Bahas Inggris TOEFL

TYPES OF PROBLEMS
)rence be-
)rrect sen-
-one simi-
Patterns and rules of style like those in this Review of Structure frequently appear on Section 2 of
section of
he TOEFL.
!k.
The emphasis that is placed on various patterns and style problems changes from year to year on
ur teacher
fie TOEFL. Research indicates that those problems shown in bold print in the reference list below are
09). Refer
nost frequently tested on current examinations.
).
To prepare for Section 2 of the TOEFL, study the problems in this chapter. Give special attention to
,ur TOEFL
l.e problems in bold print.
nd on the
five kinds
shortened
nplement,
lroilem with Hain Yerbs
@ Passives-Word order
tr Belief and Knowledge-Anticipatory tf

rwercase)
n it is writ-
E Missing Main Verb
E Verbs that Require an lnfinitive in the

Complement
E Predictions- Witl Have+ Participle
apital (up-
change to
E Verbs that Require an -ing Form in the
Complement Problem with Auxiliary Uerhs
E Verb Phrases that Require an -ing Form in
unctuation the Complement tr Missing Auxiliary Verb-Active
rtion about
in the pat- tr Missing Auxiliary Verb-Passive
countable
E lrregular Past Forms
Iternatives
tt3tlglffii.1ritfi,f0ffillAngfg,,, ..,,,,,',,,,,.",.,,'l,,,i,,,
E Object Pronouns after Prepositions
tr
--l
...,..,,,..'i'i
Relative Pronouns that Refer to Persons
tr FactualConditionals-Absolute, and Things
Scientific Results
E Factual Conditionals-Probable Results for
___l the Future
rused with
E Contrary-to-FactConditionals-Change in tr Count Nouns
Conditions Unless
E Noncount Nouns
?rotlernglritlr$ubiuncliryffi, ,- '', '' ..'1'.' ,

d Nouns with Count and Noncount Meanings
E lmportance-subjunctive Verbs @ Noncount Nouns that Are Count Nouns in

Other Languages
E lmportance-lmpersonal Expressions
tr Singular and Plural Expressions of
Noncount Nouns
?roLlsms'uitli tnlinitiure,'''.:''1',' -',1 :,
@ lnfinitive and -ing Subjects
E Purpose-lnfinitives
tr Nominal lhaf Clause
-/
110 REVIEWOFSTRUCTURE
INconnncr: In
Connncr: In
lNcoRRrcr: Dr
CoRRrcr: Da
patternsare the parts of a sentence. ln some books, patterns are called structures.ln patterns, the
words have the same order most of the time'
thq gener- Do
,Some of the most importantpatterns are summarized inthis review section' Remember,
pattern refer to the structure in the examples. There
alizations in the charts and expl'nations for each INconnEcr: Sar
m1V.be similar structures for which these generalizations are not appropriate' Connpcr: Sar
INcoRnEcr: Thr
CoRnrcr: Thr
ExnncrsBs
A verb is a word or phrase that expresses existence, action, or experlence' Part A: Choose I
verb' ln some
There are two kinds of verbs in English. They are lhe main verb and lhe auxiliary
grammar books, lhe auxiliary verbiscalled a hetping verb because it is used wilh a main verb' Arizona _
(A) has
Every verb in English can be described by the following formula:
(B) being
(C) having
VERB=tense+(modal)+(have+participle)+(be+-ing)+verbword (D) with
problems in this review'
Each ol the parts of this formula will be summarized in one or more of the
Don't spend time studying it now. Just refer to it as you progress through
this review section' Part B: Choose tl
Venomous sna
stored.
d
ln English, a sentence must have a main verb. A sentence may or may not have an auxiliary
Missing Main Uerb
Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb'
verb'
I Remember tha
agree
appear
Ue
arrange
ask
claim
consent
Avoid using an -lngform, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another paft of speech instead of a main vefi-
Exnuplps
INconRrcr: The prettiest girl in our class with long brown hair and brown eyes'
CoRnecr: The prettiest girl in our class has long brown hair and brown eyes' Avoid using an
a---
i
PAfiERNS/PROBLEM 2 111
lvcoRnncr: In my opinion, too soon to make a decision.

ConRecr: In my opinion, it is too soon to make a.decision.
Ixconnrcr: Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven?
CoRnrcr Do you know whether the movie that starts at seven is good?
or
Do you know whether the movie starts at seven?
h;
6
IuconnEbr: Sam almost always a lot of fun.
',j coRnscr: Sam is almost always a lot of fun.
I
l
[
.","
INconnncr:
Connecr:
Exnncrsrs
The book that I lent you having a good bibliography.
The book that I lent you has a good bibliography.
Part A: Choose the correct answer.

Arizona a very dry climate.
(A) has
(B) being
(C) having
(D) with
1,"',
I Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
Venomous snakes with modified teeth connected to paisanlands in which the venom is secreted and
(A) (B) (c) (D)
stored.
I agree
appear
Verbs that Require an Inlinitiue in the Somplement
Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive for a verb in the complement.
decide
demand
hesitate
hope
need
offer
refuse
seem
arrange deserue intend plan tend
ask expect learn prepare threaten
claim fail manage pretend wait
consent forget mean promise want
Avoid using an -ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a vett word after want.
INconnscr: He wanted speak with Mr. Brown. He
Connpcr: He wanted to speak with Mr. Brown.
INcopl'Ecr: We demand knowing our status.

Avoid using an i
Co8x.ecr: We demand to know our status.
Forbid may be u
u h.rcbRREcrt I intend the inform you that we cannot approve your application.
'Connrcr: I intend to inform you that we cannot approve your application. ffi.t
INconngcr: They didn'tplan buying a car.
CoRnrcr: They didn' t @ to buy a car. INconnrcr: She is
Connlcr: She is
INconnsgr: The weather tends improving in May.
CoRREcr: T?re weattrer tends to irnprove in May, IncoRnsct: We enj
Connncr: We eqi
Exoncrsns Hank c
Hanke
lNconnBcr: I miss I
one of the least effective ways of storing information is leaming it. CoRnrcr: I miss t
(A) how repeat
She me
(B) repeating -- She me
(C) to repeat
(D) repeat
E"r.crsrt
Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct it.
Part A: Choose the c
Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteentti anA nineteenth cen-
(A) (B) (c) Strauss finished _
turies in Britain, Europe, and the United States. (A) written
(D) (B) write
(C) to write
(D) writing
Part B: Choose the in
Uerbs that Require an -ingFotm in the Gomptement Many people have

(A)
Remember that the following verbs require an -inglormfor a verb in the complement:
admit enjoy recall
appreciate finish recommend
avoid keep regret
complete mention risk
Uer[ ]
consider mrbs stop
delay postpone suggest ,
deny practice Remember that the
tolerate
discuss quit understand approve of
be befter off
can't help
count on
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 4 113
Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed.

"
* F.orbid may be used with either an infinitive or an -rhg complement, bul forbid from is not idiomatic.
INconnsct: She is considering not to go.

Connpcr: She is considering not going.
INconnscr: We enjoyed talk with your friend.

Conxrcr: We enjoyed talking with your friend.
INconnegr: Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer.

Connecr: Hank completed writing his thesis this summer.
Ilqconnrcr: I miss to watch the news when I am traveling.
Connrcr: I miss watching the news when I am traveling.
hconnecr: She mentions stop at El Paso in her letter.
Connncr: She mentions stopping at El Paso in her letter.
Exrncrses
l Part A: Choose the correct answer.

i
p cen-
Straussfinished_twoofhispublishedcompositionsbeforehistenthbirttrday.
(A) written
(B) write
(C) to write
(D) writing
Dart B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and corrcct it.
Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
d Uerb Phrases that Bequire an -ing Form in the Gomplement
Remember that the following verb phrases require an -ingform for a verb in the complement:
approve of do not mind keep on

be better off forget about look forward to
can't help get through object to
count on insist on think about
think of
\
114 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
lrre;
Avoid using an infinitive after the verb phrases listed. Avoid using a verb word atler look forward to
and objbctto Remember that p
'hemember
-.: that the verb phrase BE likety does not require an -ingtorm but requires an infinitive in
ttie cemplement. Verb Word
be
Exaupr-rs beat
become
INconnscr: She is likely knowing. begin
ConRr,cr: She is likely to know. bite
blow
INconnrcr: Let's go to the movie when you get through to study. break
Connr,cr: Let's go to the movie when you get though studying. choose
INconnncr: We can't help to wonder why she left.' come
Connrcr: We can't help wondering why she left. do
draw
Ilqconnecr: I have been looking forward to meet you. drink
Connecr: I have been looking forward to meeting you. drive
INconnecr: We wouldn't mind to wait. eat
Connncr: We wouldn't mind waiting. fall
fty
forget
ExBncrsns forgive
freeze
Part A: Choose the correct answer. get
give
Many modern architects insist on native to the region that will blend into the
go
surrounding landscape.'
grow
(A) use
(B) to use hide
(C) the use -materials know
(D) using ride
run
see
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. shake
show
During Jackson's administration, those who did not approve of permlt common people in the White shrink
(A) (B) sing
House were shocked by the president's insistence that they be invited into the mansion. speak
(c) (D) steal
swear
swim
take
tear
throw
Many grammar books list a large number of fenses in English, but the two basic tenses are present wear
and past. weave
Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to express future and other special times. withdraw
write
PATTERNS/PROBLEM5 115
lrregular Past Forms
Fo" Remqmber that past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the participles:
P"
in' :
t lerb Word Past Form Participle

t'
be was/were been
! beat beat beaten
t became become
I become
l begin began begun
i bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
come came c0me
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
dive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
r got gotten or got
get
:
r give gave given
Fft"
E
go went gone
t grow grew grown
t
hide hid hidden
I know knew known
' ride rode ridden
t run ran run
I see saw seen
shake shook shaken
!
t show showed shown
pnite shrink shrank shrunk
- sing sang sung
- speak spoke spoken
I steal stole stolen
swear swore sworn
il
t
swim swam swum
" take took taken
tsl ' tear tore torn
\ throw threw thrown
)esent wear wore worn
& weave wove woven
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written
r
Fac
Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements.
Remember that
ExAuplrs opinion that the resu
INcoRnscr: They done it very well after they had practiced.

Connncr: They did it very well after they had practiced.
INconnect: Before she run the computer program, she had checked it out with her supervisor.
Connrcl: Before she ran the computer program, she had checked it out with her supervisor.
INconnrcr: We eat dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.
Connecr: We ate dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.
lxconnrcr: My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago.

Connncr: My nephew begrun working for me about ten years ago.
lNconnrcr: I know that you been forty on your last birthday.

Connrcr: I know that you were forty on your last birthday.
Exgncrsns
Part A: Choose the cornect answer. Avoid using rz7l an

using the auxiliary vert
Before the Angles and the Saxons to England, the Iberians had lived there.
(A) coming
(B) come Exlrrpms
(C) came
(D) did come TNCoRRECT:If water f
CoRnecr: If water f
o
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. If water t
When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he had reached the East Indies bv way of a [vconRscr: Ifchildrer
(A) (B) (c) (D) CoRRecr: Ifchildrel
Western route.
ol
If children
tcoRRECT: Iforanee t
Connecr: If oranle b
o7
If orange b
conditionals are statements with if or untess. They are opinions about the conditions (circunr
stances) that influence results, and opinions about the results. Ifthe trajet
There are two kinds of conditionals. ln most grammar books, they are called reator tactualcor* progresses.
tionals and unrealor contrary'to-fact conditionals. Factual conditionats express absolute, scienliE Uthe trajec
facts, probable results, or possible results. Contrary-to-facrconditionals express improbable or imposrF or
ble results. Ifthe trajec
gresses.
PATTERNSiPROBLEM6 117
Factual Gonditionals-Absolute, Scientific Besults
Rlmember that absotute conditionals express scientific facls. Willand a verb word expresses the
gpinion that the result is absolutely certain.
Avoid using witland a verb word instead of the present verb in the clause beginning with t7. Avoid
using the auxiliary verbs have, has, do, and does with miln verbs in the clause of result.
Exllvrpr,Bs
If water freezes, it has become a solid.

If water freezes. it becomes a solid.
or
If water freezes. it will become a solid.
l
wofa INconnpcr: If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
D)
Connpcr: If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
or
If children are healthy, they will learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
I
t*
R}::J*i
ffi
INconns,ct:
ConnBcr:
If orange blossoms
If orange blossoms
are exposed to very cold temperatures, they withered and died.
are exposed to very cold temperatures, they wither and die.
Btq:s,&s
@i,,*$l
P* or
If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperatures, they will wither and die.
icircum- INconnrcr: If the trajectory of a satellite will be slightly off at launch, it will get worse as the flight
(
progresses.
hI condi- Connegr: If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at launch, it gets worse as the flight progresses.
rcientific or
hmpossi-
t,
If the trajectory of a satellite is slightly off at launch, it will get worse as the flight pro-
gresses.
t
I
I
Ixconxncr: Iflight strikes a rough surface, it diffused.

Exnvrpr,rs
CoRnrcr: Iflight strikes a rough surface, it diffuses. .
or Iuconnrcr: Ifyor
If light strikes a rough surface. it will diffuse. Connecr: ffyql
ExrncrAEs It will
Iuconnrcr:: If the,
Pari l,: Choose the correct answer. Connscr: If 6e!
If water is heated to 212 degrees F. _ as steam.
(A) it will boil and escape I willr
(B) it is boiling and escaping INconnrcr: We wi
(C) it boil and escape Connrm: X/e wi
(D) it would boil and escape
IfYsu
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. lNcoRRBcr: Ifyou
If a live sponge is broken into pieces, each piece yould turn into a new sponge like
CoRnrcr: Uygu,
(A) (B) (c)
you w
the original one.
I
(D) Ilconnscr: Ifwefi
Connncr: If we fi
.
We,lI a
Factual Gonditionals-Probable Results for the Future E.rRECos
Remember lhal willand a verb word expresses the opinion that the results are absolutely certain. ln Part A: Choose the c
order of more to less probable, use the following modals: will, can, may. Ifservices are incl
(A) wiil probab
(B) probably go
(C) probably up
(D) going up pn

If you don,t registe
(A)
Avoid using the present tense verb instead of a modal and a verb word in the clause of result,
Exaupr.rs
If you put too much water in rice when you cook it, it got sticky.
If you put too much water in rice when you cook it, iI will get sticky.
or
It will get sticky if you pu[ too much water in rice when you cook it.
[vconnEcr: If they have a good sale, I would have stopped by on my way home.
Connncr: If they have a good sale, ! will stop by on my way home.
or
I will stop by on my way home if thcy have a good sale.
INcoRnrcr: We will wait if you wanted to go.
ConnBcr: We will wait if you want to go.
or
If you want to go, We will wait.
INconnecr: If you listen to the questions carefully, you answer them easily.
Connscr: If yau listen to the questions carefully, yeu will answer them easily.
or
You will answer them easily 1[ yau listen to the questions carefully.
If we finished our work a little early today, we'll attend the lecture at the art museum.
If we finish our work a liftle early today, we'll attend the lecture at the art museum.
or
we'll attend the lecture at the art museum if wc finish our work a little early today.
b
r Ennncrsrs
I
f-
hain. tn
Ifservices are increased, taxes
(A) will probably go up
(B) probably go u1i
(C) probably up
(D) going up probably
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

If you don't register before the last day of regular registration, you payug a late fee.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
lM REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
d Gontrary-to-Fact Gond iti ona ls-Ghange i n Gon d itions Unlase
Rerneqber that there is a subject and verb that determines the change in conditions atter the CorF
Some verbs, nour
hrm of the verb. A sul
d
nectror unless.
lmpu
Avoid deleting unless from the sentence; avoid deleting either the subject or the verb from
Remember that t
portance.
clause after unless.
ask
Ex.Ltttplrs demand
desire
INconnecr: I can't go I don't get my work finished. insist
prefer
Connpcr: I can't go unless I get my work finished.
propose
INconnncr: They are going to get a divorce unless he stopping drugs.
Connncr: They are going to get a divorce unless he stops taking drugs.
INconnscr: You won't get well unless you are taking your medicine.
Connncr: You won't get well unless you take your medicine. Mr. Johnson
lxconnrcr: Dean never calls his father unless needs money.
Connnsr: Dean never calls his father unless he needs money.
Avoid using a pres
lNconnrcr: We can't pay the rent unless the scholarship check. verb word.
Connecr: We can't pay the rent unless the scholarship check comes. Notq The verb ri'rsi
insisted that lwas wron.
l
Errencrsrs
Exnupr,us
I
\
Part A: Choose the cornect irrcryerr
lvconRecr: The docb
Football teams don't play in the Super Bowl championship either the National or the Connncr: The docto
American Conference.
IlvcoRnrcr: I propose
(A) unless they win I
Connrcr: I Drooose
(B) but they win I
(C) unless they will win Irvconnpct: The foreig

(D) but to have won rolling at t
CoRRrcr: The foreig
at the univ
IlcoRnecr: The law ro
usually boys cannot become Boy scouts unless completed the fiftlr grade.
Connrcr:
(A) (B) (c) (D)
The law re
lNcoRnrcr: She insisto
Connrcr: She insiste
PATTEHNS/PROBLEM 9 121
Some verbs, nouns, and expressions require a subjunctive. A subjunctive is a change in the usual
brm of the verb. A subjunctive is often a verb word in English.
lre con-
tom the
d lmportance-$ubiunctiye Uerbs
Remember that the following verbs are used before that and the verb word clause to express im-
portance.
ask recommend
demand request
desire require
insist suggest
prefer urge
propose
Avoid using a present or past tense verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using a modal before the
word.
Note The verb rhsrsf may be used in non-subjunctive patterns in the past tense. For example: He
;ted that lwas wrong.
The doctor suggested that she will not smoke.

