Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Antoine E. Naaman
Assistant Professor of Structural Design
Department of Materials Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago Circle
Chicago, Illinois
32
Such a procedure (referred to as
"strain compatibility") is suggested by
the ACI specifications (Reference 1,
Section 18.7) in order to determine the
stress in the prestressing steel (fps) at
Synopsis
ultimate behavior; it is accepted in all A non-linear analysis proce-
cases in lieu of the more approximate dure which attempts to pre-
Code formula for f.,s and required when dict the behavior at ultimate
the effective prestress is less than one- of prestressed and partially
half the steel strength and/or when the prestressed sections is pre-
steel stress-strain curve does not con- sented.
form with specified ASTM standards.
Furthermore, the use of a more ac- It takes into consideration the
curate analysis may lead to substantial non-linear characteristics of
savings7 in the amount of prestressing the steel but assumes that
steel required which more than offset the strains and forces in the
the additional cost in design. concrete at ultimate are well
The purpose of this paper is to pre- approximated by the ACI
sent a simplified procedure to analyze specifications.
the behavior at ultimate of bonded
prestressed and partially prestressed The numerical techniques
concrete structural elements in which and the computer program
the non-linear behavior of the prestress- implementing the proposed
ing steel is fully accounted for. A com- procedure are rapidly re-
puter program was written to imple- viewed.
ment the above procedure.
For given conditions of reinforce- They help analyze the influ-
ment the program leads to the values ence on ultimate behavior of
of stress and strain in the prestressing major variables such as type
steel at ultimate, the ultimate moment of prestressing steel, amount
capacity and the corresponding curva- of non-prestressed reinforce-
ture of the section and other relevant ment, ultimate compressive
information. Corresponding values ob- strain and stress block di-
tained by strictly applying the ACI mensional coefficients of the
specifications are also computed for di- concrete. Examples of appli-
rect comparison.
cations and typical results
The program allows a quantitative
are presented.
assessment of the influence on ultimate
behavior of important parameters such It is shown that although the
as amount of non-prestressed reinforce- ACI recommended procedure
ment, effective prestress, type of pre- to predict ultimate moment
stressing steel, ultimate compressive capacity is reasonably accu-
strain of the concrete, and stress block rate and conservative, it may
dimensional factors.
lead to substantial error in
Numerical results are applied to a
rectangular and a box (T) section and predicting strain in the pre-
a typical design example is developed stressing steel and the cor-
using the ACI code approach, the responding curvature of the
strain compatibility procedure, and a section.
combination of prestressed and non-
prestressed reinforcement.
34
RECTANGULAR TEE OR DOUBLE TEE I FORCES AT ULTIMATE
It o.esf c
b-bw
b I - bw --- J_ --- f =
Asfcs , { cs J
fY
C^ As a^ ^_^hf ^IC
NA -l, - -------- ------------------- --- ---- o.eaf^bO,C or
:GC d 0.85f^(b-b^hf
e- -^
As ^^f
TENSILE
.,,.....4
0.85f^b
c w^c
C f --- STRAIN N
CONCRETE
fps UNDER
CONCRETE AT ULTIMATE d
MOMENT CAFACITY^,^ECU Ece
---
`ps
1 I TENSI%
`se
STRAIN IN
PRESTRESSEDI fps 0
STEEL
1), it can be shown 13 "4 that the dis- steel at ultimate capacity of
tance from the top fiber to the neutral beam
axis is given by: Note, that for a given beam cross
section, Eq. (1) is a relation between
C=( Eu I d (1) c and Eps as all other terms are known.
\Cps + Eu E .s, Ecc/ In general, E,,, is small as compared to
where the other terms and could be neglected.
An additional equation translating
d = distance from top fiber to cen- the equilibrium of tensile and compres-
troid of tensile force sive forces in the section at ultimate
E,, = extreme fiber compressive strain capacity (Fig. 1) can be written, but
of concrete at ultimate (as- its form depends on whether the sec-
sumed equal to 0.003 in ACI tion behaves as a rectangular section
Code) or as a T section.
