12

Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

TI NH V X NG TRONG TRONG KHNG GIAN

NG V NG NAM , TH K XVI-XVIII
V c Lim*
Ty phng khn no ti
Pha Bc kh ng qua
ng Nam phng thy chng xa
Th nhng s nhiu qun Vch.
Nguyn C Trinh (1750)
Dn nhp: Vn cu trc khng gian ca lch s Vit Nam
Tip cn khng gian lch s Vit Nam thng gn lin vi cc mi quan tm
ni cu trc (internal structure), c bit l tng tc gia cc vng min. Keith
Taylor (1998) gi v cc xung t vng Vit Nam v l gii ti sao chng
to ra cc khng gian ngi Vit khc nhau. Li Tana (1998) pht trin thm mt
bc t bn lun n (1992, ANU) v lp lun rng ng Trong phn nh mt cch
thc khc tr thnh Vit Nam. Trng phi hc thut ny c xu hng cho
rng bn sc ca ng Trong mang nhiu mu sc ng Nam hn l so vi
ng Ngoi Hn ha (K. W. Taylor 1998; Tana 1998b). Victor Lieberman mn
cch ni ca Pierre Gourou khi cho rng khu vc duyn hi pha ng ca ng
Nam lc a l vng t c lin h lnh th lng lo nht trn th gii [the least
coherent territory in the world] (Gourou 1936, 8; Lieberman 2003, 338). Trong khi
Alexander Woodside (1988), Nola Cooke (1992; 1997, 269-95) v Choi Byung
Wook (2004) cp n "d n chnh tr" (political project) ca Minh Mnh nhm
tp trung ha quyn lc, thng nht lnh th v truyn b m hnh chnh tr Nho
gio vo h lu sng Mekong chnh l cch thc m khu vc ny tr thnh mt
b phn lnh th ca Vit Nam th k XIX. R rng l bng cch ny hay cch
khc, cc hc gi ny tm cch a ra mt mu hnh mi cho s a dng khng
gian ca lch s Vit Nam, v tm kim con ng ng Nam ca vic tr thnh
Vit Nam hin i. Din ngn lch s ny hng n vic thch thc cch tip cn
ca cc hc gi dn tc ch ngha, nhng ngi lun tm cch h thp s a dng
v tnh c lp ca m hnh lch s c pht trin ng Trong t th k XVI.

* Trng i hc S phm H Ni.

Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n GS Hu Tm H Ti v nh nghin cu Phm Hong Qun v
nhng gp quan trng v ph bnh sc so cho bi vit. Nhng khuyt im ca bi vit
thuc v tc gi.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 13

Pha bn kia ca cu chuyn hc thut v ng Trong m t lch s khu vc

ny trong mt vin cnh hon ton khc bng cch cp n chnh tr ca
cha Nguyn v h Mc H Tin nh l cc m hnh chnh tr ng c ci
t trn khung cnh ng Nam (Trn 1956: 77-140; 1960; 1979). Mt trong cc
kha cnh ni bt c quan tm bi khuynh hng hc thut ny l Nho gio.
Liam Kelley thch thc lp lun ca Li Tana rng tn ti ng Trong th
cha Nguyn buc phi tm kim nhng cch thc thc hnh tn gio v chnh tr
khc bit so vi ng Ngoi (Li 1998b, 101).Thay vo , ng lp lun rng mc
d cha Nguyn cai tr trn nhng vng t mi l, h vn tip tc nhng truyn
thng chnh tr v thc h c s dng ng Ngoi, t vic tn th cc tn
ngng bn a, bo tr Pht gio, cho n cc cch thc thc hnh chnh tr Nho
gio (Kelley 2006, 346).
Tuy nhin trong lc c hai khuynh hng ny tranh lun v tnh cht ng
Nam hay tnh cht Trung Hoa ca x hi ng Trong, khng ai dnh nhng
quan tm xng ng nhm nh v x ng Trong trong khng gian a l x hi
v nhn vn (human geography) gm cha cc mng li thng mi, chnh tr,
v tn gio m t vng t ny c nh hnh nn. Bi vit ny, thay v tham
gia vo din ngn v tnh cht n, ng Nam , hay Hoa, s tp trung kho st
cch thc ngi ng Trong t duy v khng gian ca mnh, v cch thc h vn
hnh cc mng li dc theo dy Trng Sn v vng duyn hi ko di n tn
b ng vnh Thi Lan. Ni cch khc, n phn tch cch thc ngi ng Trong
t nh v mnh trong khng gian khu vc. Theo , bi vit ny s ti nh hng
v tr x ng Trong nh mt khu vc kt ni gia ng v ng Nam thng
qua kho st s m rng lnh th, kt ni cc mng li giao thng, v xc lp
cu trc quyn lc vng. N lp lun rng ng Trong pht trin mt khuynh
hng tip cn khng gian c o da trn cc mng li nm xen ln gia hai
khu vc m ngy nay c gi l ng v ng Nam , v cung cp mt mu
hnh th v v tng tc ni vi t cch l mt mi trng trung gian m ngy
nay cc s gia khu vc c nhiu cch khc nhau gi tn: th k ca ngi
Hoa - Chinese century (Wang and Ng 2004), mng li ngi Hoa - Chinese
circulation (Tagliacozzo and Chang 2011), qu trnh vn minh ha - civilizing
process (Faure and Siu 1995), Nhng trng hp ngu nhin trn lc a -u -
Eurasian Strange Parallels (Lieberman 2003; 2009), v ng bin l ch
ng Nam - Southeast Asian porous borders (Tagliacozzo 2005).
Tip cn ca bi vit ny coi khng gian a l ng Trong khng phi l mt
chnh th ng, thng nht v bt bin m co dn theo s chuyn dch ca cc ln
sng ngi (human mobility) dc theo cc dng chy thng mi, tng tc vn
ha, bo tr chnh tr v xung t qun s nh v vng t ny trong cc tng
14 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

tng khng gian mi (spatial imaginations). Bng cch , chng ta c th a ra

nhng tri thc mi v bn sc, cu trc, v cch thc vn hnh ca x ng Trong
(van Schendel 2002, 647-68; Kratoska, Raben v Nordholt 2005, 3). Th k XVII-
XVIII l mt thi k nng ng kho st nhng nhn t ny ng Trong v
n bao gm mt lot cc s kin v din trnh nhn nhp trong khu vc, bao gm
cc dng chy di c, chuyn giao cng ngh, tn gio, thng mi, chin tranh, m
rng lnh th, gia tng dn s, v thm ch l cp bin trn vng bin t min nam
Trung Hoa n eo Malacca trong thi k c gi l k nguyn thng mi khu
vc (Reid 1988; 1993; Antony 2007). c m t nh mt tiu a Trung Hi, cc
x hi bao quanh Bin ng c coi l tham gia vo mt khung cnh tng
tc si ng trong hng nghn nm (Solheim, David v Ambika 2006; Ptak 2008,
53-72). V th, ng Trong vi cc ng b bin di, vng, vnh, o, nhiu sng
ngi, cc mi lin h thng ngun, h lu v khng gian tc ngi a dng l v
d cho mt x hi m cu trc v bn sc c nh hnh bi nhng thng trm
theo dng chy ca cc nhm ngi di c, m rng lnh th, xc lp cc khu nh
c, thng mi.
Phm vi ca khng gian x ng Trong
s c phn tch thng qua cc mng
li, vai tr ca cc ch th, v dng chy
ca cc tng tc. V th, cch thc tip
cn ny khng gii hn trong cc ng
THANH ranh gii dn tc hay khu vc hin nay.
Cc ng ny n thun l sn phm
NGHE

ca thi hin i, phn nh a chnh

Hnh 1. Vit Nam th k XVI-XVIII.
(Lieberman 2003, 339)
tr v li ch ca ca cc th lc thc dn
hay cng quc m khng h tham kho
cc khng gian hot ng ca cc cng
ng bn a trong lch s. Trong khng
gian ny, ngi ng Trong c v th
c bit, nh mt s pha trn ca nhiu
khuynh hng lnh th, di c, m rng
ca quyn lc chnh tr, t chc x hi v
cc hot ng kinh t trao i. Lch s v
s hng khi ca n bt u t mt nhm
ngi Vit t pha Bc bt ph trn con
ng tm kim khng gian mi, kt hp
vi cc nhm bn a, xy dng vng t
ca mnh vn ln thnh vng nh mt
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 15

khng gian ca cc tng tc t min nam Trung Hoa, Nht Bn v t vnh Thi
Lan v ng Nam hi o. ng Trong v th cung cp mt mu hnh th v v
tng tc ni (Inter-Asian Connection) thi s k hin i. Anthony Reid (2015)
lp lun rng khng gian ng Nam c bit v n khng Hoa cng chng n
(2015, 26-28). Tuy nhin, nh ngha chnh xc n l g th Reid vn b ng cu
tr li. Bng cch ln theo cc mng li v nhn din ch nhn ca n trn vng
t ng Trong, cch tip cn ny c th l mt n lc tr li cu hi trn bng
cch t ng Trong trong nhng khng gian lch s v x hi m.
nim khng gian x ng Trong
V cc cng ca h (ng Trong), iu tuyt vi l trn mt di b bin
di chng 100 leagues (560km), c hn 60 bn rt tin li, bi v c
nhiu nhnh bin ln.
Borri (1621)