The doctor suggested that she not smoke.
I propose that the vote is secret ballot.

Connncr: I proposE that the vote be secret ballot.
The foreign student advisor recommended that she studied more English before en-
rolling at t}te university.
Connncr: The foreign student advisor recommended that she study more English before enrolling
at the university.
The law requires that everyone has his car checked at least once a vear.
Connncr: The law requires that everyone have his car checked at least on"" h y"ar.
She insisted that they would give her a receipt.

Connrcr: She insisted that they give her a receipt.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
Exrncrsns Irconnncr: Itisi

CoRREcr: Itisi
Part At Choose the correct answer
Less moderate members of Congress are insisting that changes in the Social Security System
Itisi
_ made. INconRrcr: Itisi
..(A) will Connrct: It is ir
,. (B) are
(C) being It is il
* (D) be Ilconnrcr: It is ir
Connrct: It is ir
Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct it.
Ir is in
Many architects prefer that a dome is used to roof buildings that need to conserve floor space.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
Ilconnscr: It is es
Connrcr: It is es
$ lmportancFlmperconal Expressions
Remember that the following adjectives are used in impersonal expressions.

Exrncrsrs
It is esr
Part A: Choose ther

It is necessary _
essential
way as to best acc
imperative
(A) plan
important
(B) to plan
necessary
(C) planning
(D) the ptan

It is essential that
growth to occur.
(D)
Avoid using a present tense verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using a modal before the verb
word-
Ex.l,upr,rs
IuconRrcr: It is not necessary that you must take an entrance examination to be

4dmitted to an
American university.
Connecn lt is not necessary to take an entance examination to be admitted to an American
or
It is not necessary that you take an entrance examination to be admitted to an American
university.
PATTERNS/PROBLEMlO 123
INconnrcr: It is imperative that you are on time.

iI' Connecr: It is imperative to be on time.
I or
i It is imperative that yau be on time.
br*",n It is important that I will speak with Mr. Williams immediately.
t It is important to speak with Mr. Wiliams immediately.
or
It is important that I speak with Mr. Williams immediately.
It is imperative that your signature appears on your identification card.
It is imperative to sign your identification card.
or
It is imperative that your signature appear on your identification card.
[{coRREcr: It is essential that all applications and transcripts are filed no later than July l.
Connecr: It is essential to file all applications and transcripts no later than July 1.
or
It is essential that all applications and ranscripts be filed no later than July l.
Exnncrsrs

It is necessary approaches to a bridge, the road design, and the alignment in such a
way as to best accommodate the expected traffic flow over and under it.
(A) plan
(B) to plan
(C) planning-the
(D) the plan
Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct iL

It is essential that vitamins are supplied either by foods or by supplementary tablets for normal
(A) (B) (c)
srowth to occur.
(D)
t
r
h,
F
I
f"ri"*
I
I
I
t
i
t
i
I
t
I
I
Exnncrsns Avoid using an r
Part A: Choose the correct answer. Exaupr,ns

In the stringed instruments, the tones by playing a bow across a set of strings that may
be made of wire or gut.
INconnscr: Itish
, (A)"they produce
Connrcr: Itish
- ,- (B) producing IlcoRnpct: Itisg
." (C) are produced Connscr: It is pr
* (D) that are producing
It is s:
It is ss
Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.
Itish
(c) (D)
Itish
lNconnscr: It is th
CoRnscr: It is th
Exrn'crsEs
Belief and lhowledgrAnticipatory tf
Part A: Choose the r
Remember that an anticipatory ffclause expresses belief or knowledge. Anticipatory means Giant
Some ffclauses that go before main clauses are listed below: about the size of i
It is believed (A) It is believ
It is hypothesized (B) Thar it is
It is known
(C) That is bel
It is said
(D) That belier
It is thought
It is true Part B: Choose the i
It is written
That it is believo
(A)
ranges-the
PATTERNS/PROBLEMl3 127
Avoid using an -rhgform, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an anticipatory liclause.
Ex,l,upr,us
htmay INconnrcr: It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as well.
L
I Connecr: It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group will not score as well.
t
) lNconRBcr: It is generally known that she leaving at the end of the year.
ConnBcr: It is generally known that she is leaving at the end of the year.
INconnrc, : It is said that a buried treasure near here.
ConnEct It is said that a buried treasure was hidden near here.
INconRecr: It is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck.

Connncr: It is believed that a horseshoe bgugt good luck.
INconnscr: It is thought that our ancestors building this city.
Connrct: It is thought that our ancestors built this city.
Exnncrsns

Giant Ape Man, our biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors, was just
about the size of a male gorilla.
(A) It is believed that
(B) That it is
(C) That is believed
(D) That believing
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and eorrect it.

That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest mountain
(A) (B) (c) (D)
ranges-the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
Have, has, or had + participle express duration of time.

Auxiliaryverh
all of the forms of I
ffi Prediction s-Wi I I Haye + participle

Remember lhal will have lollowed by a participle and a future adverb expresses prediction
a
ti
for a
future activity or event.
Bemember tha
Mom
Avoid using wl//instead ol willhave.
Exlupr,Bs Mom
INconnrcr: You will finished your homework by the time the movie starts.
CoRnpcr: You will have finished your homework bv the time the movie starts
INconnrct: Jan will left by five o'clock.
CoRnpcr: Jan will have left by five o'clock. Mom
INconnecr: Before school is out, I have returned all of my library books.

CoRnBcr: Before school is out, I will have returned all of my library books.
Avoid using -rhgr
INcoRnpcr: we have gotten an answer to our letter by the time we have to make -ing, a participle, or a
a decision.
Connec'r: We will have gotten an answer to our letter bv the time we have to make a decision.
Exaupr,os
lNconnrcr: Before we can tell them about the discount, they will bought the tickets.
Connrcr: Before we can tell them about the discount, they will INconnrcr: Th"pa
havc uougtrt the tickets.
Connpcr: Thepa
Exnncrsns INconnssr: Sherea
Connrcr: She wil
Ilconnscr: The sur
By the middle of the twenty-frst century the computer necessity in every home. CoRnBcr: The sur
(A) became ---a INconnecr: We gon
(B) becoming
(C) has become
ConRBcr: Wehavr
(D) will have become IxcoRnecr: I can'tt
Connrcr: I can't t
It is believed that by 2010 immunotherapy have succeeded in
sudng a number of serious illnesses.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 15
Auxiliary verbs are additional verbs that may be used with main verbs to add meaning. For example,
all of the forms of BE, HAVE, DO, and all modals are auxiliary verbs.
Missing Auxiliary Uerb-Active
Remember that some main verbs require auxiliary verbs.
{I
l,
(
Avoid using -lngforms without BE, participles without HAVE, and verb words without modals when
-ing, aparliciple, or a vbrb word function as a main verb.
Exaupr,rs
Irqconnrcr: The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.

ConRscr: The party is a surprise, but all of her friends are coming.
INconnecr: She read it to you later tonight.

CoRnpcr: She will read it to you later tonight
INconnrcr: The sun shining when we left this morning.

Connscr: The sun was shining when we left this morning.
bme.
Ixconnrcr: We gone there before.
CoRRecr: We have gone there before.
[.IcoRREcr: I can't talk with you right now because the doorbell ringing.
Connrsr: I can't talk with you right now because the doorbell is ringing.
l illnesses.
Exrncrsrs Exsncrsrs
Part A: Choose thr
Thegiraffesurvivesinpartbecauseit-thevegetationinthehighbranchesoftreeswhere
Hydrogen perol
other animals have not grazed.
and surfaces.
, (A) to reach
(A) used
(B) can reach
(B) is used
"' (C) reaching
'* (D) reach
(C) is using
(D) that it usr
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Part B: Choose the
According to some scientists, the earth losing its outer atmosphere because of pollutants. If a rash occurs r
(A) (B) (c) (D) (A)
should discontin
$
(D)
Missing Auxiliary UerfPassiYe
Remember that the passive requires an auxiliary BE verb. You probably ren
pronouns often are ur
A pronoun usuali
ing. The pronoun is u
The plants
ence noun is called
arL watered 1
means "before.,' For t

The plants have been watered noun secretaries.
The plants should be watered
Many secretaries
Avoid using a passive without a form of BE.
There are several
Exruupr,rs which can be either sr
nouns; and reciprocat
INconnecr: The phone answered automatically.
Connrcr: The phone is answered automatically.
ffi
INcoRRscr: They have informed already.
ConRecr: They have been informed already.
INcoRnscr: These books should returned today. 0biec
Connncr: These books should be returned today.
INconnrcr: The plane delayed by bad weather. Remember that pe

ConRscr: The plane was delayed by bad weather. nouns.
lNconnBcr: My paper has not typed.

CoRnncr: My paper has not been typed.
I would be glad tr
Remember that the

PATTERNS/PROBLEM 17 t31
ExrncrsBs

b where Hydrogen peroxide_as a bleaching agent because it effectively whitens a variety of fibers
and surfaces.
(A) used
(B) is used
._ . (C) is using
(D) that it uses
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it

If a rash occurs within twenty-four hours after taking a new medication, the treatment
(A) (B) (c)
should discontinued.
(D)
You probably remember learning that "pronouns take the place of nouns." What this means is that
pronouns often are used instead of nouns to avoid repetition of nouns.
A pronoun usually has a reference noun that has been mentioned before in conversation or in writ-
ing. The pronoun is used instead of repeating the reference noun. ln some grammar books, the refer-
ence noun is called the "antecedent of the pronoun" because it has been mentioned before. "Ante"
means "before." For example, in the following sentence, the word them is a pronoun that refers to the
noun secretaries.
Many secretaries are using computers to help them work faster and more efficiently.
There are several different kinds of pronouns in English. Some of them are personalpronouns,
which can be either subject or object pronouns; possessire pronouns; relative pronouns; reflexive pro-
nouns; and reciprocal pronouns.
fi
nouns.
Obiect Pronouns after Prepositions
Remember that personal pronouns used as the object of a preposition should be object case pro-
Remember that the following prepositions are commonly used with object pronouns:
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
among of
between to
for with
from
Avoid using a subject pronoun instead of an object pronoun after a proposition. Rel
+
Ex.o,upr,rS RememberUr
INcon*Ecr: The experiment proved to my lab partner and I that prejudices about the results
of an in-
vestigation are often unfounded.
Connrcr: The experiment proved to my lab partner and me that prejudices about the results of an She is
investigation are often unfounded.
INconnscr: of those who graduated with Betty and he, Ellen is the only one who has found a good Avoid using nd
job.
Connecr: Of those who graduated with Betty and him, Ellen is the only one who has found a good
job.
INconnecr: Among we men, it was he who always acted as the interpreter.
Connrcr: Among us men, it was he who always acted as the interpreter.
INconnrcr: The cake is from Jan, and the flowers are from Larry and we. Avoid using wfi
Connrcr: The cake is from Jan, and the flowers are from Larry and us.
INconnncr: Just between you and I, this isn't a very good price. Exaupr,rs
Connpcr: Just between you and me, this isn't a very good price.
INconnncr: The pr
ConRrcr: Theu
Exnncrsrs
INconnscr: There
Part A: Choose the correct answer. Connrc'r: There:
Since the Earth's crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have INconnrct: Whoir
to be capable of CoRnBcr:
drilling through 100,000.feet of rock to investigate the mantle Who ir
(A) beneath them
_ .
Ixconnpct: The pe
(B) beneath their
quirem
(C) beneath its
Connscr: The rc
(D) beneath they
ments.
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. lNconnEcr: The sto
ConnBcr: The sor
According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household tasks
for the women war-
riors who govemed and protected rn".t,i$)for-tthl}] Exrncrsps

(c) (D)
Part A: Choose the r
Charlie Chaplin u
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whose
(D) what
t_
:
i
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 18
Relatiue Pronouns that Beler to Percons and Things
Rbrnember that who is used to refer to persons, and which is used to refer to things.
nrIF
Im
Avoid using vvhich instead ol who in reference to a person.
Avoid using who instead of which in reference to a thing.
BauplBs
? [.IcoRREgr: The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
Connrcr: The people who cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
[rconnecr: There is someone on line two which would like to speak with you.
Connscr: There is someone on line two who would like to speak with you.
i INconnncT : Who is the man which asked the question?
ble of Connecr: Who is the nlan who asked the question?
hvcoRnpc'r: The person which was recoflrmended for the position did not fulfill the minimum re-
quirements.
,
Connncr: The person who was recommended for the position did not fulfill the minimum require-
ments.
hrconnrcr: The student which receives the highest score will be awarded a scholarship.
Connscr: The student who receives the highest score will be awarded a scholarship.
Exrncrsrs

Charlie Chaplin was a comedian best known for his work in silent movies.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whose
(D) what -was
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. 3. Names of th
Absolute zero, the temperature at whom all substances have zero thermal energy and thus, one car
(A) (B) one house
the lowest possible temperatures, is unattainable in practice. one room
(c) (D) 4. Units of mea
one inch
one pound
one degree
5. Units of clas
You have probably learned that "a noun is the name ol a person, place, or thing." Nouns perform one family
several functions in English, but "naming" is clearly the most important. one country
There are two basic classifications of nouns in English. ln some grammar books, they are called one languag
count nouns and noncount nouns. ln other grammar books, they are called count nouns and mass 6. Containers o
nouns.ln still other grammar books, they are called countable and uncountable nouns. one bottle
All of these names are very confusing because, of course, everything can be counted. The problem one jar
is ho!.to count it. And, in that respect, the two classifications of nouns are very different. one tube
Count or countable nouns have both singular and plural forms. They are used in agreement with
singular or plural verbs. ln contrast, mass or noncount, uncountable nouns have only one form. They 7. A limited nun
are used in agreement with singular verbs. one idea
Often count or countable nouns are individual persons, places, or things that can be seen and one inventiot
counted individually. Often mass, noncount, or uncountable nouns are substances and ideas that are one plan
shapeless by nature and cannot be seen and counted individually.
But it is not always logic that determines whether a noun is count or noncount. Sometimes it is sim-
ply a grammatical convention-that is, a category that people agree to use in their language. Both beans
and rice have small parts that would be difficult but not impossible to count. But beans is considered a
count noun and rice is considered a noncount noun. Why? Because it is a grammatical convention.
Avoid using a sil
Gount llouns Exanrpr,rs
INconnBcr: We ha,
Remember lhal count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Plural numbers can precede Connscr: We ha
count nouns but not noncountnouns.
There are several categories of count nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them INconnrct: I hope
are listed here. Connrcr: I hope
INconRrcr: Severa
1. Names of persons, their relationships, and their occupations: Connrcr: Severa
one boy two boys
one friend two friends
IucoRnrcr: The ter
one student two students Connrcr: The ter
2. Names of animals, plants, insects: INcoRnrct: The tea

one dog ConRncr: The tea
two dogs
one flower two flowers
one bee fwo bees
E-
3. Names of things with a definite, individual shape:

one car two cars
one house two houses
one room two rooms
4. Units of measurement:
one inch two inches
one pound two pounds
one degree two degrees
5. Units of classification in society:

one family two families
I Perform one country two countries
one language two languages
ue called
hd mass 6. Containers of noncount solids, liquids, pastes, and gases:
one bottle two bottles
Sproblem one jar two jars
I one tube two tubes
pent with
7. A limited number of abstract concepts:
frm. They one idea two ideas
one invention two inventions
been and
one plan two plans
s that are
L
I it is sim-
ptt beans
hidered a
Iion.
!
q,
Avoid using a singular count noun with a plural number.
Ex,lupr,ps
hrconnrcr: We have twenty dollar left.