E,Ye = tensile strain in prestressing If the section behaves at ultimate
steel under effective prestress as a rectangular section the equilibrium
condition leads to the following equa- It can be shown' that if the section
tion: behaves at ultimate as a T section the
A po fps + A s Its relation between fp,, and Ep, takes the
0.85 f'r. b 13 1 c + A's f' c a
(2) following form:
where fps is the tensile stress in the x 0.85 f3 1 f' ebwd^ X
prestressing steel at ultimate moment fns=[
capacity, f, is the tensile stress in the Aps
non-prestressed tensile steel (Its G fy) Euu +
and f' G , is the compressive stress in the [Eps+EuEseEce
non-prestressed compression steel (f',,
G fp) 0.85 f c(b bw) hf + A' sf cs Asfts
Generally, f5 equals f, at ultimate Aps
(5)
while f',, can be substantially different.
Other symbols of Eq. (2) are standard where f' s , and ft5 can also be replaced
and can be found in Appendix III. by their values from Eq. (4).
Note that this equation can easily Whether a rectangular section or a
be modified to accommodate concretes T section behavior exists at ultimate,
for which the dimensional factors of the relation between fps and E 5 given
the stress block are different. by Eq. (3) or (5) can be reduced to the
following most general form:
Eliminating c from Eq. (1) and (2)
leads to the following relation between _ A
fps and Ep,: fps E
CEpa -I- D (6)
pa -I- B +
36
TYPICAL RELATION AS DERIVED
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
FROM EQUILIBRIUM
_ A
fPS C B BI Equilibrium
A>0
Stress
B<0 4 I Strain
A
fps a +B + C BI
ps Equilibrium
C<0
a Stres
IS
Rectangular beam with Aps , As 4-p' t Strain
and/or AS when fts = fy and/or
fp s = fl',
+D
fps = c A + B + Cc
p
their solution such as, for example, in the stress-strain curve of the prestress-
References 15 and 17 and in the PCI ing steel.
Design Handbook (Reference 18, Fig. The graphical solution, however, is
5.25); they lead, for purely prestressed not very suitable if a repetitive analy-
beams, to the stress in the prestressing sis is to be performed with many cross-
steel at ultimate; but they do not cover sectional shapes, types of prestressing
the case where auxiliary non-pre- steel and different values of prestressed
stressed reinforcement is used. and non-prestressed reinforcement ra-
In this case a graphical solution (Fig. tios. The use of a computerized nu-
2) can, in general, be obtained4,13.15 merical technique such as the one ex-
by determining the point of intersection plained below becomes a necessary tool
of a curve representing Eq. (6) with for solution.
PRESTRESSING STRAND
(270 KS I)
?50 I LINEAR
200
y
of PRESTRESSING
0) NON LINEAR PORTION BAR (160 KSI)
1^
150 .
I
F (POLYNOMIAL FIT]
100 NL
0.
0. 0.010 0.020 0.030
STRAIN
38
Bl = 0.85
6 1 = 0.85 YES f- 5 4000. psi NO
- 5x 10 -5 (f! -4000.)