Ma ng nm 1558, hng nghn binh lnh v nhng ngi trung thnh vi

dng h Nguyn giong bum v pha nam, khu vc ngy nay thuc min Trung
Vit Nam. Th lnh ca h, Nguyn Hong, mt ch huy qun s 33 tui l con th
ca v tng y quyn uy Nguyn Kim, ngi a vua L quay tr li ngai
vng v tin hnh cuc chin tranh vi nh Mc pha Bc. Khng may l ng
b u c vo nm 1545, v v tr ca ng ri vo tay ngi con r Trnh Kim.
S thay i ny nhanh chng bin nhng ngi con ca Nguyn Kim tr thnh
i tng thanh trng ca h Trnh. Lo lng cho tng lai ca mnh, nh bn thn
chnh s nh Nguyn chp li, Nguyn Hong c ngi n tham vn Nguyn
Bnh Khim v nhn c li ch dy, Honh Sn nht i, vn i dung thn
(Mt di Honh Sn, dung thn mun i) (NTL I, 19; Taylor 1993, 42-65). Li
ch dn ca Nguyn Bnh Khim khng ch m ra thi i ca cc cha Nguyn,
m cn c vng triu Nguyn sau ny. Lch s Vit Nam hin i c bt u
t mt ch dn a l.(1)
i lp vi vng chu th rng ln, bng phng, khng b chia ct v c dn
ng c pha bc, ng Trong c to dng trn khng gian a l a dng
phc tp v khng thng nht. Phn pha bc ca n l mt di gn 800km b bin
di v hp chy dc dy Trng Sn chn pha ty, ni hp nht nh Qung
Bnh ch cha n 50km, thng xuyn b ct x bi cc o, ni, ca sng, vng,
vnh, v m ph. iu ny to ra mi trng l tng cho cc tng tc dc sng
v duyn hi. Theo cc mng li giao thng trn mi trng nc ny m cc
c dn y t chc h thng x hi v cc lin h chnh tr ca mnh (Wheeler
2006, 123-53; V 2016a). Gn mt nghn cy s v pha nam cch ni Nguyn
Hong dng tr s l mt khng gian t nhin v tc ngi khc ca vng chu th
Mekong. Nola Cooke v Li Tana (2004) gi y l ng bin nc [Water frontier],
16 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

tuy nhin, c l chnh xc hn th y l th gii ca nc, mt khu vc ngp lt vi

m ly v rng rm (Cooke v Li 2004). Ni y tng l khng gian ca vng
quc Ph Nam trc khi n b ngi Khmer chinh phc. Tn ng th ni rng
vng t ny sau thuc v Thy Chn Lp khi ngi Khmer bt u phn tn.
Trong nhiu th k sau , d c s c tr ri rc ca nhng ngi h Khmer (Khmer
Krom), phn ln khu vc ny hu nh cha c khai ph. Ghi chp ca s gi nh
Nguyn th k XIII l Chu t Quan i qua vng t ny cho thy dc theo hai bn
b sng khng c g khc hn l rng rm bao trm v cc n tru hoang (Trn
1975, 57). Nhiu khu vc trong s ny, sau khi ph sa lm tc nghn cc dng sng
bao quanh, b ngi Khmer b hoang trong khong gn 1.000 nm, v nh khu
vc ng Thp Mi. Ngay c bin nin s Campuchia cng cho thy rng vo cui
th k XVII, chnh quyn Udong khng h kim sot vng h lu Mekong (Sakurai
2004, 38, 40). Cho n th k XIX, khu vc ny vn l mt khng gian m cho cc
cuc di c t do, khai ph t ai m nhiu vng t nm ngoi kim sot ca bt c
vng quc no. Ngi Vit, ngi Hoa, ngi Chm, ngi Khmer s theo dng
chy di c v vin chinh qun s vo vng t ny. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta s
thy, s m rng lnh th ca ng Trong l h qu ca mt din trnh chnh tr v
lnh th phc tp m s m rng khng gian a l nh mt s phn nh cho
cc nhu cu cp thit v ti nguyn, di c, v lnh th.
Ci gi l khng gian x ng Trong v t duy lnh th ca n cng l mt
cu trc ng, thng xuyn co dn trong sut th k XVII-XVIII. ng Trong
l mt thc th a l nng ng v c tnh m. Chng ta thy iu s hnh
dung v khng gian ca vng t ny vo cc thi im khc nhau. Vo nm 1613,
nhng li trn tri cui cng ca Nguyn Hong cho con trai mnh cng khng g
khc hn l nhng ch dn a l v qun s:
t Thun Qung pha bc c ni Ngang [Honh Sn] v Sng Gianh
[Linh Giang] him tr, pha nam c ni Hi Vn v ni Bia [Thch Bi Sn]
vng bn. Ni sn vng st, bin c c mui, tht l t dng v ca ngi anh
hng. Nu bit dy dn luyn binh chng chi vi h Trnh th xy dng c
nghip mun i. V bng th lc khng ch c, th c gi vng t ai ch
c hi, ch ng b qua li dn ca ta. (NTL I, 29).
ng Trong ca Nguyn Hong l mt khng gian phng th v i ph,
mt khng gian t gii hn v t v theo a hnh tn ti. Hn mt th k sau,
Nguyn Phc Khot c mt hnh dung a l khc v khng gian m ng ta cm
quyn khi tuyn b rng mnh c c mt na sn h v by t ginh ly
phn cn li. Bng vic ln ngi vng, thay i phong tc v sp t li h thng
hnh chnh, ng Trong ca v cha ny l mt khng gian khng nh, vn
ln quyn lc, v thnh vng (NTL I, 136-137). Din ngn v bn sc khng
gian ny chc chn l c lin h vi t duy khng gian ca v kin trc s trng
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 17

ca ng trong m rng lnh th, Nguyn C Trinh. V y l hnh dung a l

ca nh chin lc ny vo nm 1750, ch 5 nm trc khi ng cm qun i ngc
sng Mekong, hng n ng bin Vit Nam-Campuchia ngy nay:
Ty phng khn no ti
Pha Bc kh ng qua
ng Nam phng thy chng xa
Th nhng s nhiu qun Vch.
(Nguyn C Trinh 1750, 56-57; Hardy v ng 2013)
y r rng l s chim nghim v khng gian ca ng Trong v m
rng lnh th m Nguyn C Trinh c giao ph. N phn nh tm nhn ca gii
tinh hoa trn vng t ny v khuynh hng dch chuyn khng gian ca ng
Trong v pha nam, nh li ng tuyn b trong cuc vin chinh 1756 rng T xa
vic dng binh chng qua l tr dit bn u s v m mang thm t ai v
hin k tm thc nh mt phng tin dn dn m rng lnh th vo khu vc
sng Mekong (NTL I, 147). T duy v khng gian lnh th ny r rng l khng
ging vi cch thc chinh phc ca cc nhm c dn ng Nam lc a khc,
nhng ngi tm kim c dn hn l t ai. Nguyn nhn l t ai y phong
ph m c dn th tha tht, chnh v vy mc tiu ca chin tranh v m rng l
hng n bt dn a v vng t ca mnh ch khng phi tm kim thm m
ly v rng rm (Pawakapan 2014, 1; Scott 2009, 64-72). R rng y l cch
Nguyn C Trinh t duy v khng gian ng Trong v cch thc m chnh th
ny c m rng theo khng gian, khc hn vi cc nc lng ging pha nam v
ty. iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic cc kin trc s chnh tr ca ng Trong
nhn thy sc mnh ca khng gian mi da vo s a dng t nhin, nng ng
ca cc sc dn di c v cc ngun lc t nhin. Chnh ng xy dng h thng
phng th Qung Ngi nhm cng c ng bin pha ty ca ng Trong trc
khi trin khai m rng lnh th ca cha Nguyn dc theo th gii Khmer.
Vic lnh th ca ng Trong m rng nhanh chng n gia th k XVIII
phn nh sc mnh ca cc tng chnh tr kt hp vi t duy v khng gian v
lnh th ca nhng ngi cm quyn. S hnh dung ny rt khc nhau qua cc giai
on m ko theo l s m rng ca cc mng li v cun theo n l s can d
ca cc nhm mi vo cc khng gian lin tc c ko dn . Vo nm 1693,
cc vng t cui cng ca Champa bt u chu s kim sot trc tip ca cha
Nguyn. Trc , ngi Vit cng bt u nhng bc u tin vo vng h lu
sng Mekong sau cuc hn nhn ca vua Chn Lp vi mt cng cha Nguyn.
Tuy rng s kin ny cn c nhng mc thi gian khc nhau nu nh so snh s
triu Nguyn vi cc ghi chp bin nin Campuchia, 1620 r rng l du n quan
trng khi u cho mt qu trnh m gn hai thp nin sau lnh th ca cha
18 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