I precede Connecr: We have twenty dollars left.
I Iuconnrcr: I hope that I can lose about five pound before summer.
F of them Connecr: I hope that I can lose about five pounds before su[uner.
r
t INconnrct: Several of the people in this class speak three or four language.
I
CoRnncr: Several ofthe people in this class speak three or four languages.
?
I Ixconnncr: The temperature has risen ten degree in two hours.
Connrcr: The temperature has risen ten degrees in two hours.
I
INconnscr: The teacher has ordered two book, but they aren't in at the bookstore.
l Connrcr: The teacher has ordered two books. but they aren't in at the bookstore.
i
I
136 REVIEWOF STRUCTURE
Exnncrsrs 6. Groups of thin

clothing
Part A: Choose the correct answer. furniture
i luggage
A desert receives less than twenty-five _of rainfall every year.
(A) centimeter
7. Languages:
,(B) a centimeter Arabic
,- -,. (C)"centimeters
Japanese
.- (D) of centimeters
Spanish
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. 8. Abstract conct
beauty
In 1950 it was naively predicted that eight or ten computer would be sufficient to handle all of fu ignorance
(A) (B) (c) (D) peace
scientific and business needs in ttre United States.
9. Most -inglorm
learning
ffi
shopping
working
lloncount llouns
Remember lhal noncount nouns have only one form. They are used in agreement with singula
verbs. The word the does not precede them.
There are categories ol noncount nouns that can help you organize your study. Some of them ale
Avoid using the b
listed here.
Exmapr.rs
1. Food staples that can be purchased in various forms:
bread lvconRncr: The hq
meat Connecr: Happir
butter
INconnrcr: Toshi s
2. construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made: Connncr: Toshi s
wood
iron INconnrcr: Bread t
glass ConnBcr: Bread j
3. Liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the container: INconnBcr: I like s
oil Connncr I like n
tea INconnnct: If you t
milk Connrcr: If you r
4. Natural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws:

steam, water, ice
smoke, ashes
oxygen
5. Substances with many small parts:
rice
sand
sugar
PAfiERNS/PROBLEM 20
6. Groups of things that have different sizes and shapes:

clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock)
I
furniture (a table, a chair, a bed)
luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
7. Languages:
,
" ,,Arabic
Japanese
Spanish
8. Abstract concepts, often with endings -ness, -ance, -ence, -ity:
!
beauty
hu of the ignorance
t
peace
9. Most -rngforms:
learning
shopping
working
singular
*" Avoid using the before a noncountnoun. Avoid using a plural verb with a noncount noun.
[*". hrlupr,ns
I
t
! hqconnrcr: The happiness means different things to different people.
i Connscr: Happiness means different things to different people.
il
)
trICOnRECT: Toshi speaks the Japanese at home.
Connrcr: Toshi spoaks Japanese at home.
INcoRRrcr: Bread are expensive in the grocery store on the comer.
CoRnscr: Bread is expensive in the grocery store on the corner.
IxconRrcr: I like my tea with the milk.

Connrcr: I like my tea with milk.
I,ICOnRECT: If you open the door, airs will circulate better.
Connrcr: If you open the door, air will circulate better.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
ExrncrsBs
a history
histories
_at 212 degrees F,I and freezes at 32 degrees F. an honor
(A) Waters boils honors
.Q) fhe waterboils
,. (C) Waterboils a language
.' (D) Waters boil languages
Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct it. a life
Iives
The religion attmpts to clarify mankind's relationship with a suoerhuman power.
(A) (B) (c) (D) a light
d
lights
a noise
noises
llouns with Gount and lloncount ileanings
a pain
pains
Remember that some nouns may be used as count ot as noncount nouns depending
on their mearr
ings. Materials and abstract concepts ate noncountnouns, but they may be used
as counrnouns to ex- a paper
press specific meanings.
papers
a pleasure
pleasures
an agreement an occaslon or agreement abstract concept a silence

agreements a document silences
all agreements
a bone a pert of a a space

construction
bones skeleton spaces
material
a business a company a stone

abstract concept
businesses stones
all business transactions
a cloth a piece of a success

construction
cloths cloth successes
material
a decision an occasion decision a thought

abstract concept
decisions thoughts
all decisions
an education a specific education a time
abstract concept
educations person's all education fimes
a fire an event material a war

fires
wars
a glass a container
a work
glasses
works
r
a history a historical history abstract concept

histories account all history
an honor an occasion honor abstract concept

honors or an award all honor
h'larrguage a specific language abstract concept

languages variety all languages
a life a specific life abstract concept

lives person's all life
a light a lamp light the absence of

lights darkness
a noise a specific noise abstract concept

noises sound all sounds
a pain a specific pain abstract concept

pains occasion all pain
a paper a document paper construction

papers or sheet material
a pleasure a specific pleasure abstract concept

pleasures occasion all pleasure
a silence a specific silence absEact concept

silences occasion all silence
a space a blank space the universe

spaces
a stone a small rock stone construction

stones material
a success an achievement success abstract concept

successes all success
a thought an idea thought abstract concept

thoughts all thought
a time a historical period time abstract concept

times or moment all time
a war a specific war the geieral act of war

wars all wars
a work an artistic creation work employment

works abstract concept
all work
I
llon
Remember, mar
English. Some of the
advice
anger
courage
Avoid using counf nouns with specific meanings to express the general meanings ol noncourl damage
nouns. equipment
fun
Exaupr,ns
Ilqconnrcr: Dr. Bradley will receive special honor at the graduation.

Connrcr: Dr. Bradley will receive a special honor at the graduation.
(an award)
INconRscr: She needs to find a work. Avoid using a or i

I CoRnEcr: She needs to find work.
i
(employment)
h Exaurpr,ns
!
!.
lNconnscr: My neighbor dislikes a noise.
ConnBcT : My neighbor dislikes noise. Ixconnncr: Do you
(all sounds) ConRscr: Do you
INconRscr: We need glass for the juice. Ixconnncr: Counse
Connrcr: We need a glass for the juice. Connscr: Counse
or
IxcoRnrcr: George
We need glasses for the juice.
Connrcr: George
(containers)
lxconnecr: A war is as old

hvcoRRrcr: A news
as mankind.
ConnEcr: News c
Connpcr: War is as old as mankind.
(the act of war) lNconnBcr: Did yor:
ConRecr: Did you
Exnncrsns
Exnncrsns
Part A: Choose the o
It is generally believed that an M.B.A. degree is good preparation for a career in
(A) a business Fire-resistant matr
(B) business (A) a damage tr
(C) businesses (B) that damag
(D) one business (C) damage to t
(D) passenger c
A space is the last frontier for man to conquer.
Part B: Choose the il
(A) (B) (c) (D) A progress has bex
(A)
lb.
I
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 22
l{oncount llouns that Are Gount llouns in 0ther languages
Remember, many nouns that are count nouns in other languages may be noncount nouns tn
English. Some of the most troublesome have been listed for you on the following page.
advice homewok money poetry

anger ignorance music poverty
courage information news progress
damage knowledge patience
d noncount
equipment leisure permission
fun luck
Avoid using aor an before noncount nouns.
Ex.lrupr-rs
lrcomscr: Do you have an information about it?

CoRnrcr: Do you have information about it?
INconnscr: Counselors are available to give you an advice before you register for your classes.
Connscr: Counselors are available to give you advice before you register for your classes.
INconnscr: George had a good luck when he first came to State University.
Connrcr: George had good luck when he first came to State University.
Ixconnecr: A news was released about the hostages.

Connscr: News was released about the hostages.
Did you get a permission to take the placement test?
Did you get peruoisslan to take the placement test?
Exrncrsns

Fire-resistant materials are used to retard of modern aircraft in case of accidents.
(A) a damage to the passenger cabin
(B) that damages to the passenger cabin
(C) damage to the passenger cabin
(D) passenger cabin's damages -
A progress has been made toward finding a cure for AIDS.
(A) (B) (c)(D)
REV|EW AF STRUCTURE
INconnecr: TheI
space
CoRRscr: Thef
{
in out
$ingular and Plural Expressions of lloncount llouns
Remember that the following singular and plural expressions are idiomatic: Expncrsns
,: a piece of advice
rdtece of bread
two pieces of advice
two pieces of bread
ilrosethe
a piece of equipment two pieces of equipment
Hybrids have on
piece of furniture (A) corns
a two pieces of furniture
piece of information (B) ear of con
a two pieces of information
piece of jewelry (C) corn ears
a two pieces of jewelry
piece of luggage (D) corn,s ean
a two pieces ot luggage
a piece of mail two pieces of mail
piece of music Part B: Choose the i
a two pieces of music
a piece of news two pieces of news A few tiles on.St
a piece of toast two piecesot toast (A)
a loaf of bread two loaves of bread
a slice of bread two slices of bread
an ear of corn two ears of corn
a bar of soap two bars of soap
a bolt of lightning two bolts of lightning
a clap of thunder two claps of thunder lnfini
a gust of wind two gusts of wind
Remember that d
Avoid using the noncount noun without the singular or plural idiom to express a singular or plural.
Exaupr,ps Avoid using a verb r

form.
INconnscr: A mail havels faster when tlie zip code is indicated on the envelope.
Connrcr: A oiece of mail travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
Inconnrcr: There is a limit of two cary-on luggages for each passenger.
Connrcr: There is a limit of two pieces of carry-on luggage for each passenger. YCoRREcT: To workin
INconnscr: Each furniture in this display is on sale for half price.
CoRnrcr: To workp
Connncr: Each piece offurniture in this display is on sale for halfprice.
Working p
INconnscr: I'd like a steak, a salad, and a corn's ear with butter.
Connscr: I'd like a steak, a salad, and an ear of corn with butter. The sneez
To sneeze
I
I
Sneezing q
L
I
The Engineering Department purchased a new equipment to simulate conditions in outer

space.
Connecr: The Engineering Department purchased a new oiece of equipment to simulate conditions
in outer space.
A: Choose the correct answer.

Hybrids have one more plant than the other varieties.
(A) corns --per
(B) ear of com
(C) corn ears
(D) corn's ears
B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

A few tiles on Slcylab were the only equipments that failed to perform well in outer space.
I
(A) (B) (c). (D)
lnfinitiue anit -iig Subiects
Remember that either an infinitive or an -ing form may be used as the subject of a sentence
or a
ry
r To read a foreign language
ffi
:l
I Reading quickly and well
hplural.
Avoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive or an -inglorm in the subject. Avoid using to with an
r
inglorm.
r
Exeprpr,rs
lvconnecr: To working provides people with personal satisfaction as well as money.

Connscr: To work provides people with personal satisfaction as well as money.
or
working provides people with personal satisfaction as well as money.
INconnecr: The sneeze spreads germs.
CoRnecr: To sneeze spreads genns.
or
Sneezing spreads germs.
1M REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
INcoRnncr: Shoplift is considered a serious crime. INconnecr: It is t

Connncr: To shoplift is considered a serious crime. Connrcr: That
or
IwcoRRecr: Is lik
Shoplifting is considered a serious crime.
CoRRscr That
INconnecr: The rest in the afternoon is a custom in many countries.
hvconnrcr: Sher
Connecr: To rest in the afternoon is a custom in many countries.
CoRRBcr: Thatr
'' '" or
.,.'
Resting in the afternoon is a custom in many countries. INconnecr: Thatl
Connrcr: Thatl
INcoiirrcr: To exercising makes most people feel better.
Connscr: To exercise makes most people feel better.
or Exnncrsrs
Exercising makes most people feel better'
Part A: Choose thr
Exrncrsrs _mig
(A) That it is
Part A: Choose the correct answer. (B) That bird
Dal' (C) Birds tha
trees is a custom that many people ehgage in to celebrate Arbor
(D) It is thatl
(A) The plant
(B) Plant
Part B: Choose the
(C) Planting
r
(D) To planting That it is the mr
(A)
i
i,[.
Spell correctly is easy with the aid of a number of word processing programs for personal computerl
(c) (D)
I
t
(A) (B) '
t
Adjectives and r
llominal lfiaf Glause or amount); sufficiq
I (appearance); and e
I
t Most adjectives
t
Remember that sometimes the subject of a verb is a single noun. Other times it is a long agree with the nourr
I
phrase or a long noun clause.
t One example of a tong noun clause is the nomlnal that clause. Like all clauses, lhe nominal
clause has a subject and verb. The nominal thaf clause functions as the main subject of the main
which follows it.
t
Determiners are
t
rnlike other adjectiw
ktow whether the n<
t
can choose the cone
Exnuplns
INconnncr: That it is that she has known him for a long time influenced her decision.
Connscr: influenced her decision'
It is that we need to move is sure.

That we need to move is sure.
hrcoRRecr: Is likely that the library is closed.
Connec'l: That the library is closed is likely.
She will win is almost certain.
That she will win is almost certain.
That is not fair seems obvious.
That it is not fair seems obvious.
f"xnncrsns
Choose the correct answer.
migrate long distances is well documented.

