Andhra Pradesh Intermediate Indian Economy Textbook

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q+ zH
1. J~ x~K< ................................................................................................ 1
2. PiH == - PiH H ..................................................................................... 5
3. PiH == - ^ # = .............................................................................. 9
4. PiHa=$k - ~` PiH == ............................................................................ 15
5. Q}OHGO : J~O =i ^x ik ................................................................... 20
6. Q}OH ^Òx J~= OÒQ ` ~ K _O ......................................................... 25
7. Q}OH ^Ò =~} ....................................................................................... 32
8. Q}OH ^` ................................................................................................. 38
9. p OY J~O =i "\ x~}O................................................................. 44
10. p OY - = =i [< ......................................................... 50
11. J~ G iK = ...................................................................................... 53
12. P^ " ............................................................................................... 58
13. *f^= =# .................................................................................... 66
14. ^"}O ........................................................................................................ 74
15. *fÔ : H=#O................................................................................... 79
16. *f P^ JOK< L Q..................................................................... 85
17. H; J~ GO................................................................................................... 92
18. qxQ ÔÒ ............................................................................................... 96
19. L^#` =H~Y q+ } .................................................................................. 104
20. _=O_ - ^xx qÒ K JO................................................................ 109
21. _=O_ "HK` = ......................................................................................... 117
22. - ^xx qÒ K JO.................................................................. 127
23. Lù ÔÒ ................................................................................................. 135
24. O} ÔÒ ............................................................................................... 144
25. ^~ x~ O ..................................................................................................... 155
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26. =O ........................................................................................................... 161

27. ~|_ ............................................................................................................. 169
28. Qi+H ~ } .............................................................................................. 175
29 ` |_\ ~H # ..................................................................................... 181
30. ^= ~ ~ xO`} ...................................................................................... 192
31. }oH J=H` ............................................................................................ 199
32. OK=~ }oH - kOz# Ja=$k ................................................................. 204
33. #`# PiH O~} - }oH ` .............................................................. 211
34. PO^ ^ PiHa=$k (OH #i=~)............................................................ 218
35. ~=~}O - PiHa=$k ................................................................................... 224
36. ==O ...................................................................................................... 233
37. i= ....................................................................................................... 239
38. === =i iqH ~OQ= ~ ~ P^~= ..................................... 247
39. [< - PiHa=$k......................................................................................... 251
40. ~`^ [< ............................................................................................... 256
"_ ~ ....................................................................................................................... 260

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1
J~ x~K<
(Definitions of Economics)
1.1 iKO
J~O XH =lH O. D O [ PiH~"# =~##, ^x e`#, q+}
K#. Wk = = Lù, O}, qxQO =O\ H~H x=Q"# =, ==#
QiOz J^#O K#.
1.2 H
D ~QO Kkq# `~"` g~ D HOk JO# `HQ~.
1. J~xH =O - ^x J~O.
2. J~ q+ O
3. J~ x~K< - q=~
1.3 =^<
XH =~
1. J~ =O - ^x J~O ~O_.
[: J~O J< Ô w +x ^# 'OKIOS ( XH W) 'NEMEIN ( x~}) J< ~O_
^ #O_ Pq~qOz#k. nxx w + Q$ [=#OQ ==i~.
~O_ =~
1. O^ x~K#O ~O_.
[: J~ xH XH qt+" # x~K<x Wz ^xH ~x Wz# "^\ =H P_" `. JO^H
P## J~ `=_Q ==i~. J~O ''O^# QiOz KiOK O Q
P_" ` x~zOK_. JO`HO_ O^# PiOK_" ^ OQ LO_ = =~# # ijeOK
GOQ ~<_. J.B. Say H~O ''O^# QiOz# ` J^#" J~OQ
~#=K.
J~GO _ "\i 1