Nguyn s tng ln gp i (Vickery 2011, 157-66). Cng trn c s ny m nhng

ngi cm quyn ng Trong c th cho php hng nghn quan qun nh Minh
tin vo xc lp cc th v trung tm nh c M Tho, ng Nai, Bin Ha
nm 1679. Du n quan trng ca tin trnh ny chnh l vic t ph Gia nh nh
l vng t chnh thc ca chnh quyn cha Nguyn h lu Mekong. S thn
phc ca H Tin nm 1707 to ra mt hnh lang quan trng gn kt cc trung tm
dn c v chnh tr dc sng Mekong vi vng duyn hi pha nam (V 1818, 3a-b;
V. H. Nguyn 1970, 3-24). Ngi Vit s mt thm na th k tin st vng bin
gii Vit Nam-Campuchia ngy nay bng cc cuc vin chinh 1755-1757. Theo
sau l ln sng ca cc nhm nhp c Vit, Hoa, Chm, Malay, Khmer, Thi
xc lp nn mt trong nhng khu vc a dng dn c, sc tc, cc mi quan h
chnh tr, lnh th phc tp v chng cht cc mng li tng tc (Li 2004, 1-12).
Tc ng qua li gia vic m rng khng gian ng Trong v li cun vo
cc tng tc khu vc cho thy r sc mnh ca a l trong vic to ra cc mi
trng x hi nng ng v a tng. M rng a l nh l mt phng thc gip
gia tng a dng x hi, tn gio, a dng ha cc ch th giao tip, bao gm c
nhng ngi n t c hai khu vc a l ngy nay chng ta gi l ng Nam v
ng . Nhng dng ngi di c v s thnh vng ca ng Trong cho thy tm
nh hng ca qu trnh m rng lnh th, m tm nhn v a l v hng i ca
mt chnh th trong khng gian quyt nh s thnh vng ca n. Con ngi lun
vn ng trong khng gian v ng Trong cng vy v cc gii hn ca n c
xc lp dc theo cc mng li lin tc vn ng ca con ngi (Zottoli 2011).
Tnh cht trung gian ca khng gian ng Trong cn c phn nh cch
thc m bn thn ngi ng Trong m t v mnh v cch thc m nhng nhm
bn ngoi nhn thc v bn sc a l ca chnh th ny. C l khng c vng t
no ng Nam c s giao thip ngoi giao rng ri vi th gii bn ngoi ging
nh ng Trong, v cng v th, khng c ni no m s hnh dung v a l li a
dng nh vic nh v x s ny trong khng gian. Mi i tc ca ng Trong li
c mt s hnh dung khc nhau v vng t ny. Bn thn cc cha Nguyn t gi
vng quc ca mnh l i Vit v s dng nin hiu vua L, c bit l trong cc
th t gi ti cc nh s Trung Hoa v Mc Ph Nht Bn (i Sn 1695 [1987],
1). Bc th gi n Cng ty ng n H Lan VOC Batavia ca Nguyn Phc K
nm 1626 dng tn An Nam [] (hnh 2). Cc th ca ng Trong gi n Nht
Bn tp hp trong Ngoi Phin thng th cho thy s dch chuyn trong nim
thc th chnh tr ng Trong. Bc th nm 1601 c ghi An Nam quc Thin h
thng binh Nguyn soi Thy quc cng [].
Bc th nm 1606 r, Thin Nam quc Khm sai Hng Ngha doanh Ph
tng hnh h Thun Ha-Qung Nam ng x Thi y oan quc cng [
]. C hai bc th s dng
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 19

danh xng An Nam Quc

vng [], nin i
1688 (V 2013, 61-71). Trong
cc th gi cho ng Ngoi
cui th k XVIII, lc b qun
Trnh vy ln, cha Nguyn
xng Thun Ha Qung Nam
ng x bin thn [
], tc l tha nhn
mnh l hai x bin vin l
thuc vo ng Ngoi. Trong
khi cc th gi cho nh Thanh
xin cu phong th t xng An
Hnh 2. Th ca Tng trn Qung Nam Nguyn Phc K Nam quc Thun Ha ng
gi Cng ty VOC Batavia (1626) (Kleinen et al., 2008, 23). x Tit ch Thi ph T quc
cng [] hay Hi ngoi Vit quc tho mng
thn Nguyn Phc Chu [] (L II: 175-6a).
Cc th t gi p li t bn ngoi gi ng Trong l Giao Ch, i Vit,
hay Qung Nam, theo tn gi vng t quan trng nht ca n. Ngi Nht Bn
gi vng ny l Qung Nam hay Giao Ch phn bit vi ng Ngoi l ng
Kinh (Ishii 1998, 154; Nel 1923, 3-4, 30). Cc nh s v thng nhn Trung Hoa
th p li danh hiu ca cha Nguyn bng cch gi ng Trong l i Vit v
ng Ngoi l An Nam (i Sn 1695 [1987], 1-2). Tr thc Bc H ph nhn tnh
cht c lp ca ng Trong khi L Qu n coi Thun Qung l vng bin vin.
Ngay trong quyn 1 ca Ph Bin tp lc, ng nhn mnh n mi lin h ny bng
cch kt ni vng ny vi lch s ng Ngoi, nh cch thc m cc hc gi thi
L khc nh Dng Vn An lm. ng cng ch n H Tin v m t n nh
mt vng hi ngoi xa xi (L II: 169b-170a; Dng 2009, 1b-2a).
Nhng ngi phng Ty cng c nhng hnh dung khc nhau v ng
Trong. l mt bc tranh phc tp v cch thc nh dng bn sc a l ca
vng t ny gia cc nhm i tc v i th cnh tranh. Tn gi ph bin l
Cochinchina, v c th c phin m khc nhau: Quachymchyna, Concamchina,
Cauchimchyna, Cachenchina, Cauchenchina, Cauchinchina, Coccincina (Lonard
1924, 563-79). Cc hc gi Php c cuc tranh lun v ngun gc tn gi Cochin
ny. Mt s kin cho n bt ngun t K Ch, sau b bin m thng qua phin
m ting Nht hay Hn (Nel 1923, 5). Cc kin khc gi t tn gi C Chim,
C Chm. Tuy nhin, theo Paul Pelliot th l t Giao Ch c phin m qua
ting Hn v Nht, sau ngi B o Nha ghi m li (Pelliot 1903, 299). D
iu ny c v nh c chp nhn mc no , cc hc gi khc vn tm thy
20 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

nhiu bng chng v mi lin quan gia cc yu t ting Malay i vi cch ngi
B o Nha to ra tn gi ny (Pires 1967, 104; Dror v Taylor 2006, 17).
S hnh dung v bn sc a l ca H Tin cng trong tnh trng tng t
khi cc ch th khc nhau gi n bng nhng tn gi v cch thc nh v khng
gian hon ton khc. H Mc khng gi ng Trong l i Vit nh cha
Nguyn k vng. Trong li ta H Tin thp vnh nm 1736, Mc Thin T gi
vng t ca mnh l An Nam H Tin trn, trong khi mt bi th, ng m t
v vng t ny nh l bin cng nm pha nam ca Nht Nam, theo cch gi
ca nh Hn i vi cc khu vc cai tr pha nam H Tnh (Trn 1967, 174-75).(2)
Tuy nhin, nhng tn gi ch H Tin t bn ngoi mi l iu th v. Nm gia
mt th gii ca nhng k cp, dn di c, nhng ngi bo tr, nhng k cnh
tranh, cc i tc v ng minh, vng t ny xut hin vi nhiu tn gi khc
nhau. Ngi Khmer gi n l Peam hay PandayMas [Bc tng vng] (Sellers
1983, 9). Thng nhn v cp bin Malay gi n l Pantai Mas [B bin/cnh
cng vng],(3) hay Kuala [Ca sng], trong khi i vi ngi Thi, vng t ny
l Ponthaimas, Phutthaimas hay Ban-Thaay-Mas [Cng vng] (Rungswasdisab
1995, 43, Li v Van Dyke 2007, 12). N cng ni danh trong s cc thng nhn
phng Ty v cc vin chc ln thng nhn Hoa Kiu. Cc vn bn Trung
Hoa gi n l Phng Thnh hay Cng Khu quc (Vn hin thng kho), trong
khi ngi H Lan, Thy in, an Mch, Anh, Php gi n l Cancao (c l bt
ngun t Cng Khu) hay Panthaimas (Willmott 1966, 15-38; Sellers 1983, 7;
Rungswasdisab 1995, 45; Hamilton, 105; V 2016b).
Tnh cht a dng ca cc hnh dung v a l ny gip nh hnh bn sc
khng gian ng Trong thng qua vic nh v vng t ny gia cc mng li
thng mi, di dn, v quan h quyn lc gia ng v ng Nam . iu ny
phn nh s nhanh nhy ca cc ch th ng Trong i vi s chuyn dch ca
cc mng li quc t. H tm cch thu ht cc i tc ton cu (global factors)
ny bng cch pht huy cc th mnh a phng, gn kt cc mng li ni a
vo h thng vng v ton cu nh chng ta s phn tch di y.
Cc ch th ng Trong
Chnh quyn ng Trong v tng th nh mt s pha trn gia Trung Hoa v
Nht Bn: ngi Nht ch n tri thc qun s hn l hc thut, ngi Trung
Hoa th ngc li, dnh nhiu quan tm cho hc thut v ch dnh cht quan tm
t i n cc vn qun s. ng Trong khng i theo hai con ng ny, dnh
cc mi bn tm nh nhau i vi tri thc hc thut v k nng chin tranh ty
vo hon cnh; i khi u i cc chin binh, i khi l cc hc gi, do tn dng
nhng ngi ny theo cch tt nht. Christopher Borri (1621)

Trong mt khng gian n hi v cc ng bin m, chng ta s xem xt cc

ch th ng Trong v cch thc m s tng tc gia cc nhm ny to ra cu
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 21