(A) That it is birds
(B) That birds
(C) Birds that
(D) It is that birds
lert B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

That it is the moon influences only one kind of tide is not geneplly known.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
!!6
))
Adjectives and adjective phrases describe nouns. They may be used to describe quantity (number
u amount); sufficiency (number or amount needed); consecutive order (order in a sequence); quality
{appearance); and emphasr's (importance or force.)
Most adjectives and adjective phrases have only one form in English. They do not change forms to
n(trr
4ree with the nouns they describe.
/ flId
M
Determiners are a special kind of adjective. Like other adjectives, determiners describe nouns. But
mlike other adjectives, determiners must agree with the nouns they describe. ln other words, you must
htow whether the noun is a singular count noun, a plural count noun, or a noncount noun before you
can choose the correct determiner. The noun determines which adjective form you use.
I I
1tl6 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
lloncount llouns with Qualilying Phrases-Ille

x
Renrergber, fhe is used with count nouns. You have also learned that the can be used befoie an
Remembertha
-rng'noun that is followed by a qualifying phrase.
@unt noun.
'' ln afldition , the can be used before a noncount noun with aqualifying phrase.
of the Middle Ages
Exltvrpr,ns
INconnnct: PoeUry ofCarl Sandburg is being read at the student union on Friday.
No
Connncr: The poetry of Carl Sandburg is being read at the student union on Friday.
INconnncr: Poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city.
Connrcr: Avoid using the
The poveQ of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city.
noun.
hvcoRnscr: Science ofgenetic engineering is not very old.
Connrcr: The science of genetic engineering is not very old.
Exaupr,rs
IxcoRnecr: History of this area is interesting.
Connnct: The history of this area is interesting. [vcoRnrcr: There
Connrcr: There
INconnscr: Work of many people made the project a success.
Connrcr: The work of many people made the project a success. Ixconnpcr: Noner
CoRnrsr: No ner
Expncrsrs ftrconnrcr: Wehar

Connrsr: We har
Part A: Choose the cornect answer. [rconRrc,r: None o
of Country-Western singers may be related to old English ballads.
Connscr: No che
(A) The music fuconnecr: Bill tol
(B) Music ConnscT: Bill tol
(C) Their music
- (D) Musics
Exnncrsns
Part A: Choose the c
Philosophy of the ancient Greeks has been preserved in the scholarly writing of Westem civilization.
(A) (B) (c) (D) At Woolworth's f
(A) neitheriten
(B) items not cr
(C) items none,
(D) no item cos
I
!
i flo Meanit g ilot Any
bre an ' Hernember that no means not any.lt may be used with a singular or plural count noun or with a non-
'bount noun.
-
:
Avoid using the negatives notor none instead of no. Avoid using a singular verb with a plural count
h noun.
Eru,uplns
lYcoRREcr: There is not reason to worry.

Connscr: There is no reason to worry.
lsconnscr: None news is good news.

Connecr: No news is sood news.
IttrcoRRECT: We have not a file under the name Wagner.
Connecr: We have no file under the name Wagner.
lvconRrct: None of cheating will be tolerated.

Connecr: No cheating will be tolerated.
h{connsgr: Bill told me that he has none friends.
Connrcr: Bill told me that he has no friends.
Exrncrsns

iization.
I
At Woolworth's frst five-and-ten-cent store, more than a dime.
(A) neither items cost
(B) items not cost
(C) items none costing
(D) no item costs
r
t 148 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
;
Some religions have none deity but are philosophies that function instead of religions.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
Alnost All ot the and Most of the
Remember lhal almost all of the and most of the mean all except a few, but a/most att of the in-
cludes more.
,at:;$t.i:3t.lg"aiiise!i*:
,i'id, re]]l!laiE44i::r!i
' ;
t:tt:lic$;iri::6>%oa;
Algl{3d,Yds*iB,l--&
veQ {*Su},_ l, ,Lrr:ie1jla:6a t::3*..:
Almost all (of the) trees in our yard are oaks

Most (of the) trees are oaks
Avoid using almostwithoul allor all of the. Avoid using rnosf of without the.
Exlupms
INconnrcr: Almost the states have a sales tax.
CoRnect Almost all of the states have a sales tax.
or
Almost all states have a sales tax.
or
Most of the states have a sales tax.
or
Most states have a sales tax.
INcoRnrcr: Most of teachers at state University care about their students' progress.
Connncr: Almost all of the teachers at state university care about their students' progress.
or
Almost all teachers at state University care about their students' progress.
Most of the teachers at state University care about their students' progress.
or
Most teachers at state university care about their students' progress.
PATTERNSIPHOBLEM 28 149
LrcoeRecr: My cousin told me that most of people who won the lottery got only a few dollars, not
Ccanscr: My rousin told me rhat alnnost all cf the Feqplg who wCIn the lottery got only a few dol.
GT
My cousin told me that aknost all people who won the lottery got only a few dollar*, not
the grand prize.
or
My cousin t*ld me that nra$t of the pgop,le who won the lottery got o$ly a few dollars,
not the grand prize.
' of the in- Uy me that rns$I peoFle whc won the lottery gor only a few dollar*, ilst the
"orsirlild
grand prize.
Lrconnncr: Most the dictionaries have informatisil about pro*unciation.
CoRascr: Almost all of &e dlslisuese$ have infarmation about pro*unriation.
ar
oaks
Almostall dietionaries heve information about pronunci*tior.
{}r
oaks
Msstgf ttIQ dictioaarjes have infrrmation about pronun*iation.
ar
MOst ditlieuagg$ have information about pronunciari*n
lxcoRRECT: Is it true that mast Americans watches TV every nighi?

Conxncn It is true that almost all qf thp Amedaeq! w*tch TV:every rdght?
orTT*
Is it true that alrr}pst all Americans lratch ?Y every nighr?
0r
Is it true that rn st of the Americang watch TV every night?
{)r
Is it true that tro*J Amedcans watch TV every night?
ExBncrsrs
(A) Most of
{B) The most
(C) Most
{D} Almosr rhe
Almast the plants knawelpgs are made up of a grpat mmy cqlls. specialized tCI perfp.rm different
tasks.
1s0 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
Part B: Choose tht

Sex's education
(A)
Besides determiners that express number and amount, there are adjectives and adjective-related to eliminate an:
structures that express sufficiency, consecutive order, quality, and emphasis. (c)
I
Adiectives usually do not change to agree with the noun that they modify.
llouns that Function as Adiectiyes

ffi Hypl
Flemember that it
tives. Each word in a
Remember that when two nouns occur together, the first noun describes the second noun; that iq I
the first noun functions as an adjective. Adjectives do not change form, singular or plural.
Agriculture 420 is
Avoid using a plural form for the first noun even when the second noun is plural. Avoid using a pe
sessive form for the first noun. A
Exm,rpr,ns Avoid using a plurc

lows is plurat.
INconnrcr: May I borrow some notebooks paper?
CoRRecr:
IxconnEcr:
May I borrow some notebook paper?
All business' students must take the Graduate Management Admission Test.
ffir
Connrc,: All business s,tudents must take the Graduate Management Admission Test. INcoRRrcr: A three_u
I forgot their telephone's number. it yoursell
I forgot their telephone number.
Connrcr: A three_m
it yourseX
INconnrc"r: There is a sale at the shoes store.
INconRrcr: They have
Connecr: There is a sale at the shoe store.
CoRRrcr: They have
Irconnrcr: Put the mail on the hall's table.
INconnrcr: Can you m
Connpcr: Put the mail on the hall table.
CoRRrcr: Canyoum
Itconnrcr: A two_dm
Exnncrsns CoRnrcr: A two_doq
Part A: Choose the correct answer. I have to w
I have to w
is cheaper for students who maintain a B average because they are a better risk
average or betow-average students.
(A) Automobile's insurance
(B) Insurance of automobiles
(C) Automobile insurance
(D) Insurance automobile
PATTEHNS/PROBLEM 30 151

Sex's education is instituted to help the student understand the process
of maturatilon,
(A) (B)
to eliminate anxieties related to development, to learn values, and
to prevent disease.
(c) (D)
Hyphenated Adiectiues
Remember that it is common for a number to appear as the first in

a series of hyphenatecl adjec-
tives' Each word in a hyphenated adjective is an adjective and does not
change form, singutar or plural.
Avoid using a plural form for any of the adjectives joined by hyphens
even when the noun that fol-
lows is plural.
Exlupr,Bs
INconnecr: A three-minutes call anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you
dial
it yourself.
Connncr: A three-minute call anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar
when you dial
it yourself.
lvconnncr: They have a four-months-old baby.
Connnc'r: They have a four-month-old baby.
lvconnrcr: Can you make change for a twenty_dollars bill?
Connrcr: Can you make change for a twenty_dollar bill?
INcoRnrcr: A two-doors car is cheaper than a four-doors model.
CoRnrcr: A two-door car is cheaper than a four_door model.
hvcoRnecr: I have to write a one-thousand-words paper this weekend.
connrcr I have to write a one-thousand-word paper this weekend.
152 REVIEW OF STBUCTURE
Exnncrsns
kRC"rs
fuA: Choose d
r The evolution of vertebrates suggests development from a very simple heart in fish to a
in man.
Oil paints arc.
(A) so verv
(A) four-chamber heart
l"
, (B) so veru
I ," (B)"four-chambers heart
(C) such ve
.:, (C) four-chamber hearts
(D) such ve
* (D) four-chamber's heart
i
i Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

DrtB: Chooseft
i
By the mid-nit
The MX is a four-stages rocket with an 8000-mile range, larger than that of the Minuteman.
:
(A) (B) (c) (D)
(rq
conserve sp:rae
iI
r
(c)
I
t
Gause-and-Result-So
Nouns may be r
I Remember that so is used before an adjective or an adverb followed by that. The so clause ex- 5r similar or differe
presses cause. The thaf clause expresses result. ornpared lo estima
Era
t
Remember that
t
*een the two nouns
I
i Avoid using as ot too instead of so in clauses of cause. Avoid using as instead of thatin clauses d
i result.
Ex,q,MPr,Bs
i
IlrcoRREcr: He is so slow as he never gets to class on time.

Connecr: He is so slow that he never gets to class on time.
Ixconnrc'r: This suitcase is as heavy that I can hardly carry it.

CoRnscr: This suitcase is so heavy that I can hardly carry it.
Ixconnncr: We arrived so late as Professor Baker had already called the roll.
Connecr: We arrived so late that Professor Baker had already called the roll.
INconnecr: He ddves so fast as no one likes to ride with him.

Connnc"r: He drives so fast that no one likes to ride with him.
INconnsgr: Preparing fuozenfoods is too easy that anyone can do it.

Connrc"r: Avoid using fo arr
Preparing frozen foods is so easy that anyone can do it.
PAfiERNS/PROBLEM 32 153
FxI'RCISEs
Prrt A: Choose the correct answer.

oilpaintsare-theyhavebecomethemostpopularpainter'scolors.
(A) so versatile and durable that
(B) so versatile and durable than
(C) such versatile and durable as
(D) such versatile and durable
hrt B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

By the mid-nineteenth century, land was such expensive in large cities that architects began to
(A) (B)
conserve space by designing skyscrapers.
(c) (D)
Nouns may be compared for exact or general similarity or difference. They may also be compared
clause ex- h similar or different qualities or degrees, more or less, of specific qualities. ln addition, they may be
eornpared lo estimates.
d Exact Similarity-the Sane asand the Sane
Remember that the same as and fhe samehave the same meaning, but fhe same as is used be-
txeen the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
n clauses of
l:ilit;{i ,$ti, thd,sane
This coat and that one are the same
the sarne
Tfpse epats are the same
Avoid using to and like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.
Exmrruns
INconnrcr: That car is almost the same like mine.

Connncr: That car is almost the same as mine.
or &
That car and mine are almost the same.
Rememberthr
INconnecr: My briefcase is exactly the same that yours.
pared, and alikels
.''ConRscr: My briefcase is exactly the same as yaurs.
or
My briefcase and yours are exactly the same.
lNconnsgr: Is your book the same to mine?
Connrcr: Is your book the same as mine?
or
Are your book and mine the same?
INconnrcr: Are this picture and the one on your desk same?
Connecr: Are this picture and the one on your desk the same?
or
Is this picture the same as the one on your desk?
INconnBcr: The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same a
composition he had already read.
Connrcr: The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it was the same as a
composition he had already read.
or Avoid using as ir
The teacher gave Martha a failing grade on her composition because it and a composi-
tion he had already read were the same.
Exaupr,ns
ExBncrsBs INcoRRrgr: The wr

Connscr: The wr
Part A: Choose the correct answer. INconnecr: These r
Although we often use "speed" and "velocity" interchangeably, in a technical sense, "speed" is nd CoRnncr: This su
always _"velocity."
(A) alike These s
(B) the same as
Yourre
(C) similar
Yourrq
(D) as
Your rer
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct iL
[vcoRRncr: I want tr
When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the public's choice. CoRRrcr: I want tr
(A) (B) (c) (D)
The shor
ftvcoRnrcr: Anthony
Connrcr: Anthony
Anthony
i
E
General Similarity-t ike and Alike
'= Bemember that lke and alikehave the same meaning, bul like is used between the two nouns com-
pared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
r
k
I same a
I
I same as a
Avoid using as instead ol like. Avoid using like atler the two nouns compared.
mposr-
The weather feels as spring.

The weather feels like spring.
r
, These suits are like.
nd CoRRecr: This suit is like that suit.
peed" is
l
i
T
These suits are alike.
Your recipe for chicken is like to a recipe that my mother has.

Connrcr: Your recipe for chicken is like a recipe that my mother has.
or
Your recipe for chicken and a recipe that my mother has are alike.
t I want to buy some shoes same like the ones I have on.
[.
Drce. ConRrcr: I want to buy some shoes like the ones I have on.
The shoes I want to buy and the shoes I have on are alike.
t Anthony and his brother don't look like.

Connrcr: Anthony doesn't look like his brother.
or
Anthony and his brother don't look alike.
INconnncr: Cur
Exuncrsrs Connpci: Cus

Cus
Althoughtheyaresmaller'chipmunksare-mostothergroundsquirrels.
(A) like to
(B) like as Exsncrsrs
(C) like
(D) alike Part A: Choose t
Modern bliml
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. with helium ir
The first living structures to appear on Earth thousands of years ago were alike viruses.
(A) differ f
(A) (B) (c) (D) (B) differer
(C) is differ
d
(D) differer
Part B: Choose tl
Crocodiles diI
General 0ifferencrto llilter from (A)
out when their
Remember that ddferis a verb and must change forms to agree with the subject.
Gr
Avoid using BE with differ. Avoid using fhan, of, or to after differ.
Remember the
Exnurplrs half
twice
lxconRrcr: Sharon is different of other women I know.
three times
ConRncr: Sharon is different from other women I know.
or ffi
Sharon differs from other women I know. , ,.,.1r;tli::a.',

r ,:.:li''lit,: :,, ::: ,r
lNconRrcr: Do you have anything a little different to these?

ConnEcr: Do you have anything a little different from these? Fresh fruit cosrs
or We have
Do you have anything that differs a little from these?
IucoRREct: The campus at State University different from that of City College.
Avoid using sc
Connecr: The campus at State University differs from that of City College.
nany as. Avoid usi
or
The campus at State University is different from that of City College.
Lxeupr.rs
lNcoRnncr: Jayne's apartment is very differs from Bill's even though they are in the same building.
Connncr: Jayne's apartment is very different from Bill's even though they are in the same building
Lrconnrcr: This
or ConRecr: This
Jayne's apartment differs from Bill's even though they are in the same building.
hconnBcr: The r
CoRnscr: The r
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 35
IxcoRnrcr: Customs differ one region of the country to another.

