Moment Frames

Based on ACI 2.2, Moment Frames are defined as frames in which members and
joints resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial force. Moment frames are
categorized as follows:

Ordinary Moment Frames Concrete frames complying with the

requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 of the ACI Code. They are used in
regions of low-seismic risk.

Intermediate Moment Frames Concrete frames complying with the

requirements of 21.3 in addition to the requirements for ordinary moment
frames. They are used in regions of moderate-seismic risk.

Special Moment Frames Concrete frames complying with the

requirements of 21.5 through 21.8, in addition to the requirements for
ordinary moment frames. They are used in regions of moderate and high-
seismic risks.

193
 Beam-Column Joints

A- Corner Joints:

A-1 Opening:
If a corner joint of a rigid frame tends to be opened by the applied moments it is
called opening joint.

Measured Efficiency of Opening Joints

194
 A-2 Closing:
If a corner joints tends to be closed by the applied moments it is called closing
joints.

B- T- Joints:

195
 Exterior Beam Column Joint

C- Cross- Joints:

(a) Forces due to gravity loads (b) Forces due to lateral loads

196
 Design Of Non-seismic Beam-Column Joints According To ACI 352

The ACI committee 352R-02 report on the design of reinforced concrete beam-
column joints (Recommendations for Design of Design of Beam-column Joints in
Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures) divides joints into two groups
depending on the deformation of the joints.

(a) Non-seismic joints, which are joints not subjected to large inelastic
deformations and need not be designed according to ACI Chapter 21.
(b) Seismic joints, which are joints designed to sustain large inelastic
deformations, according to ACI Chapter 21.

In the following section, design of non-seismic joints is to be dealt with.

Shear Forces at the Joint:

Consider the equilibrium of the upper half of the joint as shown in the figure. The
horizontal shear at mid-height of an exterior beam-column joint Vu , jo int is given by

Vu , jo int = Tn Vcol .

Where:

Tn = normal force in the top steel in the joint = As f y and =1.0

Vcol. = column shear, which can be evaluated from frame analysis or from the free
body diagram assuming the points of inflection at mid-height of each story.
For an interior beam-column joint, the horizontal shear at mid-height of the joint
Vu , jo int is given by

Vu , jo int = Tn1 + Cn 2 Vcol .

Where:
Tn1 = normal force in the top steel in the joint = As f y and =1.0
Cn 2 = compressive force in concrete to the other side of the joint

197
Shear Strength of the Joint:
The nominal shear strength on a horizontal plane at mid-height of the joint is given
by

Tn = 0.265 f 'c b j hcol.

The factored shear force on a horizontal plane at mid-height of the joint is to satisfy
the following equation.
Vu = Vn

Where:
beam-column joint Vu , jo int is given by
= constant related to the confinement of the joint
h col. = column dimension parallel to the shear force direction
b j = effective width of the joint
b b + bcol .
= b b + h col.
2
b b = width of the beam parallel to the applied force
b c = dimension of the column perpendicular to the applied force
= strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75

If the previous equation is not satisfied, either the size of the column needs to be
increased or the shear force transferred to the joint needs to be decreased.

198
 Width of Joint, b j

Values of Type-I joints,

199
200
 Values of (ACI 352R-02)
Anchorage requirements at the Joint:

Beam reinforcement terminating in a non-seismic joint should have 90-deg hooks

318 d b
with ldh = where l dh is not to be less than 8db nor less than 15 cm.
fc
The critical section for developing tension in the beam reinforcement is taken at the
face of the joint. If the development length for hooked bars l dh is not satisfied,
either the size of the column will need to be increased or the amount of shear being
transferred to the joint will need to be decreased.

Transverse Reinforcement at the Joint:

ACI committee 352 recommends that non-seismic joints be provided with at least
two layers of transverse reinforcement (ties) between the top and bottom levels of
longitudinal reinforcement in the deepest beam framing into the joint. For gravity
load only maximum spacing is kept to 30 cm and to 15 cm for non-seismic lateral
loads.
201
Example (8):
Check the adequacy of Joint "B" in terms of shear resistance.
Note that story height is 3.0 m, f ' c = 300 Kg / cm 2 and f y = 4200 Kg / cm 2 .

