Lecture 8 - Thermodynamics

Institute
of Mathematical Sciences and Physics

University of the Philippines Los Baos

THIRD LECTURE EXAM: May 16 (Tuesday, 3-4 PM, PSLHB)

Coverage (22 questions): Fluid Mechanics
Thermodynamics

EXEMPTION from Final Exam ( Standing of 75%)
(Exemption list will be posted on May 19, Friday)

FINAL EXAM: May 22 (Monday, 10 AM - 12 noon, PSLHB)

PHYSICS 3 Lecture 2nd SEM AY 2015-2016 | UPLB | Prof. Albia

Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics

Heat and Heat
Transfer

Thermodynamics
DeMinition Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics study of
Deals with
energy transformation
involving heat, mechanical
Energy transformations
work, and other aspect of
energy and how these
transformation relate to Involving Related to
the properties of matter.

Heat, work, Properties of
temperature matter

3
Thermodynamics
Objectives
Describe the properties of matter when it exists in
equilibrium states, a condition in which its properties shows
no tendency to change.
Describe the processes in which the properties of matter

undergo changes and relate these changes to the energy
transfers in the form of heat and work which accompany
them.

4

CONCEPTS
Temperature Heat
Temperature scales Work, Energy

change in T
Thermal equilibrium Effects change in phase
expansion
(Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)

conduction
Ways of Transferring
Heat convection
radiation

Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth thermal equilibrium
Heat engine// First energy conservation
refrigerator Second - entropy

5

PHYS 3 E 1ST Sem AY 2015-2016 IMSP UP Los Baos 2015 | Prof. Albia
Temperature
Measure of how HOT or COLD a body is
Determines the direction of heat _low
Measure of random average
translational KE of molecules of the body

3
ave KE = kT
2
KEave = average kinetic energy of the molecules
k = Boltzmanns constant
T = temperature

6
Temperature Scales
1. Celsius temperature scale(C)- thermometers liquid level is labeled
zero at the freezing point of water and the level at the boiling
temperature 100. The distance between these two points is then divided
into 100 equal intervals called degrees.
2. Fahrenheit temperature scale(F)- the label for the freezing point of
water is at 32 F and the boiling point at 212 F both at standard
atmospheric pressure. The distance between these two points is divided
into 180 degrees.
3. Kelvin temperature scale(K)- scale whose zero point is at which all
molecular motion stops, -273.15 C. Based on the extrapolation of the
temperature-pressure graph with data from gas thermometer.
7
Temperature Scales
Relationship between the scales:
Fahrenheit and Celsius:

TF = 9/5 TC + 32
TC = 5/9 (TF-32)
Kelvin and Celsius:
TK = TC + 273.15
8
Thermal Equilibrium
(Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)
A B
C
A B
If TA = TB; and TB=TC then TA=TC If TA>TB (initially)

TA
If body A is in thermal equilibrium
with body B, and B is in thermal TF
equilibrium with C, then A is in TB
Thermal equilibrium with C.

9
Heat
Heat is energy transferred from one

system to another because of a difference in
temperature.

Symbol: Q, SCALAR
Unit: Joule (J) [SI]

Conversion Units:
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 kJ 10
Heat
T h e i n t e r a c t i o n t h a t c a u s e s
temperature changes is
fundamentally a transfer of energy
from one substance to another.
Energy transfer taking place solely

because of temperature difference
is called heat &low or heat
transfer. The energy transferred is
called heat.
11
1. The direction of spontaneous energy transfer is
always from a warmer object to a cooler object.

2. Matter DOES NOT contain heat (matter contains
molecular K.E. and possibly P.E. )

3. Heat is energy in transit.
12
Effects of Heat Transfer
Temperature Change
Phase Change / Phase Transition
Thermal Expansion
13
Temperature Change
Calorimetry - the process of measuring heat
Specific heat capacity
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a
material of mass m from T1 to T 2 is found to be approximately
proportional to the temperature change T = T2 - T 1.
Q = mcT
c specific heat capacity of a given material, (J/ kgK)
14
Temperature Change
In terms of the number of moles,
Q = nMcT
n is the number of moles
M molar mass of a material
The product Mc is the molar heat capacity (molar
speci_ic heat) and is usually taken as C.
Q = nCT
15
Phase - description of a speci_ic state of matter (solid,
liquid, gas) where in the properties of matter in state is
essentially uniform.
Phase Transition
1. Solid to Liquid melting
2. Solid to Gas sublimation
3. Liquid to Gas vaporization
16
During Phase Transition
it requires heat
the heat is either supplied or removed

from matter
the removal or the supply of heat DOES
NOT change the temperature of the matter
17
During Phase Transition
-the heat required for phase transition is given by
Q = mL m = mass
L = latent heat
+ Q - heat is absorbed
Q - heat is released
18
Phase Transition
Solid to Liquid (melting) +Q
Liquid to Solid (freezing) -Q
Q = mL f
Lf latent heat of fusion
19
Phase Transition
Liquid to Gas (vaporization) +Q
Gas to Liquid (condensation) -Q
Q = mLv
Lv latent heat of vaporization
20
Phase Transition
Solid to Gas (sublimation) +Q
Gas to Solid (deposition) -Q
Q = mLs
Ls latent heat of sublimation
21
Latent Heat
22
Example 1:
How much heat is needed to convert 10 g of
ice at 15.0 0C to steam at 500 oC?
Substance SpeciMic heat (c) Latent Heat