ConnBci: Customs differ from one region of the country to another.
or
Customs are different from one region of the country to another.
ErnncrsBs
fart A: Choose the correct answer.
Modern blimps like the famous Goodyear blimps the first ones in that they are filled
with helium instead of hydrogen.
(A) differ from
(B) different from
(C) is different from
(D) different
lert B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

Crocodiles different from alligators in tllat they have pointed snouts and.long lower teeth that stick
(A) (B) (c)
out when their mouths are closed.
(D)
Gomparative Estimates-Mu ltiple llumberc
Remember that the following are examples of multiple numbers:
half four times

twice five times
three times ten times
Avoid using so instead of as after a multiple. Avoid using more than instead ol as much as or as
ffinyas. Avoid using the multiple after as much apd as many.
kluplns
me building.
nmebuilding trconnrcr: This one is prettier, but it costs twice more than the other one.
Connecr: This one is prettier, but it costs twice as much as the other one.
Hing.
LrconnBcr: The rent at College Apartments is only half so much as you pay here.
CoRnBcr: The rent at College Apartments is only half as much as you pay here.
t 158 HEVIEWOFSTRUCTURE
INconRecr: Bob found a job that paid as much twice

Connrcr: Bob found a job that paid twice
as he made
as much as he made
working at the library.
working at the library.
ffi
i INconnrcr: The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times more than he asked- hrconnncr: Mo
i
ConRrcr: The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid three times as much as he Connecr: Mo
asked.
hrcoRnrcr: We
INcon&Ecr: We didn't buy the car because they wanted as much twice as it was worth CoRnrcr: We
Connncr: We didn't buy the car because they wanted twice as much as it was worth.
hrcoRRecr: The
Connrcr: The
ExrncrsBs I,ICORREcT: A x
CoRnrcr: Anr
hrconnrcr: Ther
After the purchase of the Louisiana Tenitory the United States had it had previously CoRnncr: Ther
owned.
(A) twice more land than
(B) two times more land than Ermncrsns
(C) twice as much land as
(D) two times much land than Part A: Choose th
In the Great Sn
(A) more tha
With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price, manufacturers are beginning (B) as much
(A) (B) (C) up as
to use fructose blended with pure sugar, e! sucrose. (D) as many
(D)
Part B: Choose thr
Peld scored mot
(l
all time.
Gomparatiye Estimaleyffiore fhanand less fhan
Remember thal more than or less than is used before a specific number to express an estimate thd
may be a little more or a little less than the number.
Gor
Remember that i
coins in his collection exceed the number.
Avoid using as m
Avoid using more or /ess without thaninestimates. Avoid using as instead ol than. number.
Note: Comparativ
weight, distance, or m
lwenty dollars.
t
i
b asked. More one hundred people came to the meeting.

More than one hundred people came to the meeting.
ihe
We have lived in the United States for as less than seven years.
r We have lived in the United States for less than seven years.
"Qonnncr:
i ToRRECT: The main library has more as one million volumes.
Connncr: The main library has more than one million volumes.
!
ToRRECT: A new shopping center on the north side will have five hundred shops more than.
I
i C-onnscr: A new shopping center on the north side will have more than five hundred shops.
t
I rcoRRECr: There are most than fifty students in the lab, but only two computers.
keviously Connncr: There are more than fifty students in the lab, but only two computers.
t,
t
:
T
t
I 1IntheGreatSmokyMountains,onecansee-150differentkindsoftrees'
(A) more than
.gmnmg (B) as much as
(C) up as
(D) as many to

Pel6 scored more as 1280 goals during his career, gaining a reputation as the best soccer player of
(A) (B) (c) (D)
all time.
hmate that
*
d Gomparatiue Estimates-Is Many As
rl
Remember that as many as is used before a specific number to express an estimate that does not
exceed the number.
E=
:I Avoid using as many instead of as many as. Avoid using much instead gl many before a specific
mmber.
Note: Comparative estimates with as much as are also used before a specific number that refers to
reight, distance, or money. For example, as much asten pounds, as much astwo miles, or as much as
twenty dollars.
I' Exaupr,rs
I
i
ffiLrt
INconnecr: We expect as much as thirty people to come.
Connscr: We expect as many as thirty people to come.
[vconnrcr: Sheir
Connrcr: Sheir
INconnecr: There are as many fifteen thousand students attending sufilmer school.
Connecr: There are as many as fifteen thousand students attending summer school.
lvcoRnrc'r: New'
CoRnrcr: New'
INconnEcr: The children can see as much as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery
"Connpcr:
at the zoo.
The children can see as many as twenty-five baby animals in the nursery at
IlcoRnrcr: Of all
the zoo. Connscr: Of all
Ixconnrcr: Many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off.
lt{conREc.r: Althor
Connscr: As many as ten planes have sat in line waiting to take off.
abstra
IxcoRnrgr: Stat" University offers as much as two hundred major fields of study. Connrc-r: Althor
Connrcr: state University offers as many as two hundred major fields of study. the ah
lxconnecr: In my
Exrncrsrs Connncr: In my

E*.G"s
Ithas been estimated that
--- one hundred thousand men participated in the gold rush d
1898. Part A: Choose the r
(A) approximate
The blue whale il
(B) until
(C) as many (A) the large
as
(D) more (B) the larger
(C) the largest
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. (D) most large
It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much Part B: Choose the il
as forty strains of viruses thi
(A) (B) (c) (D) The more importa
may be present in the qip at all times.
Degrees of Gomparison-Superlatiue Adjectiues

Degn
Remember that superlatives are used to compare more than two.
Remember that so
for you.
AdJ*tive
bad
far
good
litile
Avoid using a comparative -erform when three or more are compared.
many
much
Exxvrpr,Bs
Ixconnncr: She is more prettier than all of the girls in our class'
Connrcr: She is the prettiest of all ofthe girls in our class.
Ixconnncr: New York is the larger of all American cities.

. -Co-nnrc"r: New York is the largest of all American cities.
be zoo'. hccoRREcr: Of all of the candidates, Alex is probably the less qualified'
he zoo. 'CoRnnsr: Of all of the candidates, Alex is probably the least qualified'
Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are
in the
INconpecr:
abstract.
are in
Connrcr: Although there are a number of interesting findings, the most significant results
the abstract.
In my opinion, the more beautiful place in Oregon is Mount Hood'

tn my oplnion, the most beautiful place in Oregon is Mount Hood'
r Exnncrsss
rgold rush of Part A: Choose the correct answer.
)
The blue whale is known animal, reaching a length of more than one hundred feet'
.l (A) the large
(B) the larger
(C) the largest
s (D) most largest
Part B: Choose the incorrect answer and correct it.

d viruses th*
(D) The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem'
(A) (B) (cxD)
d Degrees of Gomparison-lrregutar Adiectives
Remember that some very common adjectives have irregular forms. some of them are
listed here
for you.
Comparatlv* Superlativ*
Adjective to comwretwo to compare thrce or morc
bad worse the worst

far farther the farthest
further the furthest
good better the best
little /ess the least
many more the most
much more the most
Ilu
Rememberthatr
comparativer
Avoid using a regular form instead of an irregular form for these adjectives.
Exnvrpr,Bs
lNconnrcr: The lab is more far from the bus stop than the library.
Connscr: The lab is farther from the bus stop than the library.
or
The lab is further from the bus stop than the library. Avoid using as
-erfrom tlrc
INconnrcr: The badest accident in the history of the city occurred last night on the North Freeway-
Connpcr: The worct accident in the history of the city occurred last night on the North Freewry
INconnncr: These photographs are very good, but that one is the better of all.
CoRnEcr: These photographs are very good, but that one is lhc best of all. The n
Ixconnecr: Please give me much sugar than you did last time.
exaflr
Connncr: f-onnncr: The n
Please give me more sugar than you did last time.
exarll
INconnrcr: This composition is more good than your last one.
Connrcr: This composition is better than your last one.
The fi
CoRnr,cr: The fi
The le
Exrncrsns ConRncr: The le
Part A: Choose the correct answer. The lc

ConnBcr: The lc
are grown in Washington State.
(A) Best hiconnrcr: The n
(B) The most good CoRRecr: The n
(C) The best
-apples
(D) The better
]XFRCISES

Eart A: Choose the
Because a felony is more bad than a misdemeanoq the punishment is more
severe, and often in-.
(A) (B) (c)
It is generally tn
(A) higher th
cludes a jail sentence as well as a fine.
(B) the price r
(D)
(C) the higher
(D) rises high
Part B: Choose the

The higher the
the Eaah:sgea!
(D)
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 40
ffi llouble Gomparatiues
RenGrnber that when two comparatives are used together, the first comparative expresses cause and the
ind comparative expresses result. Acomparative is moreor /esswith an adjective, oran adiectivewith -er'
Avoid using as instead of the. Avoid using the incorrect form W.Avoid omitting the. Avoid
-erlrom the adjective.
Drlupr,ns
lrconRBcr: The more you study during the semester, the lesser you have to study the week before
exams.
Connrcr: The more you study during the semester, the less you have to study the week before
exams.
The faster we finish, the soon we can leave.

The faster we finish, the sooner we can leave.
The less one euuns, the lesser one must pay in income taxes.
rrvvl{r^u'r-J.--
Connrcr: The less one earns, the less one must pay in income taxes.
ToRRECT: The louder he'shouted, less he convinced anyone.

Connscr: The louder he shouted, the less he convinced anyone.
rcoRRECr: The more you practice speaking, the well you will do it.
CoRnrcr: The more you practice speaking, the better you will do it.

lt] It is generally true that the lower t}te stock market falls,
(A) higher the price of gold rises
(B) the price of gold rises high
(C) the higher the price of gold rises
(D) rises high the price of gold

The higher the solar activity, the intense the auroras or polar light displays in the skies near
(A) (B) (c)
the Earth's geoma&netic poles.
(D)
164 HEVIEW OF STRUCTURE
d
hrt B: Choose the
Perhaps the colc
lllogieal Gomparatiyes-General similarity and Difference American contir
Rermember that comparisons must be made with logically comparable nouns. you can't compare llc
''' clilliAtein the North with fhe South. You must compare the ctimateinthe Nonh wilh the climafe in the Sor.rtr
' fomember that fhat of and those of are used instead of repeating a noun to express a logical com-
parative. An example with different trom appears below.
Prepositions are
muns and pronouns.
I
Prepositions are,
Addil
Avoid omitting thatand fhose. Avoid using than instead ot fromwith different. Rememberthat h
Exuvrpr,rs
INconnrcr: The food in my country is very different than that in the united States.
Connrcr: The food in my country is very different from that in the united States.
INconnrcr: The classes at my university are very different from State University.
Connrcr: The classes at my university are very different from those at State university.
Ixconnecr: The English that is spoken in Canada is similar to the United States.
CoRRrcr: The English that is spoken in canada is similar to that of the united states.
INcoRnBcr: Drugstores here are not like at home. We sat

Connrcr: Drugstores here are not like those at home.
INcoRRrcr: The time in New York City differs three hours from Los Angeles. Avoid using besi&
Connsct The time in New York city differs three hours from that of Los Angeles.
Exaupr,rs
Exnncrsns
*"** Beside M
Part A: Choose the correct answer. CoRnnc.r: Besides I!
One's fingerprints are hrconnecr: Beside D<

(A) different from those of any other person ConnEcr: Besides D
(B) different from 3ny gtfrgr perso4 hrcoRRncr: To lead a r
(C) different any other person Connecr: To lead a r
(D) differs from another person
hiconnrcr: Beside tax
Connrcr: Besides ta
INcoRnrcr: Janice has lots of friends beside her roommate. lrcnnnecr: She r
Connpcr: Janice has lots of friends besides her roommate. Connrcr: She r
She c
Exrncrsns
Johnl
Part,{: Choose the correct answer. Connscr: John'r
..: amayor, many city governments employ acity manager.

' *-_--j_
"(A) Beside
John':
(B) Besides trvconnrcr: She d

(C) And Connrcr: She di
(D) Also
She di
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. hrconnBclr: It was
To receive a degree from an American university, one must take many courses beside those in one"n CoRnscr: It was
(A) (B) (c) (D)
major field. It was
k n'crsEs
Part A: Choose thc

Gatse-Because of and Because in the
(A) Because d
Remember lhal because of is a prepositional phrase. lt introduces a noun or a noun phrase. (B) For the tin
cause is a conjunction. lt introduces a clause with a subject and a verb. (C) Because o
(D) As a causr
Part B: Choose the i

Many roads and I
to link them with

(D)
They decided to stay at home
Avoid using because of before a subject and verb. Avoid using because before a noun which is
followed by a verb.
Exl.tvrpr,ns
INIconREcr: Classes will be canceled tomorrow because a national holiday.

CoRRrcr: Classes will be canceled tomorrow because it is a national holiday. "
or
Classes will be canceled tomorrow because of a national holiday. Correlative conjun
Correlative conjun
must use parallelstruc
:{i
PATTERNS/PROBLEM 43
LrcoRnncr: She was absent because ofher cold was worse.

Connrcr: She was absent because her cold was worse.
or
She was absent because of her cold.
Ixconnrcr: John's family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship.
Coxnscr: Iohn's family is very happy because he has been awarded a scholatship.
or
John's family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship.
Lrconnr,cr: She didn't buy it because of the price was too high.
ConnBcr: She didn't buy it because the price was too high.
or
She didn't buy it because of the price.
t.{conREcr: It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.
rose in one's
Connecr: It was difficult to see the road clearly because it was raining.
(c) (D)
or
It was difficult to see the road clearlv because of the rain.
Exrncrsrs

in the cultivation of a forest, trees need more careful planning than any other crop does.
(A) Because the time and area involved
phrase. 8e (B) For the time and area involving
(C) Because of the time and area involved
(D) As a cause of the time and area involved
'l
-----_-l Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
bad Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial cities needed a network
(A) (B) (c)
l
to link them with sources of supply.
(D)
r ,':l.ijt:::,.1::rt I
F
.
..rrr,,:.t i
r,,rt,,,::r"l],i,' I
:ather
n which is not
Conjunctions are words or phrases that clarify relationships between clauses. "Conjoin" means "to
join together."
Correlative conjunctions are pairs that are used together. They often express inclusion or exclusion.
Correlative conjunctions must be followed by the same grammatical structures; in other words, you
must use parallel structures after correlative conjunctions.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
ffi
B: Choose the
The deadboltisd
Gorrelatiue Gonjunctions-lnclusiyes not only , . . but also
Remember thal not only . . . but also are correlative conjunctions. They are
used together to i
tw'6 parallelstructures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).
Futr
Remember that y
Avoid using only notinstead ol not onty. Avoid using but instead of but also.
Avoid using the incorrect pattern:
The temperature
The temperature
Avoid using wi;//in

Exnvrplns
INconnscr: The program provides only not theoretical classes but also practical
training.
Connrcr: The program provides not only theoretical classes but also practical
traininE.
INconnrct:
: I will ca
The new models are not onry ress expensive but more efficient also. Connrcr: I will ca
CoRnncr: The new models are not only less expensive but arso more efficient.
ERRECT: Marilyn
INconnrcr: The objective is not to identify the problem but also to solve it. Coxnrc'r: Marilyn
Connncr: The objective is not only to identify the problem but also to solve
it.
He wiIIl
IwcoRRrcr: Not only her parents but her brothers and sisters also live in wisconsin.
He willl
Connrcr: Not only her parents but also her brothers and sisters live in wisconsin.
She will
INcoRnBcr: To complete his physical education credits, John took not only swimming
also golf. Connrcr: She will
Connscr: To complete his physical education credits, John took not only
swimming but Jso plf.
When G
C.onnrcr: When G
Exrncrses

Amniocentesis can be used not only to diagnose fetal disorders
child with 95 percent accuracy.
_--- the sex of the unbon
(A) but determining

(B) but also determining
(C) but to determine
(D) but also to determine

The deadbolt is the best lock for enty doors because it is not only inexpensive but installation is easy.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
Future Result-lflller
Remember lhal when introduces a clause of condition for future result.
Avoid using vvl//instead of a present verb after when.
I will call you when I will return from my country.

