PROBLEMS

3.1 A petroleum reservoir has an areal extent of 20,000 ft2 and a pay zone
thickness of 100 ft. The reservoir rock has a uniform porosity of 35%. What is
the pore volume of this reservoir? (2 marks)

Pore Volume=Areal Extent*Thickness*porosity=20000*100*.35=700000ft2

3.2 Assuming unit formation thickness, determine the average porosity for the
following system when a = 0.2, b =0.11, c = 0.29, L1 = 0.35 L, and ha = hb = 0.5
hc (6 marks)

Areal-weighted Average =(L*c*hc )+ (hcb (L-L1)*0.5)+

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3.3 A 37.5485 g cleaned and dried core plug was flooded with a 0.75 g/cm3
crude oil for several days to ensure complete saturation. On termination of the
flood, the plug weighed 44.4178 g. What is the oil storage capacity of this plug?
(3 marks).

3.4 Assuming a sandstone grain density of 2.65 g/cm3, calculate the porosity of
a 3 in. long sandstone core sample of 1.5 in. width and breadth, respectively, if
the grains weigh 250.0 g? (3 marks).

3.5 Calculate the weight of 1 m3 sandstone of 14% porosity, assuming a sand

grain density of 2.65 g/cm3? (3 marks).

3.6 Calculate the arithmetic average and thickness-weighted average porosity

for the following core data:

Sample Number Depth (ft) Porosity (%)

1 3705.5 40.1

2 3707 35.1

3 3708 39.3

4 3710 36.5

5 3713 29.1

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PROBLEMS
4.1 In an experiment similar to that of Darcy's, the flow rate of water was observed
to be 5.0 cm3/min. If the experiment were repeated with oil, what would be the
flow rate for oil? The difference between the upstream and downstream
hydraulic gradients h are the same for both the experiments (measured with
water for water experiment and with oil for oil experiment). (4 marks).
Additional data: oil viscosity = 2.5 cP, water viscosity = 0.8 cP, oil density = 0.85
g/cm3 and water density = 1.0 g/cm3?

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4.2 Brine flood in a 1.9-in-long and l.5-in-diameter core plug from the North Sea
resulted in a stabilized pressure drop of 46.05 psi. The flood was carried out at
0.05 mL/min with brine viscosity of 0.443 cP. Determine the absolute
permeability of this plug in millidarcies. (3 marks).

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4.3 Three beds of equal cross section have permeabilities of 100, 200, and 300 mD
and lengths of 50, 15, and 85 ft, respectively. What is the average permeability
of the beds placed in series? (3 marks).

4.4 Three beds of 50, 110, and 795 mD, and 5, 7, 15 ft thick, respectively, are
conducting fluid in parallel flow. If all are of equal length and width, what is the
average permeability? (3 marks).

4.5 Develop equations for radial flow- in parallel and serial flow systems. (4 marks).

PROBLEMS
5.1. A 10-mm-diameter and 50-mm-long sandstone core plug is pulled with 1500N
force. The final reading of the extensometer (an instrument used to measure
deformations) is 50.07 mm. Calculate the stress and strain under this load.

5.2. An unconfined triaxial test was carried out on a 1.0-in.-diameter and 2.5-in.-
long core sample from an Australian field. The sample was axially loaded at a
rate of 210 lb/sec up to 80 sec, the time at which it failed. The triaxial test
resulted in a deformation in both the axial and lateral directions. The change in
the diameter is 0.0005 in.; the change in the length is 0.004 in. Calculate the
latitudinal and longitudinal strains, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and
the ultimate strength of the sample.

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5.3. Estimate the total reservoir compressibility for a sandstone formation that is
characterized by a porosity of 25%. The reservoir is undersaturated (i.e., no initial
gas cap is present) and the oil and water saturations are 70 and 30%, respectively.
The compressibility of oil and water are 7.5 x 10-5 psi-1 and 2.5 x 10-5 psi-1,
respectively.

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Figure 2.68. Pore volume compressibility versus porosity (Hall, 1953).

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5.4. Six cylindrical core plugs of 2.54 cm diameter and 3.81 cm length were taken
from an Alaskan North Slope reservoir. After cleaning, porosities of all the plugs
were measured by a helium porosimeter. Subsequently, all samples were fully
saturated with a 0.07 m brine such that, Sw= 1. Each sample was placed in a
resistivity apparatus and V values were measured for current flow of 0.01 A.
Determine the formation factor F, for each core plug and estimate parameters
a and m for Archie's formation factor equation.

5.5. Sample 4 from the previous data set was flooded with crude oil, in several steps,
in order to displace the brine. The remaining water saturation and V values were
measured at each of these displacement steps. Based on the measured data given
below and other data from the problem 3, calculate the true formation
resistivity Rt, as a function of water saturation Sw and subsequently determine the
saturation exponent n of the Archie's saturation equation.

5.6. Based on the results from problems 3 and 4, estimate the hydrocarbon
saturation in the reservoir if the log analysis indicates that the porosity is 20%
and the true formation resistivity is 5.25 m.

5.7. The following table gives the values of the resistivity, R oa of clay-laden rocks
when 100% saturated with water of resistivity, R w. Based on the given data,

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 calculate the values of Rc, and F. Subsequently, calculate and plot the apparent
formation factor vs. the water resistivity in the range of 0.01 to 20 m.

PROBLEMS
6.1. A petroleum reservoir has an areal extent of 55,000 ft2 and a oil pay zone
thickness of 100 ft. The reservoir rock has a uniform porosity of 25% and the
connate water saturation is 30%, Calculate the initial oil in place.

6.2. A chalk core plug having a pore volume of 17.0307 cm3 is fully saturated with
reservoir brine; A synthetic oil (Isopar-L) flood is conducted on this plug. It is
found that 12.25 cm3 of reservoir brine was displaced from this plug by the
Isopar-L. After reaching this value, no further reservoir brine could be displaced
from the core plug. What is the connate water or irreducible water saturation
of this core plug?
6.3. For the following core plugs, gas floods were carried out using nitrogen. The oil
produced from plugs 1 and 2 for the gas floods was 9.0 and 6.9 cm3, respectively.

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 What is the residual oil saturation (Sorg) in these two plugs? Plug Initial
Saturations

6.4. A Dean-Stark extraction is performed on a North Sea chalk core plug sample,
which extracted 5.77 cm3 of water. The core plug has a porosity of 36.1% and
bulk volume of 24.5 cm3. The wet and dry weights of the sample are 50.64 and
42.33 g, respectively. The gas, oil and water densities are 0.001, 0.85 and 1.035
g/cm3, respectively. Calculate the gas, oil and water saturations in the core plug
sample.

6.5. The following data is available for the end trim of a c halk core plug sample:

Sg = 5%, So = 48% and Sw = 47%, grain = 2.713 g/cm3

= 38.31%
Additional data include gas, oil, and water of densities 0.001, 0.8532 and 1.0351
g/cm3, respectively. The bulk volume of the core plug sample (in a preserved
state), from which the end trim was taken, is 65.91 cm3 and its measured weight
(trimless) is 133.0 g. No additional data are available for the core plug sample.
Perform an assessment check to evaluate if the end trim data is also valid for
the core plug, so that the core plug sample can either be used or discarded
for SCAL tests.
.

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