American Psychologist, 1989, 44(1), p.13-8.
Recent issues in the analysis of behavior. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company, 1989.
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To know the future. The Behavior Analyst, 1990, 13(2), p.103-6.
The non-punitive society. Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 1990, 5, 98-106. (*)
Can Psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, 1990, 45(11), p.1206-10.
A world of our own. Behaviorology, 1993, 1, p.3-5.
Notas (4)
4. Este artigo, bem como os das entradas 16, 19, 20, 28, 38, 44, 45, 46, 49, 51, 55, 57, 60, 61, 66,
68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 87, 96, 98, 100, 110, 111, 116, 120, 132, 139, 141, 145, 151,
156, fazem parte das edies atuais de Cumulative Record. O artigo referido na entrada 70 consta
apenas resumido na obra citada.
5. Este, como os artigos referidos nas entradas 33, 48, 56, 72, 97, 238 e 240, caracterizam-se como
revises.
6. Esta publicao, exceo feita a uma parte da Figura 1 do original, foi reproduzida em A. C.
Catania, Contemporary Research in Operant Behavior. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman & Co.,
1968. Na mesma obra, foram reproduzidos integralmente os artigos citados nas entradas 8, 28, 57,
60 e 71.
35. Para algumas obras, Skinner teve o cuidado de acrescentar novos prefcios em certas edies.
o caso desta: Preface to the seventh printing (p. IX a XIV), quando se lanou a edio em brochura
do livro. No incomum a citao desse prefcio como obra parte.
42. Esta entrada e as de nmeros 52, 53, 68 e 86, referem-se a abstracts.
48. Reproduzido em Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1989, 51(2), p.287-92.
49. Republicado em Canonical Papers of B. F. Skinner: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1984,
7(4), p.473-724. (Editado por A. C. Catania & S. Harnad, incluindo numerosos comentrios de
analistas). O mesmo ocorre com os artigos referidos nas entradas 113, 127, 128 e 203. Outros
artigos, detalhamente citados nas entradas 216 a 223, tambm esto na mesma obra. Reproduzido
tambm como livro sob o ttulo The selection of consequences: the operant behaviorism of B. F.
Skinner - comments and consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
50. Partes I a IV constam do artigo referenciado na entrada 49.
59. Edio brasileira: Walden Two: uma sociedade do futuro. So Paulo: Editora Pedaggica e
Universitria, 1977, trad. Rachel Moreno e Nelson R. Saraiva. Contm a nova introduo
Revisitando...
63. Artigo adaptado de uma conferncia dada no 30 Congresso Internacional de Psicologia, em
Estocolmo, Sucia, em 1951, sob o ttulo The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, que se encontra
em Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Psychology,, 1951, p.62-91.
64. Tambm publicado por Free Press, 1953. Edio brasileira: Cincia e Comportamento Humano.
Braslia: Editora da Universidade de Braslia, 1967 (trad. de Joo Cludio Todorov e Rodolpho
Azzi).
65. Publicado tambm em J. T. Wilson, C. S. Ford, B. F. Skinner, G. Bergman, F. A. Beach, K.
Pribram, Current trends in Psychology and the behavioral sciences. Pittsburgh: University of
Pittsburgh Press, 1954.
70. Republicaes: S. Koch (ed.), Psychology: a study of science (v.III). New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1958, p.359-79 e A. C. Catania (ed.), Investigacin contempornea en conducta
operante. Mxico: Editorial Trillas, 1974, p.44-58.
73. Clssico debate reproduzido em L. Gorlow, W. Watkovsky (ed.) Readings in the Psychology of
adjustment. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959, p.500-22.
75. O livro de Kruse contm, ainda, transcries de algumas discusses de que Skinner participou.
78. Edio brasileira: O comportamento verbal. So Paulo: Editora Cultrix-EDUSP, 1978 (trad. de
Maria da Penha Villalobos). Os rascunhos dessa obra, constantemente recompostos por Skinner,
comearam a ser escritos em 1933. Em 1948, foram condensados em William James Lectures on
Verbal Behavior, na Harvard University. O material circulou em aulas e conferncias de Skinner,
at a verso final em 1957.
83. Mesmo ttulo que o do artigo da entrada 102, mas textos diferentes. Reproduzido em The
Technology of Teaching (entrada 139).
90. Novos artigos foram includos nas edies ampliadas e revistas de 1961 e 1972.
91. Tambm em W. Dennis, J. T. Wilson et al. Current trends in psychological theory: a
bicentenial program. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1961, p. 50-69 e em M. H. Marx,
Theories in contemporary psychology. New York: MacMillan, 1963.
93. Trata-se de uma anlise que Skinner faz de um artigo de S. Toulmin publicado no mesmo livro.
94. A parte I desse artigo est referida na entrada 83.
98. Reproduzido em R. Ulrich, T. Stachnik, J. Mabry (ed.), Control of human behavior. Glenview,
Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1966. Tambm em H. Hoagland, R. W. Burhoe (eds.) Evolution and
mans progress. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962, p.124-36.