1 6 se f/E
5e s
Af
c = s se (l +
ce AE r2 Plot: fps= E+B +Ceps+D
a u = 0.003 if ACI Code ps
on graph containing stress-
strain curve of steel and
select the point of inter-
Design First as Rectangular Section section as compatible value
0.85B l f'bd cu for fps:
Ifps Aps cps + c u - c se - Ece f
+ (A s fCS -A sf)/Aps
ts
d
ps
w '
peps
strain
Use Compatible Value of f ps to Compute:
A f A f A'f'
_ ps ps + s is _ s cs I OR T SECTION
q bdfc bdfc bdf,
where d is average for A As
DESIGN AS
1.18 qd/8 1 S hf ?--YES RECTANGULAR
SECTION
0.855 f1 bd
w eu
f ps Aps Eps c - E se - Ece
[0.85f b-b)h + A CS
' -ASft51/As USE COMPATIBLE'
* c w f s
VALUE OF fps TO
COMPUTE ULTIMATE
Plot: f ps= E A + B Cc ps +D as for I RESISTING MOMENT,
ps
rectangular section and select new fps
1
0
9 f > O.SfGET EXACT f ps FROM
se pu NO
CII FLOW CHART FIG. 4
p =A /bd
11 YES
p ps
(On f = f5e
ps 10,000. + Pp = Aps/bd
100p
O 5 fp`, p
NOBONDED MEMBERYES f
+ 60,000. f = fp (1-O.SP
p f ^)
yC1 < fse ps u
(D c
n O A f A f A'f'
-s _ is s s s
3 y
bdfAf
c + bdf
c
bdf
c
NO PRESTRESSED
YES=A
REINFORCEMENT ONLY q p bdf'
fD p 0' WW
+- , c
p1 .A w =A -A f > 0
pa
n p p ^ DESIGN AS
O y < hYES
ALL + Asfy AsfY ^f A 1.18
NO RECTANGULAR
fl. IC qw bwdf' bwdfc'p As
bwdf''
Bl f SECTION
3 3
(0 O
ONO YES
qw 5 0.30 q <_ 0.30
NO YES
.H.
O co
C W OVER REINFORCED
NORMALLY OR UNDER REINFORCED
OVER REINFORCED
NORMALLY OR UNDER REINFORCED
cD
fl1 Note: In the exact analysis f y and fY should be replaced by f ts < f y and fp s s fy .
Here the maximum error between by strain compatibility and the second
input stress and stress estimated from one describes the steps for the ultimate
the polynomial is around 1 percent. moment design of prestressed and par-
tially prestressed sections according
Intersection of two curves to the ACI specifications.)
The point of intersection of the two This latter chart can also be used
curves representing Eq. (6) and (7) to determine the ultimate moment ca-
or (8) was obtained using the Newton- pacity according to the procedure de-
Raphson's numerical technique.19,20 scribed in this paper, provided the
In this technique convergence is very value of f s and the corresponding val-
fast (quadratic), and only a few itera- ues of in G f, and f', G f' as derived
tions are needed. For the results de- from strain compatibility are used.
scribed below, the stress in the pre- Two beam cross-sectional shapes, a
stressing steel at ultimate was deter- rectangular and box-type section
mined with an accuracy of 0.1 ksi. (which behave as a T at ultimate) are
used to illustrate the results obtained
by the above non-linear analysis. Their
Test Examples dimensions are given in Fig. 6.
In the following figures, where ob-
A computer program was written im- served results are described, reference
plementing the preceding analysis. For to Rectangular or T relates directly to
a given prestressed and partially pre- one of these two beams and indicate
stressed rectangular or T section, the trends expected on similar shapes of
program leads to the values of stress beams.
and strain in the prestressing steel at Furthermore, reference to f p,,, = 270
ultimate behavior as well as the ulti- ksi and f,,, = 160 ksi relates to the
mate moment, curvature and other rele- prestressing strand and the prestressing
vant parameters. Corresponding values bar described in the previous section
using the design procedure suggested on "curve fitting," for which the stress-
by the ACI Code are also computed for strain relationships are respectively
direct comparison. given by Eq. (7) and (8).
Two relevant flow charts of the com- Conventional non-prestressed rein-
puter program may be of interest to the forcement is assumed to have a yield
reader and are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. strength of 60 ksi and to have an elasto-
The first chart describes the pro- plastic stress-strain relation as shown in
cedure to determine the stress in the Fig. 3. A typical design example is
prestressing steel at ultimate capacity treated in Appendix II.
d'= 2
i
d'2. IN.
d=45 IN.
A C 784 IN?
["227549 IN4
48'
5'1
the same figure and corresponds to in stress leads to about an equal dif-
ference in the amount of steel required
the following equation:
and the corresponding cost (see also the
example in Appendix II).
fPSfeu[1-0.5p^f-1 (9)
The influence on j a concrete
f se =0.45 x fpu
240
y
N
L f^= 5000.PSI
n.
230
G ACI
CODE
220 FOR f >0.5xfpu
f^ = 5000 PSI.
