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Delta & Duty GCA and CCA
Delta
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during
the entire period of the crop in the field
Example Gross command area(GCA)
If a crop requires about 12 waterings at an interval of 10 The GCA is the total area lying between drainage
days and a water depth of 10cm in every watering, then the boundaries which can be commanded or irrigated by
delta is 12*10= 120 cm canals.
Duty Culturable Command area (CCA)
Duty is defined as the no of hectares/ acres that one cumec The GCA also contains unfertile barren land alkaline
Or cusec of water can irrigate during the base period soil, local ponds, villages, etc . These are known as
Relation between duty and delta uncluturable areas. The remaining area is called CCA
GCA= CCA+Unculturable area
Delta= 8.64*(B/D) meters
D= duty in hectares/cumec
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B= base period in days.
Q= 28 *A * I/(R*T*E) CROP JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Where - - - - - - - - - - - - -
HY
A = Area in ha COTTO
N(IR) 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50
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Irrigation Scheduling- A decision
Irrigation Scheduling
process
Irrigation scheduling concerns the farmers' decision process
concerning 'when' to irrigate and 'how much' water to apply in
order to maximize profit.
An efficient watering program must
This requires knowledge on crop water requirements and include three basic steps:
yield responses to water,
the constraints specific to each irrigation method and 1. Determining when water is needed.
irrigation equipment,
the limitations relative to the water supply system and the
2. Determining how much should be
financial and economic implications of the irrigation practice. applied.
Thus, the consideration of all these aspects makes irrigation
scheduling a very complex decision making process, one 3. Deciding how water is to be applied.
which only very few farmers can understand and therefore
adopt.
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Irrigation Scheduling
IRRIGATION SCHEDULE
Common irrigation scheduling approaches include:
1. irrigating on fixed intervals or following a simple CALENDAR DEVELOPMENT
calendar, i.e., when a water turn occurs or according to a Irrigation calendars for
predetermined schedule; each crop are normally
2. irrigating when one's neighbour irrigates; determined for two, or
3. observation of visual plant stress indicators; in some cases, three
4. measuring (or estimating) soil water by use of planting dates, for the
instruments or sampling techniques such as feel, major soils (usually
gravimetric, electrical resistance (gypsum) blocks, two per scheme) and
tensiometers or neutron probes; perhaps for two
different initial soil
5. by following a soil water budget based on weather data
water contents at the
and/or pan evaporation; and beginning of the
6. some combination of the above. 15 irrigation season. 16
The Check Book Method: Crop Benefits of Irrigation Scheduling
Evapotranspiration
Action _| August date _|ETc _ |Rainfall _|Accumulated ETc Scheduling maximizes irrigation efficiency
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - inches - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - by minimizing runoff and percolation
Irrigate | 1 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.29 _ |_ _ _ _ _| 0.29
_ _ _ _ _| 2 _ _ _ _ _ _|0 37 _ |_ _ _ _ _| 0.66
losses.
_ _ _ _ _| 3 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.38 _ |0.08 _ _ | 0.96
_ _ _ _ _| 4 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.34 _ |1.45 _ _ | -----
This often results in lower energy and water
_ _ _ _ _| 5 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.37 _ | _ _ _ _ | 0.37 use
_ _ _ _ _| 6 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.26 _ | _ _ _ _ | 0.63
_ _ _ _ _| 7 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.31 _ | _ _ _ _ | 0.94 Optimum crop yields,
_ _ _ _ _| 8 _ _ _ _ _ _|0.28 _ | _ _ _ _ | 1.22
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Reading Tensiometers
The tensiometer gauge reads
the tension between soil
and water particles. Soil
moisture tension increases There should be at least one, and preferably two,
when there is less water in the
soil. As a result the
tensiometer locations (two or more tensiometers
tensiometer gauge, Figure 2, at one location being a station) for each area of
reads high for dry soils the field that differs in the soil type and depth
and low for wet soils.
A wet soil would be indicated A station located in each different soil type
by a reading under 10 enables you, through timing and duration of
cbars and a reading above 50
cbars would indicate a
irrigation to maintain the same amount of
dry soil for most soil types. available water in all areas.
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It is highly inefficient
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Check flooding
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Basin flooding Flooding- When and why
Adopt
An abundant supply of water and cheap
Close growing crops
Farms with low availability of labour and land is cheap
Advantages
Any amount of water can be used
Installation and operation is low
System is not damaged by live stock
System does not interfere with use of farm implements
Disadvantages
Excessive loss of water
Water distributed unevenly
Fertilisers are often eroded
Drainage must be provided
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Furrow irrigation
The main objective is to direct
The water between the rows of a crop
and permit it to soak down to the roots
Adopt
Variable water supply
Slopes steep >6%
Medium and fine texured soils
Where skilled labour is available
Advantages
Better water efficiency
Can be used on any row
crops
Relatively easy to install
Disadvantages
High erosion
High skilled labour
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Drainage to be provided
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Bucket wheet
Mhot
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END
Leevy
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