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2. x~K#O ~O_.
[: Alfred Marshall 1890 K iOK|_# `# ''x P ZH<qH J< QOÔ J~ x
''=#=_, J`x QiOz KiOK O Q x~zOK_. =~ O^ |^
JkH ^#` WK_. =~ ` @ =i_, H#< =i Q _ J~ x~K#O
'' J< "xH ^#` WK~.
3. H~` x~K#O ~O_.
[: e# ~a< 1932 K iOz# `# QOÔ ''Nature and significance of economic science
J~ xH H~` x~K<x WK_. ~a< H~O ''=#=x Jiq`" # HiH `=
[<# iq` ^< LO_ O|OÔ @ =#= =~# J^#" J~O.
D x~K#O =_ JO P^~_ LOk. Jq
1. Jiq`"# HiH
2. iq`"# =#~
3. `= [<# =#~
4. J~xH Q =$k x~K<x q=iOK=.
[: Prof. P.A.Samuelson J~ J^<xH K#`x Pk '=$k =# `# x~K#O
^#` WK_. D# ''q= Q == # Lù K \xH =* H~`Q L# =#~#
Z Ly~. P ==# "q^=# [ =^ Z O} K<k J~O
J^#O KOk Jx ~<_.
5. J~xH *H "#~ Wz# x~K<x OQ q=iO=.
[: *H "#~ H~O - ''PiH "` ukOK^ J~O. D x~K<x |\ è^=O>, PiH
== =Y =#, qq^ = PiH "` zOz# i~ =~# J^#O
K@O ^~ J~ ikx QiOz, K~hO# QiOz =QOQ `H=K.
<Q =~
1. O^ x~K<x q=iOz ^x "=.
[: J~ xH XH qt+" # x~K<x Wz ^xH ~x Wz# "^\ =H P_" `. JO^H
P## J~ `=_Q ==i~. J~O ''O^# QiOz KiOK O Q
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P_"` x~zOK_. J.B. Say H~O ''O^# QiOz# ` J^#" J~O Q

~#=K. "H~ x~K#O H~O ''O^ O|OkOz# q+ ` O|OÔ Hey#^ J~ O .
x~K< H~O, J~O O^# =iO`Q OKH=\xH [ K H~H#
QiOz J^#O KOk.
q=~ :- J~O H O^ x~K#O Carlyle, Ruskin K f=OQ q=iOK|_#k. "i
LÔ J~GO
1. O^ JkH =Y` W=|_Ok.
2. =#= ~|kx OKÒk.
3. ` x~K#O O^ JO> H=O uH == Q< iQ}OK@O [iyOk. WO^
=# QiOz# qOK^ . H#H Wk J~ ikx `yO KkQ LO^x giî JaO.
2. J~xH Q x~K<x q=iO=. nx q?
[: Alfred Marshall 1890 K iOK|_# `# ''x P ZH<qH J< QOÔ
J~ x
''=#=_, J`x QiOz KiOK O Q x~zOK_. =~ O^ |^
JkH ^#` WK_. =~ ` @ =i_, H#< =i Q _ J~ x~K#O
'' J< "xH ^#` WK~.
x~K#Ox =MO :-
1. O^H< =#= D x~K#O JkH ^#` WzOk.
2. uH == =`" # OK`~.
3. =~, Q H~O, uH # OOkOK H~H= PiH H~H=.
q=~ : x~K#O HO` HO @ "~Q#kQ qOK|_#\H, P^xH PiH "`
nxx q=iOK~. Jq
1. =~ x~K#O =YOQ uH =~ t #O_ O^ =`" ^#` W=\x
~a< YO_OK_.
2. =~, O \` =[Ox =#=# =`" H xH fx, W`~ # \ O KH^ .
3. =eH = J~# '=#~ H~` # D x~K#O iQ}H fH^<k =~H q=~.
4. J< ^xx i=}`HOQ H==<k =~ q=~.
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3. J~xH Q H~` x~K<x q=iO=. ^xH Q # "=.