210
0.006
0.004
0.002 0.008
0.010
42
having a compressive strain at ultimate prestressed reinforcement ratio pp . This
different from the ACI recommended is not the case, however, for the T
value of 0.003 is explored in Fig. 8. section at relatively large and not very
It can be seen that the code recom- common values of pp.
mended value of f,1 allows for a rea- This result may be due to the defi-
sonable range of variation of e,, with- nition of the prestressed reinforcement
out loss of safety. However, here too a ratio for T sections, pp = Aps /bd,
slight difference in the value of f where b is the flange width. This ratio
lead to a substantial difference in strain is the same as for an equivalent rec-
and curvature. tangular section of width b.
Fig. 9 shows the influence of non- Actually if p P keeps increasing and
prestressed tensile and compressive re- the section behaves as a T section, the
inforcement on the value of f, for the corresponding reinforcement ratio of
rectangular and the T section of Fig. 6. the web alone A,,,/b,u d increases at a
The ACI recommended value of Eq. much faster rate than pp and thus the
(9) is also plotted for comparison. stress and strain in the prestressing
It can be observed that the trend steel decrease at a faster rate than for
predicted by the ACI equation for the the equivalent rectangular section.
rectangular section is well followed Similar trends on T sections were
over a wide range of variation of the observed when different prestressing
260
250
240
230
N
220
210
200
.002
ACI CODE
N 240
Y
N
a-
220
(p' "0., p=oJ
(po, p=o.002)
200
44
16 f' =5000.psi
'c 12
7o
x
w
8 o- (p=0,p =o)
o (p'=o,p= 0.006)
U
4
0
.002
.004
06
.008
.010
11
T BEAM
12
x 8
o- (p=o,002,p =o)
w
DI.- 0- (p=O,P=o)
0 (p=0, p=0,002)
o4
6
M OVERREINFORC
0
X
4
z
a
Y p=0.0
Z
W2
O
a
7
W 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
78
6p'=0.006
46
RECT. BEAM
60
N
O 40
20
I/
0
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012
Conclusion NOTE
The use of computerized numerical
Three Appendices follow:
Appendix I presents a
techniques to model and analyze the
numerical comparison of
behavior of prestressed and partially four methods of analysis.
prestressed concrete beams in the non- Appendix II contains a
linear range may become a useful and design example solved
efficient design tool when such infor- using three different
mation is necessary. approaches.
Once a model has been proven satis- Appendix III summarizes
factory, the influence of many para- the notation used.
meters can be qualitatively and quanti- Lastly, a list of
tatively analyzed, thus substantially re- references is given.
ducing the amount of experimental
work which would otherwise be re-
quired.
From a practical viewpoint, the cost
of a more accurate method of analysis Discussion of this paper is invited.
may be largely offset by the savings on Please forward your discussion to
the amount of steel used. PCI Headquarters by July 1, 1977.
*For the rectangular section of Fig. 4 with f, = 5000 psi; r pu = 270 ksi; f Se = 0.55 fpu
and y = f^, = 60 ksi.
For this method the strain was obtained from the corresponding stress on the
stress-strain curve. The stress was computed from Equation (9).
48
In the less than exact non-linear It can be seen that although com-
analysis described in this study it was parable values of ultimate moments are
assumed that the forces and strains in obtained by the three procedures, sub-
the concrete at ultimate are well ap- stantial differences in strains and curva-
proximated by the ACI assumptions tures at ultimate exist between the ACI
(Fig. 1) while the exact stress-strain method and the others.
curve of the prestressing steel [see Eq. It can also be observed that the ex-
(7)] is considered. act non-linear analysis and the less than
Using the ACI Code allows the ap- exact present non-linear analysis lead to
proximation of not only the forces in substantially similar results over a wide
the concrete at ultimate but also in the range of variation of prestressed and
prestressing steel through the use of non-prestressed reinforcement ratios.
Eq. (9). Note that the results of the exact
Typical results obtained by using the non-linear analysis are dependent on
three above described methods are the equation predicting the stress-strain
shown in Table 1. Also shown are the curve of the concrete. Eq. (11), for
stresses in the prestressing steel for example, may not be accurate enough
purely prestressed sections as derived in predicting the descending branch of
from the PCI Design Handbook, Fig. the stress-strain curve in the range of
5.2.5. interest.