Conxscr: I will call you when I return from my country.
Marilyn plans to work in her family's store when she will get her M.B.A.
Connrcr: Marilyn plans to work in her family's store when she gCts her M.B.A.
i
He will probably buy some more computer software when he will get paid.
; He will probably buy some more computer software when he gets paid.
I
] She will feel a lot better when she will stop smoking.
o golf. She will feel a lot better when she stops smoking.
i also gqlf. When Gary will go to State University, he will be a teaching assistant.
Connrcr: When Gary goes to State University, he will be a teaching assistant.
i
;
f the unborn
:
,
17O BEVIEWOFSTRUCTURE
Exrncrsns
Part A: Choose the correct answer. r did

(.onnscr: r did
Bacterial spores germinate and sprout favorable conditions of temperature and
food supply. Doy
,.({) when encountering of f.onnrcr: Doy
(B) when they encounter
' ,
(C) when they will encounter I wol
(D) when the encounter of C-onnrcr: Iwo
Coutrr
Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct it. Connncr: Coul
In most states insurance agents must pass an examination to be licensed when thev Can t
(A) (B) (c) (D) C-onnecr: Can t
their training.
A: Choose thr
lndirect Questions Recently, therc
don't know _
(A) what is d
Remember that question words can be used as conjunctions. Question words introduce a clause (B) the cause
indirect question. (C) is what d
Question words include the following: (D) what the
who why
what how B: Choose the
what time how long ln Ground Cont
when how many
where how much the touchdown !
(D)
Adverbs and adr

is, how somethir
long.
Avoid using do, does, or did atler the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject
the question word.
Ilegr
Remember that n
, and very selda
statement to expres
PATTEBNS/PROBLEM 47 171
fx,lupr,rs
h;connpcr: I didn't understood what did he say.

ConnBcr: I didn't understand what he said.
hscoRnscr: Do you know how much do they cost?
CoRascr: Do you know how much they cost?
[..coRnecr: I wonder when is her birthday.
CorRscr: I wonder when her birthday is.
hconnncr: Could you please tell me where is the post office?
CoRRBcr: Could you please tell me where the post office is?
omplete hconnrcr: Can they tell you what time does the movie start?
(D) CoRnscr: Can they tell you what time the movie starts?
Dxpncrsps
lart A: Choose the correct answer.

Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like Legionnaire's syndrome, and doctors
don't know
(A) what is the cause
dause d (B) the cause is what
(C) is what the cause
(D) what the cause is
?lrt B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how far is the plane from
(A) (B) (c)
the touchdown point.
(D)
Adverbs and adverb phrases add information to sentences. They add information aboul manner,
fiat is, how something is done; frequency or how often; time and date or when; and duration of time or
imw long.
afir
ffi
6ject
l{egatiYe Emphasis
Remember that negatives include phrases like nof one, not once, not until, never, never again, only
arely, and very seldom. Negalives answer the question, how often? They are used at the beginning of
e statement to express emphasis. Auxiliaries must agree with verbs and subjects.
ffiffi
I I sn. r,^
Avoid using a subject before the auxiliary in this pattern.
..Ii'x,rrvrer,rs
ffiffi
I I sn" nu,
INconRscr: Never again they will stay in that hotel.

Connscr: Never again will they stay in that hotel.
Avoid using fr
Ixconnrcr: Only rarely an accident has occurred. E
Connrcr: Only rarely has an accident occurred. ^*-rrt
INconnrcr: very seldom a movie can hold my attention like this one. hrcoRRBcr: Mary
connucr: very seldom can a movie hold my attention rike this one. Connrcr: Mary
INconnrcr: Not one paper she has finished on time. lvcoRnrcr: Sheh
Connnc'r: Not one paper has she finished CoRnecr: Sheh
on tiine.
Ixconnrcr: Not once steve and Jan have invited us to their house.
[vconnpcr: We ha
Connscr: Not once have Steve and Jan invited us to their house. Connrcr: We ha
TNCoRRECT: We ha
Connscr: Weha
Expncrsrs
Ivconnrcr: Hehar
Part A: Choose the correct answer. Connrcr: Hehas
Not until the Triassic period
(A) the first primitive mammals did develop D*n.crsrs
(B) did the first primitive mammals develop
(C) did develop the first primitive mammals ?art A: Choose the r
(D) the first primitive mammals develop

Penguins, the mo
Part B: Chose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. (A) before
(B) since
Only rarely the World Series two years in a row. (C) for
(A) (B) (c) (D). (D) from
Part B: Choose the ir
Because national
Duration-Forand Since ments about crimc
Remember that foris used before a quantity of time.

lion' how long? since is used before a specific time.
the queslion, beginning when?
Remember that a quantity of time may be several
may be wednesday, July, 1960, etc. You will notice
used with adverbs of duration.
Forexpresses duration. Foranswers the
slnce
"*pr"r.".
duration
days-a month, two years, etc. A specific tin-

thatine structure HAVEand a participle is ofter
qu*
too, but srnce ansnec
I Remember that as
Genet
fte beginning of a sent

Avoid using forbetore specific times. Avoid using before after HAVE and a participle.
Exaupr,ns
lvconnrcr: Mary has been on a diet since three weeks.

ConnBcr: Mary has been on a diet for three weeks.
[vcoRnscr: She has been living here before April.

CoRRBcr: She has been living here since April.
[.tcoRRecr: We haven't seen him since almost ayear.

Coxnncr: We haven't seen him for almost a year.
lvconnscr: We have known each other before 1974.

Connncr: We have known each other since 1974.
lvconnscr: He has studied English since five years.

Connrcr: He has studied English for five years.
Ennncrsrs
I
Dart A: Choose the correct answer.
Penguins, the most highly specialized of all aquatic birds, may live _twenty years.
(A) before
(B) since
(C) for
(D) from

Because national statistics on crime have only been kept for 1930. it is not possible to make judg-
(A) (B) (c)
ments about crime during the early years of the nation.
I
(D)
Iers the que6.

lhce answers
I specific tirne Generalization-{s a Whole anil Wholly

is often
[iciple
Remember thal as a whole means generally. Wholly means completely . As a whote is often used at
[re beginning of a sentence or a clause. Wholly is often used after the auxiliary or main verb.
Ser
I Rememberthd
. A subordinaft
clause is of
I Avoid using whollyinslead of as a whole althe beginning of a sentence or clause to mean gener*
ly. Avoid using as urhole instead of as a whole.
r
t
r Exltvrrups
l
INconnrc"r: Wholly, we,ue in agreement. We were glad
t Connscr: As a whole. we are in agreement.
(generally)
Avoid using the c
t INcoRnscr: The house and all of its contents was as a whole consumed by the fire. thatwith a sentenc
t ConRecr: The house and all of its contents was wholly consumed by the fire.
(completely)
t
INconnrcr: The teams are not rated equally, but, wholly, they are evenly matched.
r CoRnscr: The teams are not rated equally, but, as a whole. they are evenly matched.
Utensi,L
(generally)
ConRecr: Utensil
t INconnrct: Wholly, Dan's operation proved to be successful. !
During
ConRscr: As a whole. Dan's operation proved to be successful.
Connscr: During
(generally)
t
The we:
INconRrcr: As whole, people try to be helpful to tourists.
The wea
CoRnecr: As a whole. people try to be helpful to tourists.
t (generally) All of rh
I All of th
i
Exrncrsns During c
I
Connrcr: During o
I the Gulf Stream is warmer than the ocean water surrounding it.
I
(A) Wholly
(B) Whole A: Choose the co
(C) As a whole
(D) A whole as Of all the cities in l
(A) that San Ant
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. (B) San Antonio
(C) probably Sar
Although there are exceptions, as whole, the male of the bird species is more brilliantly colored- (D) rhe most pict
(A) (B) (c) (D)
B: Choose the ino
Thunder that is audi
(A) (B)
ffi Sentences and Glauses
ilemember that a main clause, also called an independent clause, can function as a separate sen-
tnce. A subordinate clause, also called a dependent clause, must be attached to a main clause. A de-
mndent clause is often marked with the clause marker that.
Avoid using the clause marker with dependent clauses as sentences. Avoid using the clause mark-
s fhatwith a sentence that has no dependent clause following it.
fr*rplBs
hrcgBpsal Utensils and condiments that are found on the table by the door.
Connscr: Utensils and condiments are found on the table by the door.
&rconnrcr: During final exam week, that the library when opening all night.
ConRecr: During final exam week, the library is open all night.
nrcoRRECT' The weather that is very rainy this time of year.
Connrcr: The weather is very rainy this time of year.
hrsorar' All of the dorms that are located on East Campus.

CoRnBcr: All of the dorms are located on East Campus.
&rconnpcr: During our vacation, that we suspended the newspaper delivery.

CoRnncr: During our vacation, we suspended the newspaper delivery.
kpncrsBs
kt A: Choose the correct answer.

Of all the cities in Texas,
(A) that San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(B) San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(C) probably San Antonio the most picturesque
(D) the most picturesque probably that San Antonio
colored
h B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

Thunder that is audible from distances as far away as ten miles.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
LsconRpcr: Mr.l
need
Sfyle is a general term that includes elements larger than a single grammatical pattern or structu.g CoRnrcr: Mr.I
need
ln most grammar books, sfyle means sentence structure-lhat is, how the parts of a sentence relate r
each other.
Some of the most important elements of style are summarized in this review section. Mr.I
needt
E*-crrrt
Part A: Choose thr
Point of view means maintaining the correct sequence of verb tenses and time phrases ir^ The first transis
sentence. pointed wire cor
(A) are made
(B) made
(C) were mad
(D) making
Point of Uiew-Uerbs Fart B: Choose the
Bpsau& early bi
ln all patterns, maintain a point of view, either present or past.
(A)
Avoid changing from present to past tense, or from past to present tense in the same sentence.
means of transpo
I
Exlvrpr,Bs
INcoRREgr: He was among the few who want to continue working on the project.
coRnscr: He is among the few who want to continue working on the project.
or
He was among the few who wanted to continue working on the project. Poinl
INconRrcr: It is an accepted custom for a man to open the door when he accompanied a woman.
ConnBcr: It is an accepted custom for a man to open the door when ln allpatterns, avc
he accompanies a woman.
or
It was an accepted custom for a man to open the door when he accompanied a woman Exauptrs
INconxrcr: She closed the door and hurries away to class.
rrcoRnect: Between
Connecr: She closes the door and hurries away to class.
Connrcr: Between
or
She closed the door and hurried away to class. isconnscr: In 1990.
ItIcoRREcr: We receive several applications a day and with them had been copies of transcripts an; States is
CoRRrcr: In 1990.
degrees.
Connecr: We receive several applications a day and with them are copies of transcripts and de- States \r'r
grees. ixconRscr: We do no
or CoRRscr: We did nr
We received several applications a day and with them were copies of transcripts and 6.-
_scoRnEcr: Mary doe
grees.
afternoon
CoRRscr: Mury dro
aftemoon
STYLE/PROBLEM2 17:7
INcoRRscr: Mr. Davis tried to finish his research, but he found only part of the information that he
needs.
ConREcr: Mr. Davis tries to finish his ."."*.h, but he finds only part of the information that he
structure. uelds.
or
Mr. Davis tried to finish his research, but he found only part of the information that he
needed.
tinncrsBs
P
The first transistor was basically a small chip made of germanium onto one surface of which two
ses in a
F" pointed wire contacts side by side.
1
(A) are made
(B) made
t (C) were made
t
(D) making
:
t.
i Because early balloons were at the mercy of shifting winds, they are not considered a practical
(A) (B) (c)
Entence. means of transportation until the 1850s.
I
(D)
t
Point ol Uiew-Uerbs and AdYerbs
lwoman. ln all patterns, avoid using past adverbs with verbs in the present tense.
koman.
[a woman-
ICoRRECT: Between one thing and another, Charles does not finish typing his paper last night.
Connecr: Between one thing and another, Charles did not finish typing his paper last night.
In 1990, according to statistics from the Bureau of Census, the population of the United
States is 250,000,000.
nscripts and Connecr: In 1990. according to statistics from the Bureau of Census, the population of the United
I States was 250,000,000.
f,s and de-
.coRRECr: We do not receive mail yesterday because it was a holiday.
t
Connrcr: We did not receive mail vesterday because it was a holiday.
l
pipts and Mary does not finish her homework in time to go with us to the football game yesterday
r afternoon.
CoRRecr: Mary dtd not finish her homework in time to go with us to the football game vesterday
afternoon.
F
,
1
INconnrcr: Although there are only two hundred foreign students studying at State University in
1990, there are more than five hundred now.
hrconnrct: The I
Connrcr: Although there were only two hundred foreign students studying at State University in of ou
1990. there are more than five hundred now.
Connrcr: Th"I
our ni
hrconRrcr: Since
ExnncrsBs
resch
ConnBcr: Since
reschr
Iiil for weapons and tools in the Bronze Age following the Stone Age.
(A) is generally used
(B) generally used
fxnncrsrs
(C) was generally used
(D)
hrt A: Choose the
- used generally
Groups of tissuer
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. (A) it makes u
(B) make up tl
The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution gives women the right to vote in the elections cf (C) they make
(A) (B) (c)(D) (D) makes up r
1920.
hrt B: Choose the i

The Zoning Impn
of an ever-increas
fi
(D)
Agreement means selecting subjects that agree in person and number with verbs, and selectirg
pronouns that agree in person and number with reference nouns and other pronouns.
Agre:
Agreement-Modif ied Subiect and Uerb
Remember that thr
trat follows a noun and
ln all patterns, there must be agreement of subject and verb. ln allpatterns, avoir
Avoid using a verb that agrees with the modifier of a subject instead of with the subject itself. the subject itsetf.
Exaprplns
INconRecr: His knowledge of languages and international rerations aid him in his work. The book
ConRpcr: His knowledge of languages and international relations aids him in his work. CoRnecr: The book
INconnr,cr: The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, is hrconnecr: Three swi
among the best in the country. CoRRscr: Three swir
CoRnpcr: The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file,
are llconRrcr:
among the best in the country Several pe
Connrcr: Several Be
INconnrcr: All trade between the two countries were suspended pending negotiation of a new agr*.
ment. hrcoRRrcr: State Univ
Connecr: All trade between the two countries was suspended pending negotiation of a new agree- dents on m
ment. CoRRsct: State Univr
dents on m
STYLE/PROBLEM 4 179
rsity in The production of different kinds of artificial materials are essential to the conservation
of our natural resources.
rersity in C.onnecr: The production of different kinds of artificial materials is essential to the conservation of
our natural resources.
: Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments were delayed, we will have to
reschedule our work.
Connrcr: Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments was delayed, we will have to
reschedule our work.

Groups of tissues, each with its own function, in the human body.
(A) it makes up the organs
(B) make up the organs
i elections of (C) they make up the organs
' (o) (D) makes up the organs

I
I
and selectirg
The Zoning lmprovement Plan, better known as zip codes, enable postal clerks to speed the routing
of an ever-increasing volume of mail.

