Field Development Planning

Reservoir Engineering Equations

(in field units unless otherwise specified)

Curtin University
Petroleum Engineering
 Field Development Planning Course

Well Test Analysis

Horner Plot
(t p + t )
Pws vs Log (1)
t
where t is in hours.

Estimation of kh

162.6qo Bo
kh =
m
where m is slope on the Horner plot in psi/log cycle.
Skin
lin
(P Pwf )
ws ,1hr k
S = 1 .151[ log( ) + 3 .23 ]
2 (2)
m o C t rw
with total compressibility Ct:
C t = SoCo + S wC w + S g C g + C f (3)

Pressure drop due to skin

141.2 qBo o
PS = S (4)
kh

P S = 0 . 868 mS (5)

Productivity Index
q
PI = (6)
( Pe Pwf )
actual

q
PI = (7)
( Pe Pwf PS )
ideal

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Flow Efficiency

PI actual ( P Pwf PS )
FlowEff = = e (8)
PI ideal ( Pe - Pwf )

Vertical Well Flow Rate and PI

Radial Steady-State

7.08 x10 3 ko h ( Pe Pwf )

qo =
r
o Bo [ln( e ) + S ] (9)
rw
where
ko = k x kro
h(net) = H(gross) x NTG

Productivity Index
o
q7 . 08 x10 3 k o h
PI = =
( P P ) B [ln( re ) + S ] (10)
e wf o o
rw

Permeability

re
141.2 qo o Bo [ln( ) + S ]
rw
k=
k ro h ( Pe Pwf ) (11)

or,
re
141.2 PI o Bo [ln( ) + S]
rw
k=
k ro h (12)

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 Field Development Planning Course

Inflow Performance (IPR) Calculations

qo above bubble point pressure (single phase):

q o = PI ( Pe Pwf ) (13)

q b = PI ( Pe Pb ) (14)

qo maximum at Pwf=0:

PIxPb
q max = qb + (15)
1 .8

qo at Pwf<Pb (Vogel Equation):

Pwf Pwf
2
q = q + (q q )[1 0.2 ( ) 0 .8 ( ) ]
b max b Pb Pb

(16)

Horizontal Well Productivity

Joshi Method

7.08 x10 3 k o h ( Pe Pwf )

q horz =
r
o Bo (ln eh ) (17)
L/4

where,
L is length of horizontal well in ft and
reh is horizontal well drainage radius, ft.

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Horizontal well drainage area calculation

Method 1

A (ft2)= L (2b) +b2 (18)

Where b (ft) = half minor axis of an eclipse = vertical well drainage

radius

Method 2
Assumes horizontal well drainage area is an ellipse

A (ft2)= ab (19)

where a (ft) = L/2 + b

To convert ft2 to acre divide by 43560.

Horizontal well drainage radius calculation

reh = (A/)0.5

Productivity Increase = qh/qv (20)

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Displacement Mechanisms
Mobility Ratio

Mobility, = kkr (end point)/

Mobility Ratio, M
k rw
w
M = displacing =
displaced k ro (21)
o

M < 1 Favourable displacement

M > 1 Unfavourable displacement

Water Drive / Waterflood Oil Recovery Factor

RF = Ed x Evol (22)

where Ed = Microscopic Displacement Efficiency

(1 S wi ) S or S S or MovableOil
Ed = = oi =
1 S wi S oi InitialOil (23)

Evol = Volumetric Sweep Efficiency

Evol = Eareal x Evertical (24)

Empirical Water Drive Oil Recovery Factor

(Guthrie-Greenberger Method)

RF, fraction = 0.11403 + 0.2719 log k + 0.25569 Sw 0.1355 log o

1.538 - 0.0003488 h (25)

(The method can be used as a guide within a range of values for a given
parameter.)

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Fractional Flow Calculation (1-D model)

1
fw =
k ro
1+ w (26)
k rw o

Volume of water to be injected to recover 100% of movable oil:

WiD = M (27)

Where WiD = dimensionless (or normalised) injection volume (in

movable oil pore volume). This can be used as a rough guide to estimate
field life.

Depletion Drive Recovery Factor: Undersaturated Oil

(No primary gas-cap)

Above Bubble Point Pressure :

B oi
RF , fraction = C e ( Pi P ) (28)
Bo
Where,
P is reservoir pressure at or above bubble point pressure, Pb

Ce = Ct/(1-Swi), (29)

the effective compressibility and Ct the total compressibility:

C t = SoCo + S wC w + S g C g + C f

Cw = 3.0 x 10-6 1/psi

Cf = 3.6 x 10-6 1/psi

( Bob Boi )
Co = (30)
Boi ( Pi Pb )

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Solution Gas Drive Recovery Factor: Saturated Oil

(with primary or secondary gas cap)

Below bubble point pressure:

( Bo Boi ) + ( Rsi Rs ) Bg
RF , fraction =
Bo + ( R p Rs ) Bg (31)

where
Bo, rb/stb = oil formation volume factor
Bg, rb/scf= gas formation volume factor
Rs, scf/stb = Solution GOR
Rp, scf/stb =Cumulative GOR = Cum gas prod/Cum oil production

Production Forecasting

Decline Curve Analysis

Exponential Decline

( q qa )
N p = 365 (32)
b
q @ t = qi e bt (33)

where,
b = exponential decline rate
Np = cumulative oil production, bbl
qi = initial oil rate (bbl/d), or at start of decline period
qa = oil rate at abandonment (bbl/d)
q@t = oil rate at time t (bbl/d)
t = time in years

The above equations suggest that a plot of ln(q) vs. t is a straight line and
so is the case for q vs. cumulative oil production plot. The slope of the
straight line is b, decline rate. Note that the decline per year equals:
d = - ln ( 1 b ), hence qn+1 = (1-d) * qn . (34)

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 Field Development Planning Course

Useful References:

1. L.P. Dake, Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering (1978)

2. Craft and Hawkins, Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
3. Tarek Ahmed, Reservoir Engineering Handbook
4. F.Craig, Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding, SPE
Monograph
5. Earlougher, Advances in Well Test Analysis, SPE Monograph
6. Joshi, Horizontal Well Technology
7. Kermit Brown, The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods
(pressure gradient or tubing performance curves)

Websites:
1. www.spe.org (Society of Petroleum Engineers)
2. www.peteng.com (Petroleum engineering calculation modules)