trc kinh t, chnh tr, x hi v tn gio vn hnh vng t ny trong cc quan

h ni v ngoi vng. iu d nhn thy l nhng ngi ny vt qua mt cuc
hnh trnh tuyt vi a mt khu vc l bin vin ca bc Vit Nam, mt vng
quc c ng Nam ang suy tn, mt th gii ngi Khmer lng lo, phn tn
vi m ly, rng rm tr thnh ni thu ht cc i tc t khp ni trong vng Bin
ng. Thnh qu ny l kt qu ca mt lin minh x hi nng ng trong cch
thc cc nhm ny cnh tranh, hp tc, bo tr, v thay th ln nhau to nn cc
cu trc mi a dng v thnh vng. Mt khung cnh x hi m c Christopher
Borri (1621) v L Qu n (1776) u thng nht l t ch n s phc tp ca
cc thit ch chnh tr, khoa c m nhn mnh tnh thc dng v kh nng qun l
x hi linh hot (Dror and Taylor 2006, 122; L 1776, 2: 142b).
Mi ln khng gian ng Trong c m rng, n li li cun thm vo cu
trc ca mnh cc nhm tng tc mi. iu th v cn quan tm l cch thc cc
nhm ny ln lt gia nhp vo cu trc v cng hng vi khng gian va c
xc lp. Frederick Turner trong lun vn v vng bin ca lch s M m t khu
vc ny nh mt im gp g gia d man v vn minh (Turner 1994, 32).
Cc ch th tng tc trong khng gian ng Trong c hnh thnh trong mt
c ch phc tp hn rt nhiu bi tnh cht a trung tm v s xen k ca nhiu
nhm ngi khc nhau m mi nhm c vai tr ring trong cc khu ring bit ca
mng li nh s thy phn di y. Cc ch th ny to ra cc cu trc an xen
chng ln trong khng gian, ni d man v vn minh khng h c cc ng
bin rnh mch.
Thc t ny l h qu ca mt qu trnh di c v thm thu dn c phc tp
v ko di. S gia nhp ca nhiu nhm ngi Vit khc nhau vo vng t ny
dc theo cc cuc vin chinh thi Trn, H, L, v t cui th k XV-XVI bin n
thnh cc n v hnh chnh (Cadire 1902, 55-73; Cadire 1903, 164-205). Cuc
di c c tnh quy m c ghi chp chc chn l s kin nm 1558. Tuy nhin
gn na th k chin tranh sau gia chnh quyn L v Mc ko theo cc cuc
thm nhp, chy lon v c xm ln qun s t pha bc vo. Thy qun nh Mc
nhiu ln tp kch vng t ny cng nhng mi lin h chnh tr phc tp gia
h Mc v h Nguyn lm gia tng ng k s hin din ca h ng Trong. GS
Trn Quc Vng trong cuc in d nm 1995 c ti nh th h Mc x Tr
Kiu Ty, ni c cun gia ph h Mc dy dn nht m ng tng bit (Hunh 1997,
22-30; Zottoli 2011, 107-16). Trong qu trnh chin tranh vi ng Ngoi, ng
Trong c chnh sch bt ngi v t binh t pha bc vo nh c su trong lnh th
ca mnh. Trng hp dn cc huyn Ngh An trong chin tranh 1653-1657, b
a vo vng Quy Nhn, trong c gia nh Nguyn Hu l v d (KVSTGCM
1884, 22a-b; Quch Tn 1988, 20-23). Qu trnh ny cng tng bc sp nhp
22 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

phn cn li ca vng quc Chm v a ngi Vit xen ln vi cc nhm c

dn bn a, bt u l vng t t C Mng n Phan Thit, khu vc c gi
l nagara Champa. Nm 1693, khu vc ny c i tn l Thun Thnh d mt
chnh quyn nh ca ngi Chm cn c duy tr n 1834. Trong nhiu khung
cnh lch s v gc no , cc s gia dn tc ch ngha phn no qun
mt nhng ngi Chm ny bi s hp dn ca khi nim nam tin. Tuy nhin h
ng vai tr rt quan trng khng ch vi t cch l nhng c dn bn a m k
thut, tm nhn bin, v cc mng li ca h c vn dng mt cch c hiu
qu bi cc chnh quyn sau (Li Tana 1998, 32, 132; Wheeler 2001, 72-130).
Cc hc gi nh Emile Gaspardone (1952), Trn Kinh Ha (1964), Li Tana
(1998), Lombard-Salmon (2003), Li Tana v Nola Cooke (2004), Choi Byung
Wook (2004), Yumio Sakurai (2004), Trng Minh t (2008), Claudine Ang
(2012) cng dnh nhiu quan tm cho cc nhm ngi Hoa di c nhiu giai on
v thit lp nn cc nhm khc nhau. Nhng ngi ny n ng Trong theo
nhiu t, vo nhiu thi im v tham d vo cu trc chnh tr, x hi thng qua
nhiu cch thc. t u tin c quy m ln l khong 3.000 ngi trung thnh
vi nh Minh nm 1679, nhng ngi khai ph cc bi sng dc Mekong (Bin
Ha, M Tho), sau pht trin ngc ln dng Mekong. T c s ny m trung
tm hnh chnh u tin ca ngi Vit c xc lp trn h lu Mekong (1698).
Cc mng li Hoa kiu trong khu vc ny r rng ng vai tr ln trong vic
kt ni khng gian a l v xc lp cc khng gian x hi a dng, m v c tnh
gn kt cao thng qua hot ng thng mi. S sp nhp ca H Tin nm 1707
m cnh ca ng Trong ra th gii pha nam v ty, vi ngi Thi, M Lai,
phng Ty v Hoa kiu trn khu vc ny (Lombard-Salmon 2003, 177-227).
Claudine lp lun v vai tr ca cc d n vn minh m Nguyn C Trinh v
Mc Thin T tin hnh hai vng bin ca ng Trong nhm cng c s n nh
v m rng lnh th (Ang 2012, 1-9). Trong khi cc lc lng qun s khc nh
qun Long Mn c vai tr nng ng trong din trnh lnh th ca ng Trong, c
bit l di s dn dt ca cha Nguyn (Sakurai 2004, 41, 44-45). Tuy nhin, vn
cn cc nhm Minh Hng khc cng s ng vai tr ln trong cu trc vn ha
chnh tr, c bit l na cui th k XVIII (Trn 1964). Jean Koffler (1911) d bo
c khong 30.000 ngi Hoa ng Trong vo 1740, trong khi cc thng k khc
xut con s 40.000 vo nm 1780 (Koffler 1911, 460; Lieberman 2003, 409).
Xen ln vo l s xm nhp c dn ca cc nhm cp bin, bun lu,
cc nhm min ni ( Vch), lm cho th gii cc ch th tng tc
ng Trong cc k a dng, n t nhiu khu vc dc theo cc ng bin l ch
(porous borders). Cc nhm ngi khc nhau lin tc thm nhp t mi pha, to ra
mt x hi nng ng, a tng, a cu trc, a chng tc (Anderson 2001, 82-105;
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 23

Anthony 2003). S nng ng ny l l do lm cho dn s ng Trong tng nhanh

chng vi t l gn gp i ng Ngoi. Ly Thun Ha lm v d, dn s ni y
c tnh nm 1417 khong 64.000 ngi, tng ln 378.000 ngi nm 1555
(Li 1998b, 29-30, 171). n 1770, vng Thun Qung c khong 900.000 dn
(Lieberman 2003, 410). Nhng ngi phng Ty hot ng trn lnh th ng
Trong cng gp phn vo s a dng ha ca cu trc x hi trn vng t ny. Cc
thng im bun bn v hot ng giao thng to iu kin cc ch th n
t bn ngoi khu vc ny tham gia v tr thnh mt phn trong cu trc bn a
nng ng. Thng nhn, gio s, th c sng, bc s, nh thin vn hc, l mt
phn trong s hin din tch cc ca th gii phng Ty ng Trong (Cooke
2008, 385; Volkov 2013, 31-67). Mt h qu ca nhng tng tc su rng ny c
th dn ra y l vic c khong 60.000 hay gn 10% dn s vng t ny tr thnh
gio dn trong nhng nm 1660 (Rochon 1793, 390; Guennou 1986, 137). Ngay
c khi c cuc ng chp nhong din ra nm 1643 khi ng Trong t chy
cc tu H Lan, v nm 1705 khi cha Nguyn ph hy thng im ca Anh
Cn o, ngi phng Ty vn c cho n trn vng t ny (Wong Tze-Ken
2012, 1.097-1.115). iu ny phn nh nhn quan c bit trong cch tip cn i
tc bn ngoi ca chnh quyn ng Trong, c bit l so vi cc chnh th ng
khc. Mt nh du hnh ngi Php, Alexis Marie de Rochon, c l n y vo
cui th k XVIII vit rng nh vua, hn ai ht, rt thch (cc gio s phng
Ty), v khuyn khch ngi chu u n cc ca bin thng xuyn hn bun
bn (Rochon 1793, 388).
Cc ch th ny mang theo c cu chnh tr, x hi v bn sc ring ca mnh
ng gp vo mng li ng Trong thng qua qu trnh tng tc, cng gp,
cnh tranh, v tha hip gia cc m hnh chnh tr, t chc x hi v thc hnh
tn gio. Paul Mus ni rng ngi Vit di chuyn dc theo bn o ng Dng
nh mt cn l, mang theo ngi ca mnh n bt c ni u m h c th khai
ph t ai v trng la trn (Mus 1952, 17). Khng ch la nc, ngi Vit
mang theo sau c mt h thng thit ch phc tp ca t chc xm lng, Nho gio
v nh nc tp quyn. Thc t l h phi hc cch tn ti v thch nghi trn
cc khng gian t nhin hon ton khc bit so vi ng bng Sng Hng, Sng
M v Sng C. a hnh ngn, dc v ng bng nh hp, chia ct min Trung
yu cu nhng cch thc t chc mng li kinh t mi t ph thuc hn vo nng
nghip, thay vo l s tng tc vi cc nhm min ni qua cc mng li trao
i ven sng c th ca th gii Malay c thit lp khu vc ny hng
nghn nm trc (Hall 2011, 32; Hardy 2008, 55-65). im cui ca tt c cc
mng li ny u hng ra bin, theo cch m Bennet Bronson m t (Bronson
1977, 39-54). Ngi Chm v cc c dn bn a khc thc hnh h thng lin
24 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