(D)
(A) (B) (c)
Agreement-.Subiect with Appositive and Vcrb
Remember that there must be agreement of subject and verb. An appositive is a word or phrase
follows a noun and defines it. An appositive usually has a comma before it and a comma afier it.
ln all patterns, avoid using a verb that agrees with words in the appositive after a subiect instead ot
the subject itself.
rt itself.
The books, an English dictionary and a chemisury text, was on the shelf yesterday.
k The books. an English dictionary and a chemistry text, were on the shelf yesterday.
rk.
Three swimmers from our team, Paul, Ed, and Jim, is in competition for medals.
rfile, is
f-onnncr: Three swimmers from our team, Paul, Ed, and Jim, are in competition for medals.
t file, are Several pets, two dogs and a cat, needs to be taken care of while we are gone.
Several pets. two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.
of a new agreo- State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, have more than 50,000 stu-
f, a new agree' Connrcr: 3:lJi;l,TJr'ffiitXulsarg"" orthe srate-supported schools, has more than 50,000 stu-
dents on main campus.
INconnrcr: This recipe, an old family secret, are an especially important part of our holiday celeb,rr
mRRECT: There
tions.
Connrcr: There
Connscr: This recipe. an old family secret, is an especially important part of our holiday celebra-
i
tions. I thinl
I
Connrcr: I ftinl
ExrnS!sBs
Pdrt A: Choose the correct answei.

A: Choose the
dupid, one of the ancient Roman gods,
(A) were a little winged child In a suspension t
(B) representing as a liule winged child (A) there is tr
(C) was represented as a little winged child (B) there are t
(D) a little winged child (C) two tower
(D) towers th
B: Choose the i
Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio but also a typical met-
(A) (B) (c) There is about 6(
ropolitan area, often used in market research. (A)
(D) vidual initiative.
Agreement-Uerb-Subieet 0rder Agru
There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following it. ln allpatterns, tl,le
Avoid using a pro
If you r
If you r
Al is int
(-onnBc,r: AI is int
It is easi
Connscr: It is easi
Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject.
Althoug
f-onnscr: Althoug
Exaupr,rs
In spite r
I INcoRnecr: There was ten people in line already when we arrived. Connrcr: In spite r
I
l
connrcr: There were ten people in line already when we arrived.
I
INconnrcr: There have been very little rain this summer.
Connrcr: There has been very little rain this summer.
INconRrcr: Here are their house.

Connrcr: Here is their house.
SWLE/PROBLEM 6 181
lnnrct: There has been several objections to the new policy.

Oonnscr: There have been several objections to the new policy.
Ltruucr: I think that there were a problem.
ffonnecr: I think that there was a problem.
A; Choose the correct answer.

In a suspension bridge that carry one or more flexible cables firmly attached at each end.
(A) there is two towers on it
(B) there are two towers
(C) two towers there are
(D) towers there are two

There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori method to encourage indi-
(A) (B) (c) (D)
vidual initiative.
Agreement-lloun and Pronoun
ln all patterns, there must be agreement of noun and pronoun.

Avoid using a pronoun that does not agree in number with the noun to which it refers.
lf you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take them.
If you want to leave a message for Mr. and Mrs. Carlson, I will be glad to take it.
Al is interested in mathematics and their applications.
Al is interested in mathematics and its applications.
lt is easier to talk about a problem than to resolve them.
It is easier to talk about a problem than to resolve it.
Although their visas will expire in June, they can have it extended for three months.
Although their visas will expire in June, they can have them extended for three months.
ln spite of its small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
Exrncrsos rcoRRECr: Win

Connrcr: Win
Optj
A college bookstore that sells used textbooks stocks along with the new ones on the you
under the course title. Connrcr: Opti
.. (A) its yorr
1B; ttreir
.;' (c) a
-- '(D) them
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. A: Chooce tl
Magnesium, the lightest of our sffuctural metals, has an important place among common The televisim
(A) (B)
(A) achil&r
engineering materials because of their weight. (B) our chilt
I
(c) (D) (C) our chilc
(D) their chi
B: Choose th
Although mapk
Agreement--$ubject and Possessiue plonouns
sooner than oa}
(D)
ln all patterns, there must be agreement of subject pronoun and possessive pronouns that
the subject.
Subject Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

I my
you your
he his
she lntroductory vea
her
it ce. They can
its
we by a comma.
our
you your
they their
Remember that if refers to a small baby. Avoid using rf's instead of ifs as a possessive
/f's means lt lb.
Ueil
Exltvrrr,rs
-rhgforms and +
INconnBcr: Those of us who are over fifty years old should get their blood pressure checked An introductory v
regt larltr
Connscr: Those of us who are over fifty years old should get our blood
fressure checked .;uld the relatio
Avoid using a not
INcoRnrcr: our neighbors know that when they go on vacation, we will get its mail for them.
by the phrase.
Connscr: our neighbors know that when they go on vacation, we will get their mail for them.
lxconnrcr: A mother who works outside of the home has to prepare for emergencies when she
cannot be there to take care of your sick child.
CoRnBcr: A mother who works outside of the home has to prepare for emergencies when she Afterg
cannot be there to take care of her sick child.
Univers
CoRRpcr: After pr
versity,'
STYLE/PROBLEM 8 183
trrconnpcr: Wine tends to lose their flavor when it has not been properly sealed.
Connscr: Wine tends to lose its flavor when it has not been properly sealed.
Optional equipment on a car can add several hundred dollars to it's resale value when
you trade it in.
s on the sheff
CoRnncr: Optional equipment on a car can add several hundred dollars to its resale value when
you trade it in.

The television progr:rms we allow to watch influence their learning.
(A) a ehildren
(B) our children
(C) our child
@) their childs

Although maple trees are among the most colorful varieties in the fall. they lose its leaves
(A) (B) (c)
sooner than oak trees.
(D)
ns that refef
lntroductory verbal modifiers introduce and modify the subject and verb in the main clause of the
:e. They can be -lng forms, -ed forms, or infinitives. They are usually separated from the main
by a comma. '
bsive
Verbal Modifiers- -ing and -edForms
-ing forms and -ed forms may be used as verbals. Verbals function as modifiers.
An introductory verbal modifier with -rhg or -ed should immediately precede the noun it modifies.
rked regularlr"- the relationship between the noun and the modifier is unclear, and the sentence is illogical.
bked reguladY. Avoid using a noun immediately atter an introductory verbal phrase which may not be logically mod-
br them. by the phrase.
I for them.
when she
when she After graduating from City College, Professor Baker's studies were continued at State
University, where he received his Ph.D. in English.
Connpcr: After graduating from City College, Professor Baker continued his studies at State Uni-
versity, where he received his Ph.D. in English.
ItncoRRrcr: Returning to her room, several pieces of jewelry were missing. ConnBcr: To senc
Connrcr: Returning to her room, she found that several pieces ofjewelry were missing. DHL D
INconnrcr: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, it was not possible for her to arrive on time.
ConRscr: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, she arrived late.
INconnnct: Accustomed to getting up early, the new schedule was not difficult for him to adjust to-
Choose the c
CoRnscr: Accustomed to getting up early, he had no difficulty adjusting to the new schedule.'
To relieve pressur
INcbnnscr: After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask questions. (A) you will inj
'
connscr: After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask quistions. (B) to inject a s
(C) a strong sol
(D) inject a stro
Expncrsrs
B: Choose the il
Part A: Choose the corrrcct answer.
To estimate how n
air traffic controllers guide planes through conditions of near zero visibility.
(A) They talk with pilots and watch their approach on radar,
multiply by costp(
(B) Talking with pilots and watching their approach on radar,
(D)
(C) Talk with pilots and watch their approach on radar,
(D) When they talked with pilots and watched their approach on radar,

Have designed his own plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, Lindbergh flew from Roosevelt Field in Ne*
(A) (B)
York across the ocean to lr Bourget Field outside paris. Parallel structure
(c) (D)
d uerbal Modifierc-lnfinitiyes of Purpose to lntroduce lnstructions
An infinitive that expresses purpose may be used as an introductory verbal modifier. Remen6q
that a verb word follows the infinitive. The verb word expresses a manner to accomplish the purpose.
Palallr
ln allpatterns, idear
Avoid expressing id
Avoid using a noun or fo with an -ing form instead of the infinitive of purpose. Avoid using an i;l
form or a passive construction after an introductory verbal modifier.
Ex,lupr,ps
EoRRECT: Janeisyo
INconnECT: To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun's rays, using a sunscreen.
Connrcr: Janeisp
Connecr: To protect yourself from dangerous exposure to the sun's rays, use a sunscreen. f,I3RRECT: We learne
INconnscr: Prepare for the TOEFL, study thirty minutes every day for several months.
Connncr: We learnq
CoRnrcr: To orepare for the TOEFL, study thirty minutes every day for several months. The duties
Ixconnrcr: In order to take advantage of low air fares, to buy your tickets well in advance. keeping.
C-onnncr: The duties
CoRnrcr: In order to take advantage oflow air fares, buy your tickets well in advance.
bookkeepir
INconnBcr: To taking action pictures, always use a high-speed film.
Connrcr: The patien:
To take action pictures, always use a high-speed film.
The patienr
lNconnscr: The send letters and packages from the United States overseas, use Global Mail or
DHL Delivery. rProfessor
rvrvdDul I\
Connncr: Professor\
STYLE/PROBLEM 1O
ConRscr: To send letters and packages from the United States overseas, use Global Mail or
I DHL Delivery.
Itime.
E>rencrsns
) adjust to. Part A: Choose the correct answer.

redule.
To relieve pressure in the skull, into the blood.
(A) you will inject a strong solution of pure glucose
(B) to inject a strong solution of pure glucose
(C) a strong solution of glucose will inject purely
(D) inject a strong solution of pure glucose
Fart B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

To estimate how much it will cost to build a home, finding the total square footage of the house and
rty. (A) (B) (c)
multiply by cost per square foot.
(D)
Field in Nes
Parallel structure means expressing ideas of equal importance with the same grammatical
fructures.
structions
:r. Remembsr
ffi Parallel Structure-ln a Series
ln all patterns, ideas of equal importance should be expressed by the same grammatical structure.
he purpose. Avoid expressing ideas in a series with different structures.
I using an -irq
fxavrpr,rs
hconnrcr: Jane is young, enthusiastic, and she has talent.

CoRRncr: Jane is young" enthusiastic. and talented.
screen.
hrconnBcr: We leamed to read the passages carefully and underlining the main ideas.
f,een.
Connncr: We learned to read the passages carefully and to underline the main ideas.
hnconnpcr: The duties of the new secretary are to answer the telephone, to type letters, and book-
rths.
keeping.
mce. CoRRecr: The duties of the new secretary are to answer the telephone, to type letters, and to do the
)e. bookkeeping.
The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and his head hurt.
ConRscr: The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness. and headaches.
I Mail or IORRECT: Professor Williams enjoys teaching and to write.
CoRnscr: Professor Williams enjoys teaching and writing.
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
Exnncrsns
Part A: Choose the correct answer. A: Choose the r

In a hot, sunny climate, man acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing Both historically I
clothing, and (A) in its geogt
, (A) skin changes that darken (B) geographic
(Bihis skin may darken (C) also its geo
.:' (C) experiencing a darkening of the skin (D) geography
- 1Ol darkens his skin
B: Choose the il
The cacao bean w
The aims of the European Economic Community are to eliminate tariffs belween member
(A)
developing common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and
(B) (c)
trusts and cartels.
d
Redundancyman
Paral lel $tructure-Alter Goffelatiye Goniunctions
Remember that ideas of equal importance are introduced by correlative conjunctions: Redl
both...and
not only...but also ln allpatterns, prel
-Mo
Avoid expressing ideas after correlative conjunctions with different structures.
Exnrapr,ns
Ixconnrcr: She is not only famous in the United States but also abroad.
Connecr: She is famous not only in the United States but also abroad.
INconnrcr: The exam tested both listening and to read. Avoid using an adi
Connecr: The exam tested both listening and reading.
Avoid using the n
INconnncr: He is not only intelligent but also he is creative. instead of an adver
Connrcr: He is not only intelligent but also creative.
INconRrcr: Flying is not only faster but also it is safer than traveling by car.
Connrc-r: Flying is not only faster but also safer than traveling by car.
INconnscr: John registered for both Electrical Engineering 500 and to study Mathematics 390. The key r
was evasl
Connpcr: John registered for both Electrical Engineering 500 and Mathematics 390.
The key r
Mr. Davi
f-onnpcr: Mr. Davi
Itwasap
C-onnscr: The probl
STYLE/PROBLEM 12 187
T,,,xF'RCIsEs
Pert A: Choose the correct answer.
ing lighter Both historically and , Ontario is the heartland of Canada.

(A) in its geography
(B) geographically
(C) also its geography
(D) geography
lart B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.
The cacao bean was cultivated by the Aztecs not only to drink but also currency.
r countriui (A) (B) (c) (D)
d to abolish
(D)
I
Redundancy means using more words than necessary.
Redundan Gy-Unnecessaty Phrases
ln all patterns, prefer simple, direct sentences to complicated, indirect sentences. Find the Subject-
Verb-Complement-Modifier, and determine whether the other words are useful or unnecessary.
!.',i:t.: :. t.-1.. .a:: t. . :t:.4..... :. ;. t. -.,..

";,;.:$ :,ill,i,:lril,.;':,1:' .l,x,.::lt .e
.',;:;,', "l
Lee learned English quickly
Avoid using an adjective with such phrases as in character or in nature.
Avoid using the redundant Pattern

instead of an adverb such as quickly.
fx,lprpr,Bs
hconRncr: The key officials who testified before the Senate committee responded in a manner that
cs 390. was evasive.
Connscr: The key officials who testified before the Senate committee responded evasively.
hconRscr: Mr. Davis knows a great deal in terms of the condition of the situation.
ConRecr: Mr. Davis knows a great deal about the situation.
hcoRRrcr: It was a problem which was very difficult in character and very delicate in nature.-
ConRncr: The problem was difficult and delicate.
INconnBcr: The disease was very serious in the nature of it.

Connpcr: The disease was very serious.
INconnrcr: Mary had always behaved in a responsible manner. A: Choose fl

Connpcr: Mary had always behaved responsibly. Famous for hi
published his c
(A) new inn
Exrficrsss (B) innovari
'PaDt (C) newly q
A: Choose the correct answer. (D) innovati
Waitresses and waiters who serve deserve at least a 20 percent tip.
(A) in a courteous manner B: Choose th
(B) courteously
The idea of a s
(C) with courtesy in their manner
(D) courteous
Drebbel and D
Hummingbirds move their wings so rapid a w?y that they appear to be hanging in the air.
(A) (B) (c) (D)
d Redundancy-Repetition of Words with the Same Meaning
ln all patterns, avoid using words with the same meaning consecutively in a sentence.
Ra
!n all pattems,
using a pron<
Exnwr,Bs My te
prebe
Ixconn-ecr: The money that I have is sufficient enough for my needs. Connecr: My te
Connscr: The money that I have is suffieient for my needs. hensir
hvconnscr: Bill asked the speaker to repeat again because he had not heard him the first time. ToRRECT: Steve
Connrcr: Bill asked the speaker to repeat because he had not heard him the first time. Connrcr: Steve
INconnscr: The class advanced forward rapidly. ToRRECT: My si

Connncr: The class adyaraed rapidly. Connrcr: My si
INconnrcr: She returned back to her hometown after she had finished her degree. Hospt
Connrcr: She returned to her hometown after she had finished her degree. such a
ConRBcr: Hospl
INconnrcr: I am nearly almost finished with this chapter.
lab tes
Connrct I am nearly finished with this chapter.
or :Anner
I am almost finished with this chapter. Connrcr: Anne:

Famous for his punctuation, typography, and language, Edward Estlin Cummings
prblished his collected poems in 1954.
, . (A) new innovations for
@) innovations in
(C) newly approached
* '(D) innovations newly approached in
The idea of a submarine is an old ancient one. dating from as early as the fifteenth century when
(A) (B) (c)
Drebbel and Da Vinci made preliminary drawings.
(D)
Redundancy-Repetition ol lloun by Pronoun
h all patterns, avoid using a noun and the pronoun that refers to it consecutively in a sentence.
using a pronoun after the noun it refers to, and that.
My teacher he said to listen to the news on the radio in order to practice listening com-
prehension.
My teacher said to listen to the news on the radio in order to practice listening compre-
hension.
Steve he plans to go into business with his father.