APPENDIX IIINOTATION
50
References
1. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code 11. ACI Committee 318, "Commentary on
Requirements for Reinforced Con- Building Code Requirement for Rein-
crete (ACI 318-71)," American Con- forced Concrete (ACI 318-71),"
crete Institute, Detroit, 1971, Chap- American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
ter 18. 1971, Chapter 18.
2. AASHTO, Standard Specifications for 12. Abeles, P. W., Introduction to Pre-
Highway Bridges, Section 5Rein- stressed Concrete, V. 2, Concrete
forced Concrete, American Associa- Publications Ltd., London, 1966, pp.
tion of State Highway and Transpor- 457-462.
tation Officials, Washington, D. C.,
13. Khachaturian, N., and Gurfinkel, G.,
1973. Prestressed Concrete, McGraw-Hill,
3. Janney, J. R., Hognestad, E., and New York, 1969, pp. 72-122.
McHenry, D., "Ultimate Flexural
14. Libby, J. R., Modern Prestressed
Strength of Prestressed and Conven-
Concrete: Design Principles and Con-
tially Reinforced Concrete Beams,"
struction Methods, Van Nostrand
ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 52,
Reinhold Co., New York, 1971, pp.
January 1956, pp. 601-617.
109-128.
4. Mattock, A. H., Kriz, L. B., and Hog-
nestad, E., "Rectangular Concrete 15. Warwaruk, J., Sozen, M., and Siess,
Stress Distribution in Ultimate C. P., "Investigation of Prestressed
Strength Design," AC/ Journal, Pro- Reinforced Concrete for Highway
ceedings V. 57, February 1961, pp. Bridges: Part 3: Strength and Behav-
877-928. ior in Flexure of Prestressed Con-
5. Abeles, P. W., "Design of Partially- crete Beams," Bulletin 464, Engi-
Prestressed Concrete Beams," ACI neering Experiment Station, Univer-
Journal, Proceedings V. 64, No. 10, sity of Illinois, Urbana, 1962, pp. 105.
October 1967, pp. 669-677. 16. Naaman, A. E., "Computerized De-
6. Heimdahl, P., and Bianchini, A. C., sign at Ultimate of Prestressed and
"Ultimate Strength of Beams Rein- Partially Prestressed Beams," Pro-
forced with Steel Having no Definite ceedings, 5th Panamerican Sympo-
Yield Point," AC/ Journal, Proceed- sium on Structures, IMME, Universi-
ings V. 71, No. 12, Dec. 1974, pp. dad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
600-603. Dec. 8-12, 1975.
7. Aswad, A., "Strand Savings Using 17. Beeby, A. W., and Taylor, H. P. J.,
Strain Compatibility in Strength De- "Cracking and Deformations of Par-
sign," PCI JOURNAL, V. 21, No. 2, tially Prestressed Concrete Beams,"
March-April 1976, pp. 78-81. Cement and Concrete Association,
8. Burns, N. H., "Moment Curvature Re- Technical Report No. 42.465, Janu-
lationships for Partially Prestressed ary 1972, 26 pp.
Concrete Beams," PCI JOURNAL,
18. PCI Design HandbookPrecast and
V. 9, No. 1, February 1964, pp. 52-63.
Prestressed Concrete, Prestressed
9. Popovics, S., "A Review of Stress- Concrete Institute, Chicago, 1971,
Strain Relationships for Concrete,"
Fig. 5.2.5.
ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 67, No.
3, March 1970, pp. 243-248. 19. Acton, F. A., Numerical Methods
10. Popovics, S., "A Numerical Approach That Work, Harper and Row, Pub-
to the Complete Stress-Strain Curve lishers, New York, N.Y., 1970.
of Concrete," Cement and Concrete 20. Dahlquist, G., and Bjorck, A., Nu-
Research, V. 3, No. 5, Sept. 1973, merical Methods, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
pp. 583-598. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1974.