Solution:
Shear force at centreline of joint
Vu , jo int = Tn Vcol .

Where Tn = A s f y and =1.0 for non-seismic joints

1.0 (31.41)(4200)
Tn = = 131.922 tons
1000
From equilibrium of forces, C n = Tn and
0.85 (300)(a )(40 ) =131.922 (1000) and a = 12.93 cm

202
d = 80 4 1 2 1.25 = 71.75 cm

M n = A s f y (d a / 2 ) =
(31.41)(4200) [71.75 12.93 / 2]= 86.125 t.m
10 5

( )
Vcol. l pc = M n and Vcol. = M n / 3 = 86.125 / 3 = 28.708 tons

Vu , jo int =131.922 28.708 =103.214 tons

40 + 40
bj = = 40 cm ( 40 + 60) cm O.K
2

0.265 (20) 300 (40)(60)

Vn = 0.265 f 'c b j h col. = = 220.32 tons
1000
Vn = 0.75(220.32) =165.24 tons > 103.214 tons

i.e., joint is adequate in terms of resisting shear

Two ties, as a minimum, are to be provided at the joint, where
3.5 bw S
Av, min =
fy

For 10 mm bars (3-legged)

3 (0.785)(4200)
S= = 70.65 cm
3.5 (40)

Provide two sets of 10 mm ties (3-legged) spaced at 30 cm (Smax = 30 cm)

203
Anchorage of top reinforcement in girder:
318 d b 318 (2 )
ldh = = = 36.72 cm
f 'c 300

Available development length = 60 - 4 - 1 - 2 - 2.5 = 50.50 cm > 36.72 cm O.K

204
 A- Flexural Members (Beams) of Special Moment Frames

Requirements of ACI 21.5 are applicable for special moment frame members
proportioned primarily to resist flexure with factored axial forces 0.1 fc Ag . If such
members are subjected to axial forces > 0.1 fc Ag , they are treated as beam-columns.

1- General Requirements:
Clear span for the member, ln , shall not be less than four times the
effective span.
Width of member, bw , is not to be less than the smaller of 0.3 h and 25
cm, where bw is web width and h is overall thickness of member.
Width of member is not to be more than the width of supporting member
plus distances on each side of the supporting member equal to the smaller
of (a) and (b):
(a) Width of supporting member in the direction of the span,
C2, and
(b) 0.75 times width of the supporting member in direction
perpendicular to C2.

2- Longitudinal Reinforcement:
Minimum amounts of top as well as bottom reinforcement, As ,min , is not
to be less than the larger of

0.80 f 'c bw d 14 bw d
and
fy fy

This requirement needs not be satisfied if the tension reinforcement provided

at every section is 1/3 larger than required by analysis.
Maximum reinforcement ratio is not to exceed 0.025.
At least two bars are to be provided continuously both top and bottom.
Positive moment strength at joint face is not to be less than of the
negative moment strength provided at the face of the joint.
The negative or positive moment at any section along the member is not
to be less than the maximum moment strength provided at face of either
joint.

205
 Lap splices of flexural reinforcement are permitted only if hoop or spiral
reinforcement is provided over the lap length. Maximum spacing of the
transverse reinforcement in the lap region is not to exceed the smaller of
d/4 or 10 cm.
Lap splices are not to be used within the joints, within a distance of twice
the member depth from the face of the joint, and at locations where
analysis indicates flexural yielding caused by inelastic lateral
displacements of the frame.