Steve plans to go into business with his father.
My sister she found a store that imported food from our country.
My sister found a store that imported food from our country.
Hospitalization that it covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital expenses
such as lab tests, X-rays, and medicine.
Hospitalization covers room, meals, nursing, and additional hospital expenses such as
lab tests, X-rays, and medicine.
Anne she wants to visit Washington, D.C., before she goes home.
Anne wants to visit Washington, D.C., before she goes home.
Exnncrsrs

The water level
A perennial is for more than two years, such as trees and shrubs. The water level
(A) any plant that it continues to grow
(B) any plant it continuing to grow
(C) hny plant that continues to grow
Exlprpr,ns
." (D) any plant continuing growth
lvcoRnrcr: The co
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Connscr: The co
Advertising tI provides most of the income for magazines, newspapers, radio, and television hconnrcr: Thefla
(A) (B) (c) ConRscr: The fla
in the United States today.
(An hor
(D)
f,xcoRnecr: Kay ne
CoRRecr: Kayne
hcoRRscr: The lan
Connrcr: Thelan,
frcoRRecr: The smr
Word choice means choosing between similar words to express precise meanings. CoRRscr: The smr
Exrncrsrs
[art A: Choose the cr

Transitiue and lntransitiye Uerbs-f,arse and flise
The average ele
to
A transitive verb is a verb that takes a complement. An intransitive verb is a verb that does not tab (A) raises
a complement. (B) rises
The following pairs of verbs can be confusing. Remember that ralse is a transitive verb; it takes a (C) roses
complement. Rr.se is an intransitive verb; it does not take a complement. (D) arises
Transitive lntransitive
lart B: Choose the inr
Verb word Past Pafticiple Verb word Past Participle
When the temperatt
ratse raised raised nse nsen
Remember that fo rarse means to move to a higher place or to cause to rise. To rise means to go neous combustion p
rp
or to increase.
Raise and rise are also used as nouns. A raise means an increase in salary. A rse means an i>
crease in price, worth, quantity, or degree.
Transil
Remember that layit

hke a complement.
Trar
Verb word
lay
SWLE/PROBLEM 16 191
The water level when it rains every spring

The water level when it rained last week
rcoRRECr: The cost of living has raised 3 percent in the past year.
Connecr: The cost ofliving has risen 3 percent in the past year.
d television rcoRRECr: The flag is risen at dawn by an honor guard.
CoRnrct The flag is raised at dawn by an honor guard.
(An honor guard raises the flag.)
Kay needs to rise her grades if she wants to get into graduate school.
Kay needs to raise her grades if she wants to get into graduate school.
The landlord has risen the rent.
The landlord has raised thercnt.
: The smoke that is raising from that oil refinery is black.

Connscr: The smoke that is rising from that oil refinery is black.

The average elevation of the Himalayas is twenty thousand feet, and Mount Everest
to more than twenty-nine thousand feet at its apex.
l does not (A) raises
(B) rises
rerb; it takes (C) roses
(D) arises

flbiple When the temperature is risen to the burning point without a source of escape for the heat, sponta-
ben (A) (B) (c)
neous combustion occurs.
ineans to go
(D)
E means an
Transitiye and lntransitiue Uerbs-l ay anll Lie
Remember that /ayis a transitive verb; it takes a complement. lre is an intransitive verb; it does not
a complement.
Transitive lntransitive
Verb word Past Participle Verb word Past Participle
lay laid laid lie lay lain
Remember that fo /ay means to put, to place, or to cause to lie. Io /ie means to recline or to occugr
a place.
The past form of the verb to lieistay. i
Tra
Remember that
a complemenL
Verb word
sef
Remember that i
chair or a flat surfa
Exlprpr-ns
INconnrcr: Her coat was laying on the chair.

Connrcr: Her coat was lying on the chair.
INconnscr: I have lain your notebook on the table by the door so that you won't forget it.
CoRRncr: I have laid your notebook on the table by the door so that you won't forget it.
Ixconnrcr: Key West lays off the coast of Florida.
Connrcr: Key Wept lies off the coast of Florida.
INconnrcr: Why don't you lay down for awhile?
Connncr: Why don't you lie down for awhile?
lNcoRRscr: Linda always forgets where she lies her glasses.
Connscr: Linda always forgets where she lays her glasses.
Please s
Exencrsns Connrcr: Please E
Part A: Choose the correct answer. Won't 5r

Won'ty
The geographic position of North America, in the early days of the
settlement. Their ho
(A) laying between the Atlantic and the pacific Oceans, isolating it Connncr: Their ho
(B) isolating it as it laid between the Atlantic and the pacific Oceans Let's sit
(C) lying between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, isolated it ConRrcr: Let's set
(D) isolating it between the Atlantic and the pacific oceans as it was layed
Terrl, ha
ConRpcr: Terryha
Melanin, a pigment that lays under the skin, is responsible for skin color, including the varb
(A) (B)
tions that occur among different races.
(c) (D)
STYLE/PROBLEM 17 19iI
Transitiue and lntransitiue Uerbs-Sef and $if
Rdrhernber that set is a transitive verb; it takes a complement. Sltis an intransitive verb; it doe's not
a complement.
Transitive !ntransitive
Verb word Past Pafiiciple Verb word Past Participle
sel set sit sat sat
Remember that fo sef means to put, to place, or to cause to sit. Io srl means to occupy a place on
or a flat surface.
Please sit the telephone on the table by the bed.

Please set the telephone on the table by the bed.
Won't you set down?

Won't yqu sit down?
Their house sets on a hill overlooking a lake.
Their house sits on a hill overlooking a lake.
Let's sit your suitcases out of the way.
Let's set your suitcases out of the way.
Terry has set there waiting for us for almost an hour.
Terry has sat there waiting for us for almost an hour.
REVIEWOF STRUCTURE
Expncrsrs krvrpr,ns
Part A: Choose the correct answer. lrconnncr: I reall

Connrcr: I reall'
When Jacqueline Kennedy was first lady, she collected many beautiful antiques ad
them among the original pieces in the White House. lrconnnsr: Didy
(A) gat ConRecr: Didy
,. (B) set
hrconRecr:
. (C) sit
ConnBcr:
Please
Please
'-(D) sits
Ilconnecr: Are th
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. Connrcr: Are th
Hyde Park, the family estate of Franklin D. Roosevelt, sets on top of a bluff overlookin! LrconRscr: Have;
(A) (B) (c) Connrct: Haver
&eitudsou River.
(D)
]YPRCIsEs
d Verb word
Similar Yefi*Makeand
Participle
Do
Verb word Participle

hrt A: Choose the
The president us
(A) doesn't dr
(B) doesn't mr
(C) doesn't st:
(D) no statem
made made
hrt B: Choose the
Remember that to do and to make have similar meanings, but do is often used before complemerlr
A one hundred-h
that describe work and chores. To make is otten used before complements that are derived from verh.
I
DO an assignment MAKE an agreement (to agree)

the dishes an announcement (to announce)
a favor an attempt (to attempt)
homework a decision (to decide)
the laundry a discovery (to discove) Prel
a paper an offer (to ofter)
research a protit (to profit)
work a promise (to promise)
accede t
accordir
approv
asharnE
bored s
capable
competr
compos
I really don't mind making the homework for this class.

I really don't mind doing the homework for this class.
pes and
Did you do a mistake?
Did you make a mistake?
Please make me a favor.
Please do me a favor.
Are they doing progress on the new road?

Are they making p1agress on the new road?
rlooking Have you done any interesting discoveries while you were doing your research?
(c) Have you made any interesting discoveries while you were doing your research?

The president usually unless his press secretary approves it.
(A) doesn't do a statement
(B) doesn't make a statement
(C) doesn't statement
rficiple (D) no statement
nade
B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct iL
rylemenis A one hundred-horseoower tractor can make the work of a larse number of horses.
orn verE (A) (B) (c) (D)
Prepositional ldioms
accede to
according to
approve of
ashamed of
bored with
capable of
compete with
composed of
In rec
Connpcr:: In rm
concemed with
He ah
conscious of Connncr: He ah
depend on The h
effects on The h
equal to The cr
Connrcr: The cr
except for
from now on
from time to time
frown on A: Choose the
glance at, through
incapable of (A) Prior to tr
(B) Prior
in conflict (C) The prior
inferior to (D) To prior
in the habit of
B: Choose the i
in the near future
The price of gold
knowledge of
(A)
near; next to the dollar.
of the opinion
on top of
opposite
prior to
Part
regard to
related to Although it is usua
respect for are groups of
of speech. For ex
responsible for
The endings of rw
similar to
since loarcDcrtwdfin
until Verb
store
with regard to
accept
insist
agree
authorize
Exaupr,rs toans llerlwd frnt
INcoRnBcr: Excepting for the Gulf Coast region, most of the nation will have very pleasant weatk Adjective
tonight and tomorrow. convenient
Connecr: Except for the Gulf Coast region, most of the nation redundant
will have very pleasant weather
tonight and tomorrow. opposite
soft
durable
STYLSPROBLEM 20 t97
: In recent years, educators have become more concemed of bilingualism.

In recent years, educators have become more concerned with bilingUalism.
He always does what he pleases, without regard of the rules and regulations.
He always does what he pleases, without regard to the rules and regulations.
The bank opposite over the university isn't open on Saturdays.

The bank opposite the university isn't open on Saturdays.
The customs of other countries are not inferior with those of our own country.
The customs of other countries are not inferior to those of our own country.

discovery of insulin, it was not possible to treat diabetes.
(A) Prior to the
(B) Prior
(C) The prior
(D) To prior

The price of gold depends in several factors. including supply and demand in relation to the value of
(A) (B) (c) (D)
the dollar.
Parts ol Speech
Alttrough it is usually very easy to identify the parts of speech, word families can be confusing. Word
are groups of words with similar meanings and spellings. Each word in the family is a different
ol speech. For example, agreementis a noun; agreeable is an adjective;lo agree is a verb.
The endings of words can help you identify the parts of speech.
}lrlns Duiwd tron Verifpl
Verb Ending Noun

store 'age storage
accept -ance acceptance
rhslst -ence insistence
agree -ment agreement
authorize -sion/-tion authorization
Irrlns llertued tron Adlectitar

Adjective Ending Noun
@t weather convenient -ce convenience
redundant -cy redundancy
weather opposite -tion opposition
soft -ness sofrness
durable -ty durability
AdjectlYx lleriwd lrom llouns

Noun Ending Adjective
possibility -able/-ible possible
intention -al intentional
distance -ant distant
frequency -ent frequent llultiple-Ghoir
juice -v juicy All of the quest
Afuerb Deilrcd lron Adjectives cfroice. There are I
Although the sl
Adiective Ending Adverb B, C, and D, the sa
efficient -ty efficiently oered and lettered.
planatory Answers,
Exnupr,Bs fiapters by clickinr
tsased TOEFL.
INconRrcr: The agreeing is not legal unless everyone signs his name.
Connr,cr: The agreement is not legal unless everyone signs his name. Paper-Based Tr
INconnrcr: Even young children begin to show able in mathematics. 1. If water is ht

Connncr: Even young children begin to show ability in mathematics. ......."-a
(A) it wiil bo
INconnscr: Arranging have been made for the funeral. (B) it is boilir
Connrcr: Arrangements have been made for the funeral.
(C) it boit anr
INconnrcr: A free educating is guaranteed to every citizen. (D) it would I
Connrcr: A free education is guaranteed to every citizen.
2. If water frerz
INconnrcr: The develop of hybrids has increased yields.
(A)
CoRnscr: The development of hybrids has increased yields.
a solid.
(D)
Exrncrsrs
Answer Sheet
Part A: Choose the correct answer. 1. (D@@
2. @@a
Unless protected areas are established, the Bengal tiger, the blue whale, and the California cocfu
face _ of extinction.
(A) possible
(B) the possibility
(C) to be possible
(D) possibly
ln order to succee
Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it. used for the test, and
Because blood from different individuals may different in the type of antigen on the surface of Se
he test. First, review t
(A) vocabulary is used for
(B)
red cells and the type of antibody in the plasma, a dangerous reaction can_-oqlur htween the donr
(c) Iesting Tools:
and recipient in a blood transfusion. Rel
(D) The following words ar
n the previous chapter
Arrow
Click
Confirm Answer
Dismiss Direction

Bahas Inggris TOEFL

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Bahas Inggris TOEFL

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

TYPES OF PROBLEMS

tr Belief and Knowledge-Anticipatory tf

E Verbs that Require an lnfinitive in the

?rotlernglritlr$ubiuncliryffi, ,- '', '' ..'1'.' ,

E lmportance-subjunctive Verbs @ Noncount Nouns that Are Count Nouns in

Missing Main Uerb

lvcoRnncr: In my opinion, too soon to make a decision.

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

INcopl'Ecr: We demand knowing our status.

Uerbs that Require an -ingFotm in the Gomptement Many people have

Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed.

INconnsct: She is considering not to go.

INconnscr: We enjoyed talk with your friend.

INconnegr: Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer.

l Part A: Choose the correct answer.

d Uerb Phrases that Bequire an -ing Form in the Gomplement

approve of do not mind keep on

114 REVIEW OF STRUCTURE

lrregular Past Forms

t lerb Word Past Form Participle

INcoRnscr: They done it very well after they had practiced.

lxconnrcr: My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago.

lNconnrcr: I know that you been forty on your last birthday.

Part A: Choose the cornect answer. Avoid using rz7l an

Factual Gonditionals-Absolute, Scientific Besults

If water freezes, it has become a solid.

Ixconxncr: Iflight strikes a rough surface, it diffused.

Factual Gonditionals-Probable Results for the Future E.rRECos

Part B: Choose the in

Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

d Gontrary-to-Fact Gond iti ona ls-Ghange i n Gon d itions Unlase

(C) unless they will win Irvconnpct: The foreig

The doctor suggested that she will not smoke.

I propose that the vote is secret ballot.

She insisted that they would give her a receipt.

Exrncrsns Irconnncr: Itisi

Remember that the following adjectives are used in impersonal expressions.

Part A: Choose ther

Part B: Choose the in

IuconRrcr: It is not necessary that you must take an entrance examination to be

INconnrcr: It is imperative that you are on time.

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

Part B: Choose the incornect word or phrase and correct iL

Exnncrsns Avoid using an r

Part A: Choose the correct answer. Exaupr,ns

INconRecr: It is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck.

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and eorrect it.

Have, has, or had + participle express duration of time.

ffi Prediction s-Wi I I Haye + participle

Avoid using wl//instead ol willhave.

INconnecr: Before school is out, I have returned all of my library books.

Missing Auxiliary Uerb-Active

Remember that some main verbs require auxiliary verbs.

Irqconnrcr: The party is a surprise, but all of her friends coming.

INconnecr: She read it to you later tonight.

INconnrcr: The sun shining when we left this morning.

Missing Auxiliary UerfPassiYe

means "before.,' For t

INconnrcr: The plane delayed by bad weather. Remember that pe

lNconnBcr: My paper has not typed.

Remember that the

Part A: Choose the correct answer.

Part B: Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it