[: # ~a< 1932 K iOz# `# QOÔ ''Nature and significance of economic science
J~ xH H~` x~K<x WK_. ~a< H~O ''=#=x Jiq`" # HiH `=
[<# iq` ^< LO_ O|OÔ @ =#= =~# J^#" J~O.
D x~K#O =_ JO P^~_ LOk. Jq
1. Jiq`"# HiH
2. iq`"# =#~
3. `= [<# =#~
~a< x~K#O H~O '' H~` L# i` =#= =~## ijeOK^ J~OQ
~<_.
q=~ -
1. ~a< x~K#O =~`# =*xH =iOK^. HO =~Hn, OqOK =~ =
=#~ H~` J< =# JkQqOK g LO@Ok.
2. P^xH J~xH O|OkOz# PiH =$k, PiHa=$k J< =MO# H~` x~K#O
KiOK^.
3. ~a< J~x XH q*# OQ iQ}OK\x q=~ JOwHiOK^.
4. J~O =#= OH=xH `__kQ LO_x q=~ JaO.
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2
PiH == - PiH H
(Economy and it's Processes)
2.1 iKO
=# JO^~ U^ XH x x~O`~O x=Q" LO\=. J~ O U H~H P^
O^#, =xH, ^# îf Jq Ju =Y"# H~HQ iQ}OK=K. g\<
PiH H~H JO\~. D PiH H~Hh XH^x` XH\ =__, ~~ P^~Q
LO\~. Lù H U~_ Lù =# P^ L^q~. P P^ Lù H
`~ K|_# #`# == H#Q Y~ K|_`~. H~ O`$ ~K\xH K Y~
qxQK~, JkHù HO K Y~ @|_ K~ JO\~. D qÔQ Lù, qxQO =i
@|_ D=_O\x ^# PiH K~ ^ PiH H JO\~. U Ô D PiH H~H
K@|_` ^x< PiH== JO\~.
2.2 H
D J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
PiH == J~ q=~}
PiH == =~ qq^ ==
Lù, qxQO =i @|_ ^#`
@|_, xH~ @|_ =^ `_
^ ^#`
qq^ PiH H =^ Q JO`~` O|O^
2.3 =^<
XH =~
1. PiH ==.
[: [ r=<kx =~H# q^#" PiH ==.
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2. qxQ ==.
[: U = = qxQ^~ H~ `HOQ f~ Jq qxQ ==.
3. L`^H ==
[: U == #`# == LùH _` Jq L`^H ==.
4. #~ ==
[: XHi =`" Ly` He# == #~ ==.
5. J#~ ==
[: J<H ~= Ly` He# == #~ ==.
6. PiH == H
[: PiH ==x =Y H (i) Lù (ii) qxQO =i (iii) @|_.
7. Lù
[: Lù H~H=O J#Q == Lù Jx J~O.
8. qxQO
[: H~ f~H=_xH == LyOKH=_" qxQO JO\~.
9. @|_
[: = ^#~tH J^#OQ =^# ==# K~_" @|_.
10. W<O@s
[: =_~, QO `~# == iQ `~# =x QKiOz# =~#
W<O@s ^ x @|_ JO\~.
11. ~ @|_
[: ~ =^# ==# O`, H~Q~ =< ~Q^# ~ @|_ JO\~.
12. @|_
[: W<O@s @|_ =i ~ @|_ "`x @|_ JO\~.
13. =^# `~Q^
[: =^# ==x J~Q^ ^ JH`Q =K =^ #, =O^Q< TOz#@
_=O_ =~ = Qh, OHuH i*#O =~ =Qh, `|_# O` =yx,
=^# `~Q^ ^ ~ = ^# qxQ H}` JO\~.
14. xH~ @|_
[: xH~ @|_ @|_ - `~Q^
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~O_ =~
1. PiH == J#Q <q ?
[. Lù, qxQ HO^ =Q ~" PiH ==. ^~}=Q PiH == J< ^xH,
^xH x` O|O^= H^. Wk #Q~ PiH == , Qg} PiH == O|OkOz#kQ
LO@Ok. WH OK PiH == QiOz =\_`, OKOx Jx Lù HO^ =#
=~. ~` PiH == J#Q ~`Ô L# Lù qxQ HO^, H`, O PiH
== ikxH =~.
2. qxQ == J#Q <q?
[. U == =#= H~ `HOQ f~ "\x qxQ == JO\~. HiH
`$~KH=_xH H#Q K# P~ ^~, =, |@, H, Q$ =y,
@~, "^# = =^# qxQ ==Q iQ}~. D == H#Q
^~ HiH` @, @O| HiH _ `HOQ f~~. qxQ ==#
~O_ ~H=Q =sHiOK=K#. Z) #~ qxQ == =i a) J#~ qxQ
==. qxQ H U == XHi =`" HiH f~_xH LQ_ `î
[<x H` "\x #~ qxQ == JO\~. Wq , OK^~, ~Q,
O_, |, #<, ~, Hy`= "^#q. H~ =~, =~ f~ "\x J#~
qxQ == JO\=. L^~} Q$H~}, =, |@, i[~@~, \.q.,
~_ "^#q.
3. L`^H == J#Q <q?
[. U == #`# = = LùH _` "\x L`^H == JO\~. O`,
iH~, = <, =_~ "^# "\x L`^H == JO\~. JkHùx kOK_xH
Lù^~ g\x H~O\~. L`^H == =` uH HO_ " ~O Q _ H~|_`~.