Water 1 cal / g0C Lf = 80 cal/g
Lv = 540 cal/g
Ice 0.52 cal/g0C
Steam 0.48 cal/g0C
23
24
Example 2:
Liquid helium has a very low boiling point, 4.2 K, as
well as a low latent heat of vaporization, 2.09 x 104 J/
kg. If energy is transferred to a container of liquid
helium at the boiling point from an immersed electric
heater at a rate of 10.0 W. How long does it take to boil
away 2.00 kg of the liquid?

25
Given:
Lv = 2.09 x 104 J/Kg

P = 10.0 W
m = 2.00 Kg
Find:
Time = ?
26
Thermal Expansion
Most materials (gases, liquid, and
gases) are subject to thermal
expansion: a tendency to expand
when heated, and to contract
when cooled.

h/ps://cnx.org/contents/C20NI-lv@4/Thermal-
Expansion-of-Solids-an
27
Thermal Expansion
Linear Expansion
L0
L = L0 T
T L - coef_icient of linear
expansion (K-1 or (C)-1)
T + T
2L
T + 2T
28
Thermal Expansion
Volumetric Expansion
V
V0 V0
T T + T
V = V0 T
- volume expansion coefNicient K-1 or (C)-1
29
Thermal Expansion
Materials usually expand when their temperature increases.
The temperature change is approximately proportional to the

changes in volume and linear dimensions of the material.
Relationship between and :

For solid materials there is a simple relationship between the
volume expansion coef_icient and the linear expansion
coef_icient.
= 3
30
30
Thermal Expansion
31
Linear Expansion
Example 3:
A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly
50.000 m long at a temperature of 20oC. What is the
length on a hot summer day when the temperature is 35o
C? steel= 1.2 X 10-5 C-1
32
Linear Expansion
Example 3:
L = L0 T [Linear Expansion]
L = (1.2 X 10-5 C-1) (50.00m)(350C-200C)
L = 9 x 10-3 m
L + L = 50.000m + 9 x 10-3 m = 50.009m
33
Volumetric Expansion
Example 4:
A glass _lask with 200 cm3 is _illed to the brim with
mercury at 200C. How much mercury over_lows
when the temperature of the system is raised 100 0C?
The coef_icient of linear expansion of glass is 0.40 x
10-5 K-1 and the coef_icient of volume expansion for
mercury is 18 x 10-5 K-1.
34
Glass Mercury
= 3 = 3 (0.40 x 10-5 K-1) VHg = (18x10-5 K-1)(200 cm3)[(1000C-200C)
+273.15] =12.7134 cm3
Vg = V0T
VHg + VHg = 200 cm3 + 12.7134 cm3
=(1.2x10-5 K-1)(200 cm3)
[(1000C-200C)+273.15] VHg + VHg = 212.7124 cm3
=0.84756 cm3 VHg(overflow)= (VHg+VHg) (Vg + Vg)
Vg + Vg = 200 cm3 + VHg(overflow)= 212.7124cm3 200.84756 cm3
0.84756 cm3 VHg(overflow)= 11.86484 cm3
Vg + Vg= 200.84756 cm3
35
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
rate at which heat is transferred
mechanism of transfer
36
Heat Transfer
Conduction
occurs through molecular
collisions (material must be in
thermal contact)
Heat _low or Heat Current Flux
from a region of high T to low T
!Q T H " TC
rate of conduction Q/t depends on: H= = kA
!t L
k thermal conductivity of
a material
37
Heat Transfer
Conduction
The slab allows energy to transfer
from the region of higher temperature
to the region of lower temperature
!Q T H " TC
H= = kA
!t !x
H = heat current _lux (J/s or Watt)
k = thermal conductivity of a material (Watt/mK),
A = cross sectional area (m2),
T temperature gradient/temperature (oC or K),
x = length of the material m.
38
Heat Transfer
Convection
heat transfer by the actual motion of the _luid
involves actual mass transport of _luids
HOT _luids displace COLD _luids
Convection currents
Q
= hc A( T )
t
A = heat transfer area of the surface (m2)
hc= convective heat transfer coefNicient of the
process (W/(m2K) or W/(m2oC))
T = temperature difference between the surface
and the bulk Nluid (K or oC) 39
Convection
Two Kinds:
Natural- difference in density
due to thermal expansion
Forced - by blower/ pump
40
Radiation
41
Radiation
All objects radiate energy continuously in the form

of electromagnetic waves due to thermal vibrations
of the molecules (temperature)
Radiation does not require physical contact

Rate of radiation is given by Stefan-Boltzmann Law
42
Radiation
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
4
H = AeT
H is the rate of energy transfer (Watts)
= 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 (Stefan- Boltzmann constant)
A is the surface area of the object
T is the temperature (Kelvin)
e is a constant called the emissivity (e varies from 0 to 1)
43
Heat Transfer: Radiation
Thermographythe detailed measurement of radiation from the bodycan

be used in medical imaging. Warmer areas may be a sign of tumors or
infection; cooler areas on the skin may be a sign of poor circulation.
2014 Pearson EducaOon, Inc.

Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics
Laws of
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic System - Any collection of objects that is
convenient to regard as a unit, and that may have the
potential to exchange energy with its surroundings.

boundary (_ixed or movable)
work and heat can be transferred across the boundary
everything outside the boundary is the surrounding

time

46
Thermodynamics
Boundary
System
time
Gas, Fluid
Surroundings
47
Thermodynamics
State of a system
Description of the system in terms of state
variables
Pressure Volume
Temperature Internal Energy

A macroscopic state of an isolated system can be speci_ied
time
only if the system is in thermal equilibrium.
48
Thermodynamics
Internal Energy of the System
energy contained within the system, excluding the
kinetic energy of the system as a whole and the potential energy of
the system as a whole due to external force Mields.

Kinetic Energy associated with the energy involving all the

motion of particles constituting the system (translational,
vibrational, rotational).

Potential Energy associated with the static constituents of
matter, i.e., chemical bonds.
time
U=

U kinetic + U potential
U = Ei
i
49
WORK
Work is an important energy transfer
mechanism in thermodynamic system
Example: Gas cylinder with piston

The gas is contained in a cylinder
with a moveable piston
The gas occupies a volume V and
exerts pressure P on the walls of
time
the cylinder and on the piston
50
Work in a Gas Cylinder
A force is applied to slowly
compress the gas
The compression is slow enough
for all the system to remain
essentially in thermal equilibrium.
W = PV
time
This is the work done on the gas.
51

Work in a Gas Cylinder W = PV
When the gas is compressed
V is negative
Positive work done on the gas
When the gas is allowed to expand

V is positive
Negative work done on the gas

When the volume is ctime
onstant
No work is done on the gas
52
Work in a Gas Cylinder
If the pressure remains constant
d u r i n g t h e e x p a n s i o n o r
compression, the process is called
an isobaric process.
Work=Area
W = PV
under the curve

I f the pressure changes, time the
average pressure may be used to
estimate the work done.
53
PV (Pressure-Volume) Diagrams
Used when the pressure and
volume are known at each
step of the process
The work done on a gas that
takes it from some initial
state to some _inal state is
the negative of the area
under the curve on the PV
diagram. time
54
PV (Pressure-Volume) Diagrams
The curve on the diagram is called the path taken between
the initial and _inal states.
The work done depends on the particular path.
time
Same initial and _inal states, but different amounts of work are done.
55
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
PE lost = 2mgh
James Joule -proprotinal to
increase in water T.
- established the equivalence of two
forms of energy, mechanical and
internal energy
1 cal = 4.186 J
14.5 C=> 15.5 C
Mechanical equivalent of heat 4.186 J/gC
56
First Law of
Thermodynamics
57
First Law of Thermodynamics
Consider:
transfer of heat into a system, work performed by
the system, and change in the systems internal
energy

Q = W + U
where
Q heat _lowing
time into system (net input)
W work done by the system (net output)
58
The c hange
in internal
energy of a system is the difference
between the heat taken in by the system and the work
done by the system.
U = Q W
time
59
Consider energy conservation in thermal
processes.

Heat, (Q)
- positive (+) if the energy is transferred to the system
Work, (W)
- positive (+) if done by the system
Internal Energy (U)
- positive (+) if the temperature increases
time
60
time
61
time
62
time
63
time
64
Heat Engine and Thermodynamic Processes
time
65

Lecture 8 - Thermodynamics

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Institute

of Mathematical Sciences and Physics

PHYSICS 3 Lecture 2nd SEM AY 2015-2016 | UPLB | Prof. Albia

Describe the processes in which the properties of matter

Temperature scales Work, Energy

Relationship between the scales:

Fahrenheit and Celsius:

If TA = TB; and TB=TC then TA=TC If TA>TB (initially)

equilibrium with C, then A is in TB

Thermal equilibrium with C.

Heat is energy transferred from one

Energy transfer taking place solely

the heat is either supplied or removed

Substance SpeciMic heat (c) Latent Heat

Lv = 2.09 x 104 J/Kg

The temperature change is approximately proportional to the

Relationship between and :

Forced - by blower/ pump

All objects radiate energy continuously in the form

Radiation does not require physical contact

Thermographythe detailed measurement of radiation from the bodycan

2014 Pearson EducaOon, Inc.

PHYSICS 3 Lecture 2nd SEM AY 2015-2016 | UPLB | Prof. Albia

Kinetic Energy associated with the energy involving all the

Example: Gas cylinder with piston

When the gas is allowed to expand

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