Reinforcement Requirements for Flexural Members of Special Moment

Frames

3- Transverse Reinforcement:

Hoops are to be provided in the following regions of frame members:

(a) Over a length equal to twice the member depth measured from the face of
the supporting member toward mid span, at both end of the flexural
member;
(b) Over lengths equal to twice the member depth on both sides of a section
where flexural yielding is likely to occur in connection with inelastic
lateral displacements of the frame.
The first hoop is to be located at a distance not more than 5 cm from the face
of the supporting member. Spacing of such reinforcement is not to exceed the
smallest of: d/4, 8 db where db is the diameter of the smallest longitudinal
bars, 24 times the diameter of hoop bars and 30 cm.
206
 Where hoops are required, they are arranged in away similar to that of
column ties.
Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hooks at both ends are to
spaced at a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
Hoops in flexural members are permitted to be made up of two pieces of
reinforcement: a stirrup having seismic hooks at both ends and closed by a
crosstie. Consecutive crossties engaging the same longitudinal bar shall have
their 90 deg hooks at opposite sides of a flexural member. If the longitudinal
reinforcing bars secured by the crossties are confined by a slab on only one
side of the flexural frame member, the 90-degree hooks of the crossties shall
be placed on that side.

Transverse Reinforcement for Flexural Members of Special Moment Frames

207
Splices and Hoop Reinforcement for Flexural Members of Special Moment
Frames

3- Shear Strength Reinforcement:

The design shear force, Ve , is to be determined from consideration of the

static forces on the portion of the member between faces of the joint. It is
assumed that moments of opposite sign corresponding to probable flexural
moment strength, M pr , act at the joint faces and that the member is loaded
with the factored tributary gravity load along its span. For calculation of M pr
it is assumed that tensile strength in the longitudinal bars is 1.25 f y and a
strength reduction factor of 1.0.

M pr = As (1.25 f y ) (d a / 2)

208
 where
As (1.25 f y )
a=
0.85 f 'c b

Transverse reinforcement over the lengths identified in 3(a) and 3(b) shall be
proportioned to resist shear assuming Vc = 0 when both of the following
conditions occur:
(a) The design shear force, Ve , represents or more of the maximum
required shear strength within these lengths;
(b) The factored axial compressive force, Pu , including earthquake
effects is less than 0.05 Ag f 'c .

Design Shear Forces For Flexural Members of Special Moment Frames

209
Example (8):
Design the transverse reinforcement for the potential hinge regions of the
earthquake resisting beam in a monolithic reinforced concrete frame shown in the
figure. The beam which is part of a special moment resisting frame is subjected to a
service dead load of 3.0 t/m and a service live load of 2.0 t/m.
Note that f ' c = 300 Kg / cm 2 and f y = 4200 Kg / cm 2 .

Solution:

In this example requirements of section 21.5 of ACI 318-08 are to be satisfied.

A- ACI 21.5.1 "Scope":

Based on ACI 21.5.1.1, factored axial compressive force acting on the

member < 0.1f 'c A g . (O.K)

210
 Based on ACI 21.5.1.2, clear span of beam is not to be less than four times its
effective depth.

d = 60 4 1 1.25 = 53.75 cm
930
=17.3 > 4.0 (O.K)
53.75
Based on ACI 21.5.1.3, the width-to-depth ratio is not to be less than 0.30.
Based on ACI 21.5.1.3, width of beam is not to be less than 25 cm. (O.K)
45
= 0.75 > 0.30 (O.K).
60
- Width of beam is not to be more than column width plus three-fourths depth
of beam on each side of the column.
Width of beam = width of column. (O.K)

B- ACI 21.5.2 "Longitudinal Reinforcement":

Based on ACI 21.5.2.1, minimum ratio of top as well as bottom

reinforcement is not to be less than the larger of:
14.06 0.792 300
= 0.0033 and = 0.00327
4200 4200
min (provided) =
9.817
= 0.00406 > 0.0033 (O.K)
45 (53.75)
- Maximum reinforcement ratio is not to exceed 0.025.
max (provided) =
29.452
= 0.01217 < 0.025 (O.K)
45 (53.75)
- At least two bars are to be provided continuously top and bottom.
2 25 mm bars are provided throughout the length of the beam on the top side,
while 4 25 mm bars are provided continuously on the bottom side. (O.K)

Based on ACI 21.5.2.2, positive moment strength at joint face is not to be

less than 1/2 of the negative moment strength provided at the face of the
joint.