"^ "_ ZH-~ O`, _H~ L yOK ` , L`^H == Q iQ}O K|_
"^ = JOk< ~. D qÔ Q #`# = = LùH _ = = L`^H == .
4. Lù J#Q<q?
[. ^~}OQ Lù J#Q i= `~ K|_ O`, \.q., =, =O^ ^
== = O_ O@ J< =# HÒk. Hx J~O Lù J< ^xH q$`
J~O H^. qq^ ~H == Lù` @, = x _ LùQ qO.
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5. ~ @|_ J#Q<q?
[. Lù HO^ =~< J#~ L`^H ==# ~ @|_ JO\~. Wk O`,
O` iH~ ~Q^ îfOk. x @|_, ~ @|_ He` O "Ò
@|_H =#==Òk. D q^"# @|_x = ^# OK#O JO\~.
6. xH~ @|_ J#Q<q?
[. x~O`~O Lù ~ = ^# O L yOK_O =# HO` J~Q^ îfO k. =^=`
Hx iH~ ^|ux LO_=K. W=h ~ = ^# q=# `y ~. ~`#"# q H=_O =#
Hx O` q= `Q=K#. #`# Lù ^` "QH = Hx O` ~`#
==`~ ^ ` O` `~ K ==, =i# Ja~K J"@ J#Q}OQ
LO_H `|_ LO_=K. @|_ #O_ `~Q^# q#~OKQ =K^ xH~ @|_.
xH~ @|_ @|_ - `~Q^
<Q =~
1. qxQxH LùH =^ Q O|OÔ ~#O_?
[: Lù qxQ= =i @|_ =O\ Lù H =^Q Jq<= O|OÔ D
HOk qÔQ ~#=K#.
1. qxQxH @|_H ukH Lù. Lù H` qxQO @|_ LO_=. ~"#
Lù =^ qxQO JkHOQ LO> @|_H ` `=Q LO@Ok.
2. LùH @|_H qxQ" L`~H=. qxQO H` Lù @|_ =Y`
LO_^ .
3. Lù ~, @|_ ~ P^~_ LO@Ok. JkH @|_ JkHùH îfOk.
4. ^= @|_H ^ P^~O. Z= ^ Z= @|_H, Z= @|_ Z=
LùH, Z= Lù Z= qxQxH, @|_H îfOk.
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3
PiH == - ^# =
(Basic Problems of an Economy)
3.1 iKO
^# PiH H XH\ Lù. D Lù H Lù^~_ ~H~H =
Z^~<e. Uk Lù Ke? ZO` Lù Ke? U qÔQ Lù Ke? Z=i HO Lù
Ke? "^#q ^# =. Jx PiH == JO^~ Lù^~ D = Z^~#
= =Ok. D JÔ g~ D = QiOz, Jq U~__xH Q H~} QiOz, ZO^K`
Wq ^# =Q iQ}O |_`< , =^< û Ò\~.
3.2 H
D J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
=#~ H~` J#Q <q?
=#~ Q `= [< - J~O
PiH = ZO^ L`#O J=`~.
PiH == ^# = q=iOK_O.
=#~ Ja=$k qxy` =~`
Lù J=H~Y P^~O` ^# PiH = i~O.
3.3 =^<
XH =~
1. ZOH =
[. ZOH = =H~} =#~ H~`, `= *<.
2. PiH == ^# =
[. PiH == ^#= | [< He# iq` =#~.
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3. =#~ H\~O =
[. UU == Lù Ke? ZO` i=}O Lù Ke? J<q =#~ H\~O#
KOk# = q=iOk.
4. Lù J=H =H~Y
[. PiH == ^# =# Lù J=H ~Y O` q=i=. Lù J=H ~Y
L# aO^= =#~ O~ =i =~=O`"# qxy`# z~. Lù J=H
~Y kQ= QO L# aO^= =#~ J qxQx x~^y`# z~.
~O_ =~
1. `= [< He# =#~ J#Q<q?
[. qq^ ~H ==# Lù K_xH LQ _ =#~# `= [< He#
=#~ JO\~. =#=^ L# PÔ qq^ ~H == HO LyOz#@, XH PiH
== =#~# qq^ == LùH qxyOK =K#. U =#~ U =ùH
_`< Jq P "~ W`~ == LùH OH=. PiH == =#~ iq`"
HH "\H | [<O\~.
2. ZOH = ^ PiH = J#Q<q?
[. U PiH == H=# ==h Lù KH ^. XH ~H"# == =^x Lù
K "~H =^ Lùx =^H ==Ok. Wk =#~ qxQO ZOH =
îfOk. nx< PiH =Q _ QiOK=K#. ""xH ZOH = Lù^~,
qxQ ^~ O|OkOz# L=_ =Q QiOK=K#. qxQ^~ `= iq`
P^x qq^ == H\~OK_O ZOH = ` Z`Òk. J^ qÔQ Lù
^~ iqÒQ L# =#~# qq^ = = LùH H\~OK@_ ZOH =
`` ` Ok.
3. iq` =#~ J#Q<q?
[. HiH Jiq`. "\x f~H=_xH H=# ==# H#Q K_xH J=~"#
PÔ =Ò iqÒ. JO^K XH =HH H=# Jx = = H#_O ^ OH^. =~qÔ Q
KO> PÔ iqÒQ LO__O=# Jx H~ f~HO. = H~ f~H=_xH
LQ_ ^#O PÔ. U =H =^<< JkH PÔ LO_=K Hh, Jiq` PÔ
=Ò LO_^. D qÔQ = P^xH XH iqu LO@Ok.
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4. =#~ H~`# q=iOKO_.