minh chnh tr v quan h kinh t ny mt cch thnh cng n mc vng bin

ng Trong tng c gi l bin Champa v vng quc ny tng nhiu ln
chinh phc cc th ch xung quanh, bao gm c Angkor v i Vit. Tri thc v
truyn thng hng hi ca ngi Chm v Malay r rng gp phn quan trng
trong thnh cng ca cha Nguyn c th ng vng trn vng t ny. N cng
thc y tm nhn hng bin v pht trin cc mi quan h hng hi m khu vc
ny c truyn thng (Reid 1999, 40-55). Khng phi ngu nhin m cc trung tm
nh Ph Xun, Thanh H, Hi An li tr thnh nhng trung tm thng mi quan
trng trong giai on ny trong vic kt ni gia ng Nam v ng . S gn
kt vi bin ca vng t ny cng l c s cho vic kt ni cc nhm c dn bn
ngoi nh Nht Bn, Trung Hoa v phng Ty.
H lu Mekong vi m ly, rng rm, ti nguyn phong ph v cc ng
bin b ng l mt khung cnh khc thch thc vic t chc h thng kinh t v
chnh tr ca ngi Vit. iu kin t nhin ny l khng h d dng xy dng
h thng lng xm v cc thit ch x hi cht ch nh min Bc. iu ny cn
rt nhiu nhn lc, c bit l cho h thng thy li (nh chng ta chng kin
cng cuc khai ph ny t nhng nm 1820 n 1930, Biggs 2010). Thay vo
l h thng kinh t v quan h chnh tr theo con nc ln xung mt x hi
t chc linh hot, da vo t nhin. V th, mi ch th s m nhim nhng khu
no ca cc cu trc kinh t, lin minh x hi, v kt ni chnh tr ny. Ngi
Hoa, Malay, Khmer v Vit ch ng hin thc ha cc chnh tr trn su
khu khng gian rng ln v phc tp ny. M u l vic nm 1669, cha Nguyn
tin hnh o c rung t, chun ha h thng thu kha v khuyn khch dn
khai hoang bng cch xc lp rung t t cho ngi khai khn (NTL 1977, I:
72-73). Theo sau l cc cuc vin chinh thit lp cc hnh lang qun s v hnh
chnh nhm bo tr cho cuc di c v xm nhp lnh th. Chng ta s ni v cc
mi lin minh qun s v bo tr chnh tr ny phn di y, cng nh thc cht
ca cc d n vn minh ca Nguyn C Trinh v h Mc H Tin khng khc g
hn l s thit lp c s h tng cho quyn lc nh nc chnh cc vng bin ca
ng Trong. Cc cha Nguyn vi t cch qun l v cai tr lnh th pht trin
nhng t duy t chc khng gian hp l nhm nh hnh nn cc ng ranh gii
tng lai cho th ch ca mnh thng qua tha hip, chin tranh, v thng lng
quyn lc. Trn ht, l cch thc s dng sc mnh ca cc nhm khc nhau
bng cch thu np h vo h thng chnh tr, kinh t v bin h tr thnh mt phn
trong cu trc x hi mi.
H Tin l v d cho mt cng ng lai ghp (hybrid community) v a bn
sc (multiple identities). Vi t cch l mt ch th tng tc ng Trong, lch
s nng ng ca vng t ny khng dng li nm 1707, m duy tr vi t
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 25

cch l mt trung tm thng mi, chnh tr, v giao lu hc thut ti giao im

ca cc mng li gia ng v ng Nam . Xut pht t mt vng t l
thuc Campuchia, gia nhp vo khng gian ca cha Nguyn tr thnh mt
trn v chp nhn danh hiu phin thuc ca vng triu Thonburi (V 1818, 1a/b;
Trn 1979). Tt c nhng du hiu ny cho thy cch thc a dng m cc ch th
trn khng gian ng Trong tm kim v tr ca mnh trong cu trc khu vc, v t
nh v vai tr nh mt im ni gia cc mng li v vng chng ln gia cc
trung tm tp quyn. Vng t ny triu cng Ph Xun, quy thun Xim, thc y
quan h vi cc nhm ngi Hoa v thng nhn Malay khu vc hi o, giao
thip vi nh Thanh v tham d vo mng li hc thut min nam Trung Hoa.
Bn sc khng gian ca chnh th ny v th khng th n thun gii hn trong
khun kh ca mt cng ng Hoa thng bn b ng ca vnh Thi Lan. Sau
khi nh bi cc cuc tn cng ca Udong (1739), Mc Thin T t xng l Nak
Somdet Pra Sothat hay Reachea Krong Kampucea Tiptei (vua ca Campuchia)
trong cc th t vi Nht Bn. Trong cc th khc, ng xut hin l Somdec Preah
Sotoat/ Sotat (danh hiu m theo bin nin s Campuchia ng vi cha nui ca vua
Campuchia Nak Ton). Mt bc th nh th gi n chnh quyn Tokugawa nm
1742 yu cu thit lp li quan h thng mi gia hai nc (Nel 1923, 131-32;
Trn 1979, 1538, 1554). Trong khi vi cc bin nin s Thi (Pongsawadan) Mc
Thin T c gi l Ong Chen Chun (v tng Trung Hoa) v Phraya Ratchea
Setthi (mt tc hiu nhm ln vi ngi ng u chnh quyn Khmer Bantey
Meas) (Sakurai and Kitagawa 1999, 180). Hn mt thp nin sau , ng ta tip
tc ng vai mt ngi trung gian ha gii gia cha Nguyn v vua Campuchia
(1755-1757) nhn thm 5 vng t mi nh qu tng (V 1818, 8a; Sakurai and
Kitagawa 1999, 165). H Mc cng ch ng tm kim cch thc ha nhp vo
khng gian bn a. Tn gi H Tin l v d cho thy vic cng gp cc huyn
thoi a phng to dng nn bn sc mi (NTL 1977, quyn 1: 111). Trong
khi cc huyn thoi Pht gio, nh s trnh by di y cho php n gn kt hn
vi khung cnh tinh thn ca cc nhm c dn xung quanh. Hn nhn vi ngi
Vit v cc nhm Hoa kiu h lu sng Mekong l n lc tm kim cc ng
minh mi, trong khi mng li tr thc Hn hc c tp hp l s ph din i
vi cc cha Nguyn v cc nhm ngi Hoa khc v s vt tri vn minh v
tnh chnh thng quyn lc m n xy dng.
H Mc l v d v phng thc m cc ch th khng gian ng Trong
tm cch nh v v tr kinh t, chnh tr gia cc mng li a vn ha v vng bin
chng ln ca cc th ch tp quyn. c trng ca khng gian ny l s giao thoa
gia hai chnh th a l ng v ng Nam (nu nh chng ta cha tm ra
khi nim khng gian no thch hp hn). , bn sc l kh nng cng hng,
26 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

tnh nng ng, n hi, ha nhp, v thch nghi hn l s t gii hn trong mt

khng gian ng v s vn hnh x hi thng qua cc thit ch cng nhc. Cng
chnh v th, s hp dn ca vng t ny thu ht nhng i tc t bn ngoi,
nh du hnh Php Pierre Poivre ni rng vng t ny l mt vng quc m bt
c mt ngi cn c no cng u mun n lp nghip (Poivre 1769, 89).
Theo du cc mng li
H (ngi ng Trong) lun sn sng tip nhn nhng k xa l, v rt hi
lng khi thy nhng ngi ny khng ch n t nhng nc lng ging
m cn t nhng vng xa xi nht n bun bn vi h.
Borri 1621: 132

phn ny, chng ta s i theo cc mng li nh hnh v vn hnh x hi

ng Trong. Cc mng li ny m rng nim a l ng Trong vt qua
khng gian m th k XX, cc cng quc bn ngoi s phn chia thnh ng
v ng Nam . Ngay c khi nim v vng a l c Abalahin ra gn y,
Sino-Pacifica cng c v khng ph hp nh v ng Trong v n qu ch
trng vic ly Trung Hoa lm trung tm m qun mt cc ch th khc b bn kia
ca Bin ng (Abalahin 2011, 659-91). Thc t, tnh cch a l ng Trong a
dng hn nhiu thng qua h thng phc hp kh tch ri ca cc mng li kinh
t, trao i thng mi cho n thit ch tn gio, lin h chnh tr, tc ngi v
quan h hn nhn. Cc cu trc ny gip vn hnh ng Trong v nh hnh nn
bn sc ca khng gian x hi ny: a dng tc ngi, lin kt mng li v hng
ngoi. Chng ta s kho st tinh thn ny cc quan h kinh t, mng li Pht
gio, hc thut, cnh tranh quyn lc vng, v n lc kt ni vi th gii bn ngoi.
S gn kt ca ng Trong gia cc mng li Trung Hoa xng ng c
cp y nh mt cch thc tm kim s thnh vng kinh t, chnh thng
v chnh tr, m rng lnh th. Trong ni bt l s kt ni vi mng li Pht
gio duyn hi min nam Trung Hoa. Thng qua mi lin h ny, cha Nguyn
thu ht dng thng nhn v bt mi cho cc lin h chnh tr vi phng Bc
tm kim s cng nhn ca nh Thanh. Charles Wheeler cho rng i vi ng
Trong, cc kt ni ny tr thnh thit ch th ba mang li s thnh vng v bn
vng bn cnh qun s v thng mi (Wheeler 2007, 303-24). Cha Nguyn v
th c m t l rt thit tha cho n cc nh s nh Thch i Sn. ng ny
c cha vit th mi n ba ln, v ngi a th chnh l cc thng nhn
Phc Kin. Bn thn cuc hnh trnh ca ng cng trn mt con tu thng mi
y p cc thng nhn v hng ha giong bum thng hng ng Trong (i
Sn 1695 [1987], 2). Cc chuyn i nh vy l mt bc thng ip r rng v tn
gio, thng mi v chnh tr. Cc bui l Pht gio m i Sn tin hnh ng
Trong c thng bo l c s lng ng o cc tn tham d, c bit l cc
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 27