99. So reunidos, na publicao, comentrios de Skinner e de Henry A. Murray, Abraham H.
Maslow, Carl Rogers, Lawrence K. Frank, Anatol Rapoport e Hallock Hoffmann. A publicao
resulta das Conferences on Evolutionary Theory and Human Progress (2 a 4.12.1960), de que B.
F. Skinner participou na chamada conferncia C.
103. Edio brasileira: A anlise do comportamento. So Paulo: Editora Pedaggica e
Universitria-Editora da Universidade de So Paulo, 1973 (trad. e adapt. de Rodolpho Azzi e
Carolina Martuscelli Bori).
113. A verso definitiva desse artigo encontra-se em T. W. Wann (ed.) Behaviorism and
Phenomenology: contrasting bases for modern Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1964, p.79-97. Nas pginas 97-108 desse livro, Wann reproduz discusses sobre o mesmo
assunto de que Skinner participou. Essa obra reproduz ainda: comentrios de Skinner (p.42) sobre o
artigo de S. Koch, Psychology and emerging conceptions of knowledge as unitary; comentrios de
Skinner (p.134, 135, 139, 140) sobre o artigo de C. R. Rogers, Toward a science of the person, e
comentrios de Skinner (p.155, 156, 159) sobre o artigo de N. Malcolm, Behaviorism as a
philosophy of Psychology. O artigo foi reproduzido tambm em Contingencies of reinforcement: a
theoretical analysis.
114. Reproduzido em W. K. Honig (ed.) Operant behavior: areas of research and application.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966, p.12-32.
122. Esta, como as referidas nas entradas 137, 158 e 172, so cartas de Skinner, geralmente a
editores.
124. Reproduzido em The Technology of Teaching (entrada 142).
126. Reproduzido em The Technology of Teaching (entrada 142).
127. O assunto do artigo foi objeto de participao num simpsio que celebrou o centenrio de
fundao da University of Kentucky, Lexington (novembro/1965).
128. O texto foi anteriormente apresentado (parcialmente), em simpsio no Carnegie Institute of
Technology (abril/1965). Reproduzido tambm em Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical
analysis (entrada 147).
130. Esse artigo resultou da participao em simpsio na American Psychological Association, em
6.9.1964. Reproduzido em Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis (entrada 147).
134. Reproduzido, abreviadamente, em Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis
(entrada 147).
135. Revisto, ampliado e reproduzido em Contingencies of reinforcement: a theoretical analysis
(entrada 147); tambm sob o ttulo Utopia and human behavior, In: P. Kurtz (ed.) Moral problems
in contemporary society. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1969.
142. Edio brasileira: Tecnologia do ensino. So Paulo: Editra Herder-EDUSP, Coleo Cincias
do Comportamento, 1972 (trad. de Rodolpho Azzi).
144. Embora citado na introduo como produo extra, a freqncia de citaes justificaria a
incluso deste trabalho na lista.
145. Editado no Brasil em: Coleo Os pensadores. So Paulo: Abril Cultural, vrias edies (na
primeira, em 1975, constou no volume 51: Skinner e Piaget). Com o mesmo ttulo de Contingncias
do reforo: uma anlise terica, foi republicado, como tambm em 1984, pela mesma editora
brasileira, junto com I. P. Pavlov (p.158-396). Traduo de Rachel Moreno, consultoria de
Rodolpho Azzi. Acompanha breve biografia. A obra rene uma srie de publicaes e conferncias
de B. F. Skinner no perodo de 1962 a 1969.
149. Baseado em uma conferncia Herrick, pronunciada na Denison University, em outubro de
1968.
152. Ocasionalmente, pode-se encontrar referncia verso no-revisada do mesmo material: o
nmero de pginas e parte do contedo no coincidiro, naturalmente.
157. Tambm publicado por Bantan/Vintage. New York, 1971. Edio brasileira: O mito da
liberdade. Rio de Janeiro: Bloch Editores, 1972, trad. de Leonardo Goulart e Maria Lcia F.
Goulart. So Paulo: Summus Editorial Ltda., 1983, trad. de Elisane R. B. Rebelo. Um abstract do
livro foi publicado em Psychology Today, 1971, 5, p.37-80. A respeito, acrescente-se que h
excertos de conferncias sob o ttulo Beyond freedom and dignity, patrocinada pelo Center for the
Study of Democratic Institution e publicada em The Center Magazine, 1972 (maro/abril), 5(2),
p.33-62. J. Platt faz uma anlise (A revolutionary manifesto, p.34-52) e M. Block, A. Toynbee e B.
F. Skinner tambm escrevem (Comments, p.53-62). Para a mesma obra, Skinner tambm escreveu
um novo prefcio (aprox. 10 pginas), publicado originalmente na edio inglesa de 1988: Penguin
Books, Ltd.