[. =#~# q, =, =^#O, ==# Jx =sH~} K=K#. U PiH== J~< D
=#~ iq` OY =`" a~. U PiH == << JkHO Q LO_=K Hh JiqÒQ
=Ò LO_=. H#H iqÒQ L# =#~ iq` = =# Lù K~. JO^=# PiH
== = = "\# _=O_ H< `=Q LO@Ok. nxH Q H~}O =#~
H~`. U =#~ , "\# _=O_ H< `=Q LO@O^ ^xx =#~ H~` JO\~.
Zxqk =~
1. PiH = UqÔQ U~_`~? =#~ +OQ LO> PiH =O\?
[: u PiH == iq` =#~ He LO@Ok. Ja=$k KOk# ^ Ò JkH =#~O\~
Hh, Jiq` =#~O_=. H|\ u PiH == Z^~< ZOH = =#~ H~` O|OkOz#k.
JO^=# =#~ H~` =# U~_ = ^# =Q q~.
PiH == Z^~#=# ^# = =_ ~H Jq
(i) U U == ZOÒ` i=}O Lù Ke.
(ii) U qÔQ Lù Ke.
(iii) Z=iHO Lù Ke.
i) U U == ZOÒ` i=}O Lù Ke
u PiH == Pn#O L# =#~ iqÒ Hx Jk Lù K=# == =Ò
Jiq`. U PiH == `## iq` =#~` `# [ H=# Jx == Lù
K^. JO^=# U U == ZOÒ` i=}O Lù K< = Z^~=Òk. J#Q
=#~ H\~O = Z^~=Òk. JO^@ L# =#~#, U~H"# = = =^
Lù K x~~OK_O _ ZOH =. D qÔQ Uq Lù Ke ZOÒ` Lù Ke
J< = =#~ H\~O #, "\# `= [< # P^~_ LO@Ok.
ii) U qÔQ Lù Ke
UqÔQ Lù Ke J<k Lù ^` ZOH O|OkOz#k. Lù ^` J#Q U