thnh vin h Nguyn. Claudine Salmon (2005) cng cp n mt chic chung

c t c ti Qung ng v cha bao gi c chuyn v ng Trong. Chic
chung ny c vo nm 1693 bi mt v c danh hiu Nam Hong quc s v
ngi Quc nh Nguyn Th o (Lombard-Salmon 2005, 323).
Tn gio ny cng l tr ct ca cc nghi thc thc hnh vn ha H Tin,
vng t bao quanh bi cc nhm c dn Pht gio. N bt u bng huyn thoi
v s ra i ca Mc Thin T v pho tng Pht xut hin Lng K, ni mt
ngi cha c xy dng th phng (V 1818, 2b). H Mc r rng nhn
thy sc mnh ca tn gio ny trn vng khng gian tc ngi a dng m h
ang c kim sot. Pht gio c th l mt mu s chung. V th, cc huyn thoi
c to dng nhm cung cp t liu cho s chnh danh chnh tr. Ngi m
ca Mc Cu cng l mt tn sng bi o Pht v nghe ni b qua i trong
khi ang lm l trc tng Pht. V th, ngi ta c tng v lp am th b
trn cha Tam Bo (V 1818, 4b). R rng l mt din ngn tn gio v chnh
tr quan trng ca vng t ny, v mi lin h gia bo tr Pht gio v cch thc
nhm quy t nhiu nhm c dn. Cc ngi cha ca H Tin cng tr thnh ti
trong vn chng tn vinh vng t ny, tr thnh mt trong mi thng cnh ca
H Tin thp vnh (Mc 1736).
Cc mng li Pht gio t min nam Trung Hoa l mt cu trc quan trng
trong giai on u pht trin ca ng Trong trong qu trnh thu ht nhng ngi
di c, cc dng thng nhn v tr thc nhm tm kim nhn lc cho vng t mi
khai ph, i tc cho cc mng li thng mi, v li khuyn v nhng chnh
sch cai tr khn kho i vi vng t non tr. Tt c nhng chng trnh ngh s
ny u c t nhiu h l trong cuc m thoi gia i Sn v cha Nguyn
(Trn 1960, 17-25). Cng vi i Sn c Chu Thun Thy trong vng 12 nm
(1646-1658) n Qung Nam 5 ln. R rng ng Trong l a bn quan trng
trn ng bin/hnh lang duyn hi pha nam (Chinese maritime frontier) ca cc
nhm d l thng nhn, tn gio, hay tr thc. Cc cuc vin chinh qun s ca
nh Thanh y thm nhiu ngi Hoa xung vng ven bin trong mt k nguyn
bng n ca cc mng li Trung Hoa kt ni vi ng Nam v ng Trong
n nhn xu th ny. Khi chnh quyn Mc Ph hn ch tu bun n Nagasaki,
cc tu ny chuyn hng xung pha nam v mt phn quan trng gh cc cng
ng Trong (Trn 1957, 7). khu vc Qung ng v Hng Kng, thng nhn
t chc thnh cc hng bun ln, c bit n nh l Thp tam hng m khng
gian thng mi ch yu l gia duyn hi nam Trung Hoa vi cc trung tm ven
Bin ng (Trn 2001). Thm na l vic gia tng nhp khu go t h lu sng
Mekong n min nam Trung Hoa, ni c dn s tng nhanh v nhiu bin ng
chnh tr cng thc y vai tr kt ni ca vng t ny (Li 1998, 69; Lieberman
28 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

2003, 409; Reid 2004, 23). Cc ghi chp khong 1695 cho bit c khong 10-12
thuyn bunTrung Hoa gh Hi An hng nm (Lamb 1970, 52; Cadire and Mir
1920, 183-240). Cng trong khong thi gian ny, cha Nguyn Phc Chu c
dn li ni rng s thuyn thng mi tng t 6-7 ln 16-17, v mang li ngun
thu ng k cho ngn kh (i Sn 1695 [1987], 63). Cc thng k khc t t liu
Trung Quc v Nht Bn cng cho thy 1/4 thuyn Chu n Nht Bn bun bn
vi ng Trong, trong khi 30% thuyn bun Trung Quc gh Nht Bn trong giai
on 1642-1720 xut pht t khu vc ny (Li Tana 1998, 68-69).
Cc lin h tn gio v hc thut v th l xc tc cho mt dng chy ln hn
ca thng nhn, hng ha, con ngi v cc tham vng chnh tr. Mng li trao
i vn chng, hc thut gia duyn hi nam Trung Hoa, Nht Bn, Ph Xun,
Thun Qung, H Tin cng l mt im nhn gip nh hnh nn khng gian
tng tng ni gii tinh hoa ng Trong tm kim v tr ca mnh trong th gii
ng . Hai mi lm trong tng s ba mi hai thnh vin ca tao n Chiu
Anh Cc H Tin n t Trung Hoa, trong khi cc thnh vin khc ca hc gi
ng Trong nh Nguyn C Trinh thng xuyn tham gia cng nh trao i th
t v vn chng (L 1776, II: 149b, 170a). S lin h gia mng li Trung Hoa
v d n chnh tr (theo cch gi ca cc s gia phng Ty) ca cha Nguyn v
h Mc l r rng. Khng km phn quan trng so vi cc bui thuyt ging Pht
php l cc cuc m o v thc hnh chnh tr. i Sn dng ln cha Nguyn
lp quc chnh c gm 18 iu xoay quanh t chc h thng nh nc. Cha
Nguyn Phc Chu tuyn b rng: Php dn tnh nc ta cha c ng n,
nay nh Lo Ha thng em l php Trung Hoa, v ta t by 18 iu, nn khc
vo bng treo trc ph ng, hiu d cho vn v qun dn u bit (Trn 1960,
23-24). i Sn cng khuyn khch cu phong i vi nh Thanh nh mt cch
thc cng c v th quyn lc ng Trong (Trn 1960, 25). Nm 1702, Nguyn
Phc Chu c s phi on sang Qung ng xin nh Thanh cng nhn (NTL
1977, I: 106). Trong c bc th do L Qu n dn li:
Thn vng mi tha ca t tng, m mang t ai ngoi bin ln, k lu
nm, cng vi cc nc phng nam t trc cha tng l thuc vo u. ng
s xa xi, t ai nh hp, cha dm by t vi thin triu. Cha ng thn tin Pht,
i i tu hnh. Thy thn l Qung ng Trng Th Am tng nhn Thch Lim,
nhng lc ging tng kinh in rnh rang thng thut chuyn Hong thng l
bc thnh nhn vn v, nhn c nh tri. Bn Qung ng gim sinh Hong
Thn, tng nhn Hng Trit cng u xng tng Thin triu thanh gio, truyn
tng khp phng xa, khin cng thy n Hong mnh mng, nghnh trng
gio ha nh trng nh mt tri mt trng, trm mong c lm nc ph dung,
trn c v vang cho vic th cng tin t di c rng r cho s quan chim
ca dn chng. (L 1776, II: 176a).
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 29

D cc n lc ca ng Trong khng c chp nhn nhng h Nguyn

vn duy tr th t qua li thng xuyn vi chnh quyn Qung ng (L 1776,
II: 176a-178a). S gn kt vi cc mng li tn gio, thng mi v trao i hc
thut vi Trung Hoa c coi l cng c gip chnh quyn ng Trong kt ni v
tm kim s bo tr t nh Thanh. ng thi n cng cung cp cc m hnh v th
ch chnh tr cho nhng ngi cm quyn thiu kinh nghim trn vng t non tr
v mi xc lp.
B cho s thc hnh chnh tr ny l cch thc cng c cu trc x hi v
quan h chnh tr ng Trong. Chng c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng
cch khc nhau, t hn nhn, vin chinh qun s, ng ha, tha hip, v trao i
cc li ch kinh t. Bng cch , cc mng li bn trong gip cng c sc mnh
ca vng t ny v nh hnh lch s ca n trong hai th k (ch dng ca
s gia Nguyn Phng). Hn nhn nh mt cch thc xc lp v cng c mng
li. Chng ta thy r s thc hnh ny din ra ph bin ng Trong bi
nhiu ch th khc nhau, trong nhng khng gian a l v cc lin h cu trc a
dng. thi k nh cao ca cc thuyn Chu n Nht Bn, cha Nguyn Phc
Nguyn g con gi ca mnh cho thng nhn Nht Bn Araki Sotaro (1619)
nh l mt n lc kt ni vi mng li cc thng nhn v Samurai Nht Bn
(Matsuda 2012, 89). ng thi, c l cng l cch thc nhm tng tc hu
hiu vi th gii hng hi pha bc, ni chng ta bit l nn cp bin ang ngy
cng pht trin, c bit l vo cui thi Minh v u thi Thanh (Antony 2003;
Chin 2014, 93-112; Dardess 2013, 89-138). Bn thn Nguyn Phc Nguyn cng
phi ch huy hm i y lui mt cuc cp ph nh th vo nm 1585 ca
Shirahama Kenchi (NTL 1977, I: 24). C t nht hai cuc hn nhn ngoi giao
khc c thc hin di thi v cha Nguyn ny. Ngoi cuc hn nhn vi
vua Campuchia Chey Chetta II (1620) c cp trn m nhiu ngi cho l s
bo tr ca b cng cha Vit m u cho cuc di c vo h lu sng Mekong,
cn c vic cng cha Nguyn Phc Ngc Khoa c g cho vua Chm Po Rome
(khong 1627-51) (Wong Tze-Ken 2011, 246). D cc s liu v s kin ny cn
phi kho cu thm, n cho thy mt khuynh hng r rng trong cch thc h
Nguyn tm cch m rng khng gian ca mnh. H Mc H Tin dng nh cng
s dng nhng cch thc tng t khi thc y cc cuc hn nhn vi ngi Vit
v kt thn vi cc nhm ngi Hoa khc nh mt cch thc tm kim v xy dng
cu trc trong khng gian sinh tn ca mnh (V 1818, 11a).
Trong khi cc tng chnh tr ca ng Trong c ly cm hng t cc
mng li pha bc, th sc mnh trin khai cc tng ny c kt ni t cc
mng li phng nam. Lin h vi ng Nam v phng Ty to ra cc c
ch x hi nng ng khc cho vng t ny, c bit l vai tr iu tit khu vc
30 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