160. Reproduzido em S. W. Bijou, E. Ribes-Iesta (eds.) Behavior modification: issues and
extensions. New York: Academic Press, 1972, p.1-6.
162. Escrito inicialmente para a conferncia proferida no Poetry Center, New York, em 13.10.1971.
Reproduzida em Saturday Review, 15.7.1972, 55, p.32-5. A se encontra reproduzido o poema "To
Ivor Richards", antes publicado em Encounter (1962) e que B. F. Skinner dedicou ao amigo.
163. Republicado em P. Kurtz (ed.) The humanist alternative: some definitions of humanism.
Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1973, p.98-105.
164. Reproduzido em Reflections on behaviorism and society (entrada 188).
168. Trata-se de uma edio de bolso (oito pginas) distribuda pela universidade citada.
174. Edio brasileira: Sobre o behaviorismo (trad. de Maria da Penha Villalobos). So Paulo:
Editora Cultrix-EDUSP, 1982.
176. Publicado tambm no Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1975, 24, p.117-20.
178. Reproduzido em The Humanist, janeiro/fevereiro de 1976, 36, p.7-11.
180. Originalmente, o texto constava de filme da Open University Film Series, constituindo-se em
uma conversa entre Skinner e G. Warnock.
182. Publicado tambm por Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1976. Os materiais referidos nesta e nas
entradas 191 e 213 so acessveis pela edio espanhola, que os rene em 3 volumes:
Autobiografia. Barcelona: Fontanella, 1980.
184. Reproduzido em Reflections on behaviorism and society (entrada188).
188. Nessa obra (p.119), Skinner faz referncia a um artigo que nunca foi publicado: Sketch for an
epistemology, que teria sido preparado por volta de 1932. Tambm nessa obra h reproduo de um
texto publicado especialmente para a edio em brochura de Walden two: trata-se de Walden two
revisited, p.66; conforme mencionado anteriormente, as novas edies brasileiras contm esse
complemento.
212. Edio brasileira: Viva bem a velhice aprendendo a programar a sua vida. So Paulo:
Summus Editorial Ltda., 1985 (trad. de Anita Liberalesso Nri). Em ingls, publicado tambm por
W. W. Norton. New Yor, 1983.
224. O artigo foi preparado anteriormente e lido no First European Meeting on the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior. Lige, agosto de 1983.
228. Skinner, ento professor emrito em Harvard, apresentou o assunto de que trata o artigo como
professor visitande da Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, University of
Swansea, maro de 1985.
234. Esta, como as publicaes das entradas 239, 240, 241, 246, 247, 248, 252 e 254 fazem parte da
obra Recent issues...
242. Edio comemorativa de aniversrio do Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
253. Edio brasileira: Questes recentes na anlise comportamental. Campinas: Papirus Editora,
1991 (traduo de Anita L. Nri).
257. Conforme nota editorial do American Psychologist, este foi o ltimo artigo concludo por
Skinner, no anoitecer da vspera de sua morte, ou seja, em 17.8.90.
Referncias Bibliogrficas
CARRARA, K. Acesso a Skinner pela sua prpria obra: publicaes de 1930 a 1990.
Didtica, So Paulo: 1992, 28, p.195-212.
EPSTEIN, R. A listing of the published works of B. F. Skinner, with notes and comments.
Behaviorism, Cambridge, 1977, 5(1), p.99-110.
EPSTEIN, R. An updated bibliography of B. F. Skinners works. In: J. T. Todd & E. K.
Morris (eds.), Modern perspectives on B. F. Skinner and contemporary behaviorism.
Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995. Reproduzido, com adaptaes, no site da B. F. Skinner
Foundation.
_________________________________
(1) Originalmente publicado na revista Didtica, 1992. Apesar do ttulo original limitar a pesquisa a
1990, foi agora includa uma publicao pstuma, de 1993. voltar...
(2) Departamento de Psicologia da Educao, Faculdade de Filosofia e Cincias, UNESP,
17525-900, Marlia, SP. voltar...
mailto: kester@nutecnet.com.brmailto: kester@nutecnet.com.brE-mail: kester@nutecnet.com.br
(3) Os nomes entre parnteses no final da referncia so de co-autores. O nmero entre parnteses
que segue esses nomes indica a ordem em que esse autor aparece na publicao. [Atualizaes de
referncias esto assinaladas com (*) no final da citao]. Informaes adicionais sobre a maioria
das publicaes podem ser encontradas na seo Notas, sob o mesmo nmero das entradas. voltar...
(4) Os nmeros que antecedem estas notas so os mesmo da entrada de cada artigo. [Observe-se que
bastante difcil delimitar exatamente qual o nmero de publicaes de Skinner, de vez que que os
critrios de classificao variam: por exemplo, considera-se Canonical Papers ou Cumulative
Record como publicaes nicas, ou os captulos/artigos a includos devem ser tidos como
publicaes parte? Neste trabalho, procurou-se agrupar as publicaes pela forma como so mais
freqentemente citadas na literatura, s.m.j.] voltar...