Positive moment strength at face of joint is evaluated as follows:

( )
M n (+ ve ) = A s,+ ve f y (d a / 2)

From equilibrium of forces, C n (+ ve) = Tn (+ ve ) and

0.85 (300)(a )(45) =19.63 (4200) and a = 7.18 cm

211
 (19.63)(4200)
M n (+ ve) = [53.75 7.18 / 2] = 41.35 t.m
10 5
Negative moment strength at face of joint is evaluated as follows:
M n ( ve) = (A s, ve ) f y (d a / 2)

From equilibrium of forces, C n ( ve) = Tn ( ve ) and

0.85 (300)(a )(45) = 29.45 (4200) and a =10.78 cm

M n (+ ve) =
(29.45)(4200) [53.75 10.78 / 2]= 59.82 t.m
10 5
M n ( ve)
Thus, M n (+ ve) > at face of joint. (O.K)
2
- The negative or positive moment at any section along the member is not to
be less than 1/4 the maximum moment strength provided at face of either
joint.

At section of least reinforcement moment strength is evaluated as follows:

From equilibrium of forces, C n = Tn and
0.85 (300)(a )(45) = 9.817 (4200) and a = 3.59 cm

Mn =
(9.817)(4200) [53.75 3.59 / 2]= 21.42 t.m >
59.82
t.m (O.K)
5 4
10
Based on ACI 21.5.2.3, lap splices of flexural reinforcement are permitted
only if hoop or spiral reinforcement is provided over the lap length.
Maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement in the lap region is not to
exceed the smaller of d/4 or 10 cm. Thus, maximum spacing is not to exceed
10 cm within the lap length.

- Lap splices are not to be used (a) within the joints; (b) within a distance of
twice the member depth from the face of the joint and (c) at locations where
analysis indicates flexural yielding caused by inelastic lateral displacements
of the frame.

212
Development length of top bars (in tension):

f
ld = y t e s
db
c
3.5 b + K
d
tr

f '
c
b

t = 1.3 , e = 1 , s = 1 , and = 1
cb = 4.0 + 1.0 + 1.25 = 6.25 cm
or
cb = [(45 4 (2) 2 (1) 2.5]/ (2) = 16.25 cm
i.e., cb is taken as 6.25 cm

40 Atr 40 ( 2)(0.785)
Ktr = = = 3.14 cm
sn (10) (2 )

cb + Ktr 6.25 + 3.14

= = 3.756 > 2.5 , taken as 2.5.
db 2.5

4200 (1.3)
l d = (2.5) = 90.07

3.5 (2.5) 300

Required development length l d = 90 cm

Development length of bottom bars (in tension):

f y t e s
ld = db
cb + Ktr
3.5 f '
d c
b
t = 1 , e = 1 , s = 1 , and = 1
cb = 4.0 + 1.0 + 1.25 = 6.25 cm
or
cb = [(45 4 (2) 2 (1) 2.5]/ (6) = 5.42cm
i.e., cb is taken as 5.42 cm

40 Atr 40 (2)(0.785)
Ktr = = = 1.57 cm
sn (10) (4)

213
 cb + Ktr 5.42 + 1.57
= = 2.79 > 2.5 , taken as 2.5.
db 2.5

(2.5) = 69.28
4200
l d =
3.5 (2.5 ) 300
Required development length l d = 70 cm

C- ACI 21.5.3 "Transverse Reinforcement":

Based on ACI 21.5.3.1, hoops are to be provided in the following regions of

frame members:
(c) Over a length equal to twice the member depth measured from the face of
the supporting member toward mid span, at both end of the member;
(d) Over lengths equal to twice the member depth on both sides of a section
where flexural yielding is likely to occur in connection with inelastic
lateral displacements of the frame.
Based on ACI 21.5.3.2, the first hoop is to be located at a distance not more
than 5 cm from the face of the supporting member. Maximum spacing of
such reinforcement is not to exceed the smallest of: d/4, 8 d b where d b is the
diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars; 24 times the diameter of hoop
bars, and 30 cm.