v cc m rng khng gian quyn lc. ng Trong khng ch nm trung

tm ca ng bin Trung Hoa m cn l im trung chuyn ca vnh ai khai
khong thic trn bn o Malay v Bangka, ni m Reid gi l ng bin khai
m (mining frontier) ng Nam (Reid 2004, 24). Cc hi cng ca vng ny
c vai tr iu phi gia mng li Trung Hoa pha bc v mng li Malay v cc
nc ng Nam lc a pha nam. Barbara Andaya khi kho st v Sumatra v
hot ng thng mi ca khu vc ny nhn mnh tm quan trng ca H Tin
v ng Trong trong giao thng vi ng Nam hi o, c bit l cc trung
tm h tiu v thic trn duyn hi Sumatra, Bangka, Riau, v bn o Malay vi
min nam Trung Hoa (Andaya 1993, 123, 191, 218, 219). Go t h lu Mekong
c ch trn cc thuyn ca cha Nguyn n Batavia (Li 1998b, 76). Trong khi
cc t liu khc cng cho thy vo gia th k XVII, hng nm c khong 4 thuyn
t ng Trong tin hnh bun bn vi Manila (Chaunu Pierre 1960, 60-62).
Charlotte Phm (2016) lp lun rng duyn hi ng Trong l trung tm
ca cc tuyn ng bin t nam Trung Hoa hay Nht Bn xung v t vnh Thi
Lan, Malacca hay t qun o Indonesia ln, v n cung cp con ng an ton
nht (Pham 2016, 101-2). Trong khi vng h lu Mekong cng l khng gian t tr
(autonomy) cui cng ng bn ngoi khng gian tp quyn gia ba quyn lc c
tham vng nh hng v xc lp ch quyn l Bangkok, Udong v Hu. Hai nhn
t ny r rng thc y cc thng nhn phng Ty, nhng ngi mun xc lp
ti cc ng bin v v tr chin lc trong khu vc, ni giao thoa gia cc trung
tm thng mi Nht Bn, Trung Hoa, Manila, ng Ngoi vi th gii ng Nam
. Khng gian m ny cn l a im l tng ca cc nh truyn gio m con s
10% gio dn ni trn l mt minh chng. Thng nhn phng Ty cng c th
tip cn cc ngun ti nguyn phong ph t rng dc theo mt khu vc rng ln
ca dy Trng Sn ko di n ni u Khu, cng nh tip cn th trng Lo,
Campuchia (Marini v Bertuccio 1998; Kersten 2003). Chnh v v tr ny m sau
nhiu ln kho st v thng lng, cui cng ngi Anh thit lp mt thng
im trn Cn o (1702-1705) (Wong Tze-Ken 2012, 1103-8). Borri (1621) cng
m t v s tng tc ca ng Trong vi th gii bn ngoi:
Khng cn phi li ko, nhng ngi bn ngoi b cm d bi ngun li
v s thnh vng trn ngp trn vng t ny. V th, h n y khng ch t
ng Ngoi, Campuchia, Qung ng, v cc vng t ln cn khc, m cn t
cc vng t xa xi nht ca Trung Hoa, Macao, Nht Bn, Manila, Malacca; tt c
h mang theo bc n ng Trong v a i cc ha vt t vng t ny.
Nh vua ca ng Trong cho php t do tip nhn ngi t bt c quc
gia no, ngi H Lan cng ti vi loi hng ha
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 31

Nh vua (ng Trong) chng t rng ng khng s bt c nc no trn th

gii, hon ton tri ngc vi vua Trung Hoa, ng ny s tt c, ng ca khng
cho ngi ngoi quc vo v khng cho php bun bn trong nc. (Dror v
Taylor 2006, 132, 133, 135).
S kt ni vi phng Ty v th gii ng Nam c tm quan trng c
bit trong vic nh hnh khng ch khuynh hng lnh th ca vng t ny m
cn mang li k thut qun s, hng hi, hi qun v s a dng x hi, tn gio
(Mantienne 2003, 519-534; Vu n.d.). S gn b vi phng Ty ng Trong l
cht ch hn rt nhiu so vi ng Ngoi v s c tip tc duy tr cho n khi
Vit Nam c thng nht nm 1802. y l mt xu th quan trng gp phn vo
s nng ng ca cc thc th lch s ng Trong. N cng gp phn l gii v sao
s thng nht lnh th Vit Nam u th k XIX li c thc hin t Nam ra Bc.
Nu so snh ng Trong vi Nht Bn, Trung Quc hay ng Ngoi, khng
mt th ch no tip cn phng Ty theo cch thc tng t. Nht Bn ng ca
v dng v lc vi Thin Cha gio. ng Ngoi chm dt tun trng mt vi
phng Ty, c bit l ngi H Lan khi h thy lin minh ny khng gip ch
cho cc qun s pha nam (Hoang 2007, 115-23). D ng Trong tng tri
qua xung t vi ngi H Lan (1643), tn cng ph hy thng im ca Anh
(1705), v cm o (1690), thng nhn v gio s phng Ty lun c cho
n. V th Nola Cooke lp lun rng cuc cm o nm 1690 l rt c bit, v
n khng i km theo n p tn gio. Ngc li, c mt truyn thng lu di
nhng ngi phng Ty tch cc can d vo h thng x hi v chnh tr ca
vng t ny. H ng vai tr nh cc bc s hong cung, nh Bartolomeu da
Costa (hay dAcosta, 1629?-1695?), Giambattista Sanna (1682-1726), Sbastien
(hay Etienne?), Pirs (n ng Trong vo nhng nm 1720), Johann Siebert
(1708-1745), Karl Slamenski (1708?-1746), Johann Koffler (1711-1785), v Joo
de Loureiro (1710-1791); hay cc nh thin vn hc nh Juan Antonio Arnedo
(1660-1715), Francisco de Lima (1688-sau 1726), Josef Negebauer (1706-1759),
Francisco Xavier de Monteiro (?-1776), v Bento Ferreira (nhng nm 1750).
Danh sch ny s ko di n tn cui th k XVIII vi Pierre-Joseph Pigneaux de
Bhaine (1741-1799), c vn qun s, ngi t chc mng li hu cn, v nh
ngoi giao thay mt Nguyn nh giao thip vi phng Ty (Duteil 1998, 283-
97). Thm ch trong nhng nm 1792-1793, ng ny l ngi chu trch nhim t
chc mng li sn xut v kh, thuc sng ti cc cng xng ca cha Nguyn
(John 1806, 273; Crawfurd 1967, 504-5).
V kh, k thut qun s, v nhn lc t s lin h vi phng Ty l sn
phm c bit gip cho s pht trin sc mnh ca ng Trong v h tr cho
chnh tr ca cc cha Nguyn. Borri ni rng t cc con tu B o Nha v H
32 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

Lan b m, cha Nguyn thu c t nht hn 60 khu i bc ln t ti kinh

(Dror v Taylor 2006, 127). Ngun v kh ch yu ca ng Trong cho n na
u th k XVIII l t B o Nha. H l nhng ngi c mt sm (1584) trn
vng t ny v trc tip tham d vo mng li sn xut v kh ca cha Nguyn
(Manguin 1972, 3). Joo da Cruz (1610?-1682) phng s di thi cha Nguyn
Phc Tn trong xng c sng ca ng Trong cho ti khi qua i. Hai trong s
cc khu sng c c ti ng Trong ny hin c trng by trc tr s B
Quc phng Thi Lan Bangkok (hnh 3-4) vi dng ch dnh cho nh vua, v
cha t v i ca Cochinchina, Champa, Cambodia; c c bi Joo da Crus
vo nm 1667 (Volkov 2013, 62). Boxer cng gi v vic cha Nguyn cng
tm kim tip cn i vi xng c sng Bocarro do ngi B o Nha thit lp
Macao (1627-1628), ni c cho l to ra nhng khu i bc bng ng p
nht phng ng (Boxer 1985, 167). Tt c nhng n lc ny lm gia tng ng
k s lng i bc ng Trong ln khong 1.200 khu nm 1750 (theo thng k
ca Poivre), m Li Tana cho rng phn ln trong s chng c c ti Hu theo
k thut ca ngi B o Nha (Li v Reid 1993, 70).

Hnh 3. Khu thn cng s 23, ti tr s B Hnh 4. Ch khc trn khu thn cng s 23
Quc phng Thi Lan, Bangkok, do Joo da (Alexei Volkov 2013: 61).
Cruz c nm 1667. (Alexei Volkov 2013: 61).

n cui th k XVIII, c bit l trong lc lng qun s ca Nguyn nh,

vai tr ca nhng ngi phng Ty cng gia tng. Mt hm i ring vi cc tu
chin phng Ty c thnh lp vi 1.200 thy th (Barrow 1806, 283). Ngoi
ra c 349 ngi phng Ty phc v trong qun i ca cha Nguyn, bao gm
ba thuyn trng Nguyn Vn Thng (Chaigneau, ch huy tu Long Phi), Nguyn
Vn Chn (Vannier, ch huy tu Phng Phi), v L Vn Lng (De Forsans, ch huy
tu Bng Phi) (Phm 1961, 221; Wilcox 2006, 194-218). Lc lng ny vi k
thut thy chin phng Ty chc chn ng vai tr khng nh trong thnh
cng ca Nguyn nh v ca x ng Trong nh l lc lng thng nht Vit
Nam sau hn hai th k xung t.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 33

Kt lun
ng Trong: a l, mng li v bn sc
Con ngi phn chia b mt Tri t thnh cc khu vc a l theo nhng li
ch, khuynh hng v nht nh. S phn chia ng v ng Nam chnh
l h qu ca cc tng tc a chnh tr hin i ca ch ngha thc dn, chin
tranh lnh, v cc toan tnh ton cu. S phn chia ny r rng lm m i bn sc,
tnh nng ng cng nh s kt ni ca cc cng ng bn a. S tn ti v pht
trin ca cc cng ng ny da trn cc mng li v s tng tc ca chng
vt ra khi cc ng ranh gii a chnh tr hin i. iu ny yu cu cc s
gia phi tm kim nhng cch tip cn khng gian mi, nhiu chiu, vt ra khi
nhng phm vi khng gian c xc lp tm kim tri thc v cc cch din
dch lch s mi.
Mt s hc gi tm kim nhng cch thc mi ny bng cch khoanh vng
a l theo mng li v cc ch th ca tng tc hn l gii hn khng gian lch
s trong cc ng phn chia trn bn hin i. Charles Wheeler l mt v d
khi c gng tm kim mt lch s tng tc ca khu vc cng th Hi An thng
qua m hnh lch s c gi l thng mi xuyn vn ha v cc mng li lin
vng (cross-cultural trade and Trans-regional networks, Wheeler 2001). Bi vit
ny xut mt tip cn mi cho x ng Trong thng qua vic theo ui nhng
din bin lch s ca n theo khng gian a l c nh du bng dng chy ca
con ngi (human flows), v qua gi v cch thc nh ngha khng gian mi
(new conception of space v place-making) i vi vng min Trung v h lu
sng Mekong Vit Nam. Tip cn ng Trong da theo cu trc khng gian ca
cc mng li v ch th ca cc mng li nhn nhn khu vc ny nh mt mi
trng ca giao lu, sn phm ca cc tng tc xuyn vn ha (encompassing
cultural repertoire). iu ny thc y cc tip cn lch s mi cho Vit Nam nhn
t khung cnh khu vc. Gii nghin cu chu gn y cng ang thc y nhng
cch thc nhm nh v cc khng gian a l mi nghin cu cc ch th lch s
khc nhau. iu ny gip tm ra nhng khu vc a l hoc xen k, hoc b lu m,
t c quan tm. Mt trong cc khu vc b lng qun ny chnh l Zomia - mt
khu vc a l t nhin v con ngi c th (human and physical geography), tri
di t dy Trng Sn Vit Nam, Nam Lo, khu vc Shan Myanmar, cc tnh Ty
Nam Trung Quc cho ti cc khu vc ni cao ca n , Afghanistan. Thc th
a l ny c m t nh mt th gii ca cc sc dn vng cao sng bn l cc
nn vn minh v nh nc trong hng nghn nm (van Schendel 2002; Scott 2009).
Bi vit ny ly cm hng t cch tip cn khng gian nhm tm kim nhng
tri nghim lch s mi ca cc c dn ng Trong (new knowledge of human
experience) bng cch ti nh v cc nhm ngi ny gia cc khng gian khu
34 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

vc hin i m ngy nay chng ta bit n nh l ng v ng Nam . Theo

sau cc dng chy ca di c tn gio, thng mi, vn ha, lin kt chnh tr nhm
gip c hnh dung mi v cu trc khng gian ca ng Trong (new imagination
of spatial mobilization) m t nh hnh nn bn sc v m hnh lch s ca khu
vc ny cho n tn ngy nay.
lm c iu , ng Trong c tip cn khng phi t cc thnh ly
ng kn v s ngn tr a l m l mt khng gian m, tng tc v a dng
v mt cu trc vn ha, tc ngi, v quan h quyn lc, cng nh s tng tc,
cnh tranh, v tha hip gia cc nhm khc nhau ny trong vic nh hnh nn
khng gian chnh tr v x hi. Khng gian ny r rng l rng ln hn rt nhiu
so vi cch chng ta nhn nhn thc th a l truyn thng, ko di t min duyn
hi pha nam Trung Hoa, Nht Bn, vng vnh Thi Lan, bn o Malay, qun o
Indonesia, v cc thng im khu vc ca thng nhn phng Ty. Trong khi
tnh co dn v n hi ca n dc theo cc mng li cho php hiu r hn v bn
sc v s vn hnh bn trong ca x hi ng Trong.
Trong khng gian mi ny, ng Trong khng phi l ngoi bin ca vn
minh nh cch n vn c m t bi gii s phu Bc H (L 1776). N cng
khng nm trn ng bin ca mt ng Ngoi Hn ha (Sinicization) v
Champa n ha (Indianization) nh cch gi ca cc hc gi thuc a (Cds
1944). Ngc li, bn thn ng Trong l khng gian trung tm v ch th ca cc
mi giao lu lin vng thng qua s m rng a l v pha nam v m rng cu
trc giao thng bng ng bin. Chnh iu ny gip nh hnh nn cc c
trng vn ha, chnh tr ca ng Trong, mt khng gian c xy dng trn cc
mng li v mt cu trc a l m, ni m cc dng chy tc ngi, v s ra,
vo ca cc nhm khc nhau hu nh khng b hn ch, mt du n m nt ca
quan h lin ni- (inter-Asian connections) trong lch s Vit Nam.
VL
CH THCH
(1) Mc 1558 v cu chuyn v vic Nguyn Hong lo ngi cho s an nguy ca mnh nn ch
ng xin vo Nam l din ngn lch s ph bin c xy dng th k XIX (i Nam thc
lc v i Nam lit truyn) v tr thnh ph bin th k XX c i vi cc hc gi Vit Nam
v nc ngoi. Nm 1558 v th cng c coi l mc khi u ca ng Trong. Tuy nhin
chng ta vn cha c cc t liu th k XVI cp n chi tit ny v Nguyn Hong
v Bc trong mt thi gian cui th k XVI. Trong khi ch c thm cc nghin cu thu o
hn, mc 1600 c l l hp l nh du cho s nh hnh ca mt ng Trong t tr.
(2) Nguyn vn trong bi Giang Thnh d c, , [V lc thm
tha anh ch quyn, Nht Nam cnh v li an lao]: em lc thao p li tnh minh ch,
gi vng vng bin thy ca Nht Nam.
Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016 35

(3) Tc gi cm n GS. Leonard v Barbara W., Andaya v thng tin ny.

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TM TT
Trc khi ch ngha thc dn xc lp cc ng phn chia a l ng Nam theo cc
li ch ring ca h, c dn khu vc ny c nhng cch thc t duy khng gian ring. Nh
cch thc nh ngha v tip cn khng gian ny m h c cch thc khc phn chia b mt
Tri t thnh phm vi a l c th vi cc mng li v li ch ca chnh h. Vo th k XVI,
c mt nhm ngi Vit nh th la chn i v pha nam, v bt u xc lp khu vc thuc
min Trung Vit Nam ngy nay. Cng vi cc c dn bn a, h thit lp nn mt chnh quyn
t tr so vi ng Ngoi, c bit n vi tn gi ng Trong, hay Cochinchina. Trong vng hai
th k, bng cch to ra mt khng gian a l ring vi vic m rng lnh th v pha nam v
thc y cc tng tc vi c cc nhm min ni v mng li ni bng ng bin, chnh th
mi khng ch ng vng trc cc cuc tn cng t pha bc m cn pht trin thnh vng.
Bi vit ny s ti nh hng khng gian ca x ng Trong nh mt khu vc kt ni gia ng
v ng Nam thng qua kho st s m rng lnh th, kt ni cc mng li giao thng, v
xc lp cu trc quyn lc vng. Nghin cu ny s lp lun rng ng Trong pht trin mt
khuynh hng tip cn khng gian c o da trn cc mng li nm xen ln gia hai khu
42 Tp ch Nghin cu v Pht trin, s 4 (130) . 2016

vc m ngy nay c gi l ng v ng Nam , v cung cp mt mu hnh th v v tng

tc ni (Inter-Asian Connection). Th ch ny, trong khi hng v phng bc tm kim cc
mu hnh chnh tr, sc mnh vn ha v tn gio thit k cc cu trc chnh tr m n mun
xy dng, hng v phng nam tm kim cc ngun lc, khng gian lnh th, v dn s
bin chnh tr thnh hin thc. Anthony Reid (2015) lp lun rng khng gian ng
Nam c bit v n khng Hoa cng chng n. Tuy nhin, nh ngha chnh xc n l g
th Reid vn b ng cu tr li. Bng cch ln theo cc mng li v nhn din ch nhn ca n
trn vng t ng Trong, cch tip cn ny c th l mt n lc tr li cu hi trn bng cch
t ng Trong trong nhng khng gian lch s v tng tc x hi m.
ABSTRACT
CONNECTING NETWORKS AND ORIENTING POLITICS OF SPACE:
RELOCATING NGUYN COCHINCHINA BETWEEN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
IN THE SIXTEENTH TO EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
Before colonial empires dominated geopolitical and economic interest in Southeast Asia,
the local had built their own economic and political networks. By the sixteenth century, a group of
Vietnamese people left behind their traditional base in the Red River delta and moved southward
to the areas of present-day central and southern Vietnam. They established an autonomous
domain called the Inner Region (ng Trong), or known to the west as the Nguyn Cochinchina.
Growing prosperously for two centuries, the region was not only able to defense itself from the
northern rival in Hanoi, but also to expand dramatically into the lower Mekong, and Khmer frontier
along Vietnamese-Cambodian border. Its rulers presented a unique geographical consciousness
in order to position themselves in the world of Asia Pacific. In the sixteenth to the eighteenth
centuries, there is no better place can reveal the idea of connecting geography and orienting
political space between East and Southeast Asia than the Nguyn Cochinchina.This paper
examines early modern Vietnams geographical configuration through connecting economic
network and orienting political landscape. It argues that the Nguyn Cochinchina had developed
a unique perspective of geographical orientation along the frontier between East and Southeast
Asia. It looked norh for political model and administrative technique, but looked south for territorial
expansion and resources to implement their political project. By doing this, Nguyen Cochinchina
offered a fascinating example of those standing at the crossroad of Asian networks, between
the two geopolitical spaces which we now label as East and South East Asia. Anthony Reid
(2015) recognizes Southeast Asia as a space of not China, not India, but unable to precisely
define what it is in the between. By tracing the networks and identifying the spatial aspect of
political acclimatization, this paper attempts to answer that issue by placing the Inner Region in
the historical backgrounds and open social interaction.