Hoops are to be provided over a distance of 2 h = 120 cm from faces of

joints.

d / 4 = 53.75 / 4 =13.44 cm
8 d b = 8 (2.5) = 20 cm
Maximum hoop spacing , taken as 12.5 cm.
24 d h = 24 (1) = 24 cm
= 30 cm

Based on ACI 21.5.3.3, where hoops are required they are arranged in away
similar to that of column ties.

214
 Based on ACI 21.5.3.4, where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic
hooks at both ends are to spaced at a distance not more than d/2 throughout
the length of the member.
Maximum spacing = d/2 = 53.75/2 = 26.875 cm, taken as 25 cm.

D- ACI 21.5.4 "Shear Strength Requirements":

Based on ACI 21.5.4.1, the design shear force Ve is to be determined from

consideration of the static forces on the portion of the member between faces
of the joint. It is assumed that moments of opposite sign corresponding to
probable flexural moment strength M pr act at the joint faces and that the
member is loaded with the factored tributary gravity load along its span. For
calculation of M pr it is assumed that tensile strength in the longitudinal bars
is 1.25 f y and a strength reduction factor of 1.0.

215
 w u =1.2 (3) + 0.5 (2 ) = 4.6 t / m
w u lc
= 4.6 (9.3) / 2 = 21.39 t
2
M pr (+ ve ) = 1.25 A s (+ ve ) f y (d a / 2 )
0.85 (300)(a )(45) =1.25 (19.63)(4200) and a = 8.98 cm
1.25 (19.63)(4200)
M pr (+ ve) = [53.75 8.98 / 2]= 50.77 t.m
105

M pr ( ve) =1.25 A s ( ve) f y (d a / 2 )

0.85 (300)(a )(45) =1.25 (29.45)(4200) and a =13.47 cm
1.25 (29.45)(4200)
M pr ( ve) = [53.75 13.47 / 2]= 72.69 t.m
105

M pr (+ ve ) + M pr ( ve ) 50.77 + 72.69
= =13.27 t
l 9.3
c
Ve, max = 13.27 + 21.39 = 34.66 t
For sway to the right Ve, max occurs at the right side, while it occurs at the left
side for sway to the left.

Based on ACI 21.5.4.2, transverse reinforcement over the lengths identified

in 3(a) and 3(b) shall be proportioned to resist shear assuming Vc = 0 when
both of the following conditions occur:
(b) The design shear force represents or more of the maximum required
shear strength within these lengths;
(c) The factored axial compressive force including earthquake effects is
less than 0.05 A g f 'c .

Seismic induced shear = 13.27 tons < 34.66 / 2 tons and the above-mentioned
requirement is not applicable.

Vc = 0.53 f 'c b d = 0.53 300 (45)(53.75) / 1000 = 22.20 tons

V
Vs = Vn Vc and Vs = u Vc

34.66
Vs = 22.20 = 24.01 tons
0.75

For two-legged 10 mm transverse reinforcement,

216
 A v f y d 2 (0.785)(4200)(53.75)
Vs = = = 24.01(1000) and S=14.76 cms
S S
Use two-legged 10 mm stirrups @ 12.5 cm, S=14.12 cms

Stirrups at other locations:

Vu + 8.12 8.1
At the end of the hoop region, = and Vu = 29.14 tons
34.66 + 8.12 9.3
Vu
Vs = Vn Vc and Vs = Vc

29.14
Vs = 22.20 =16.65 tons
0.75
For two-legged 10 mm transverse reinforcement,
A v f y d 2 (0.785)(4200)(53.75)
Vs = = =16.65 (1000) and S= 21.28 cms < 53.75/2
S S
cm
Use 10 mm stirrups @ 20 cm.

217
218