U Lù H~H ZOÒ` x+u = = Lù OKHO@< `H=_O. ^~}OQ
==# J<H ~HQ Lù K~. = =^<# qq^ J#` qoÒ K =O
Lù K=K#. ^ ^ O` LyOz, `= q# qxyOz = Lù K
^xx =^# Ok` ^` ^~ Lù JO\~. XH " O`# LyOKO_ Z=
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=Ok q# xqOz Ku` = `~ K#@~` ^xx = Ok` Lù JO\~.

u PiH ==# Lù ^` ZOH = U~__xH ^# H~}O = =^<
iqÒQ O H=_". U PiH == J~< iq` =#~ kxQO KO@ qq^ =
= Lù K_xH `y# Lù ^`# ZOH KO@Ok.
iii) Z=iHO Lù K
e.
u=H `# H=# Jx ==# O^_. PiH == [iy# Lù JOî H~
f~^. JO^K` Z=~ ZOÒ` OKH"e J< U~_Òk. PiH == qq^ =~ =^
ZOÒ` =~t U qÔQ ~@ K è^ O} =.
W`~ ^~} =
# q=iOz# ^# =` @ PiH ==x =iHx ^~} = _
Z^~#= =Ok.
(i) =#~ O~ qxy`
=#~ H~` H~}OQ "\x O~OQ#, =~=O`=Q# LyOK= LO@Ok.

Z) =#~h O~OQ qxyOK@
U =#~ x~QOQ ^ "_O_ LO_@O Hh LO_~^. U =#~< "_O_ LO> Jk
=$^ J=` Ok. H|\ Jx =#~ O~O Q L yOKHO> = = Lù Q}hOQ ~QÒk.
a) =#~ =~=OÒQ qxyOK@
H~`Q L# =#~# ^"#O` =~=O`=Q qxyOKH"e. =#~ =~=OÒQ
qxyOK@O J#Q =i U W`~ `= ^` ^~ _ kOK #O` Qi+ Lùx `
û kOK@O Jx J~O. u PiH == H~`Q L# =#~# =~=OÒQ qxyOK_xH
uOk.
(ii) =#~ Ja=$k
Z= =ùH Z= =#~ J=~O. JO^=# J^# =ùH J^# =#~
J=~= `~. PiH == Zx Z= =#~ =~`, JO` Z= =~ t Lù ^ _ Òk.
H#H u PiH == ` = J^# =#~ gH~}
. D qÔ Q u PiH == PiH =
"kHQ =iOk. D PiH = =H~}O =#~ H~`.
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2. Lù J=H ~Y ^~ PiH == = ~#O_?

[: =#~ H\~O =
u PiH ==# =#~ iqÒQ LO\~ =i Wq qq^ ~H =ùH LQ
_`~. iq` =#~` qq^ = KOk# ==# Lù K=K#. D O^~O
Lù KQ qq^ ==# ijeOK = LO@Ok. L^~} XH PiH == LùH ~O_
~H == JO> = =i Q^= J#HOÔ. PiH == ==`# Jx~H
=#~# O~O Q#, =~= OÒQ# L yOK_O ^~ Lù K Q = =i Q^ =
=^# D HOk \ H è*K#k.
Lù J=H \ H
Lù J=H= = Q^=
(g@~ H@) (HO\ H)
A 0 10
B 1 9
C 2 7
D 3 4
E 4 0
\ H XH PiH == `## =#~` = =i Q^= O|OkOz Lù
KQ S^ =# zOK_O [iyOk. A =x ije PiH == `## =#~` 10
H HO\ Q^= Lù KQ^x QOK=K#. B =x ije =O XH H\ g@~
Q^= 9 H @# Lù KQ^x QOK=K#. D q^=Q = C, D =i E
=, Q^ = O|OkOz qq^ Lù J=H# è* < ~. JO D HOk ~ M@O
W=|_#q.
Q^= (H HO\)
= (H@ g@~)
J~GO _ "\i 13

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@O A aO^= "^\ =^xH KOk# Lù J=Hx 10 H HO\ Q^=,'O'

=` ux è* # k. B aO^= 9 H HO\ Q^ = XH H\ g@~ =` ux è* # k.
D qÔQ C, D, E = PiH == Lù KQ Q^=,=Lù J=H#, =#~
O~ qxy`# è*<~.
~M@O A aO^= #O_ E aO^= =^ H^`#_, =#~ qxy`# Q^=
Lù #O_ =ùH `~eOK |_`<x `H"e. JO^K AE x Lù J=H# =#~
qxy`# è*#k. H|\ D qq^ = U^ XH\ PiH == ZOH KO@Ok.
=#~ J qxQO H J=~ qxQO
# è# AE Lù J=H ~ Y L# qq^ aO^= Q^ = =i = O|OkOz#
qq^ =^# è*<~. PiH== D =^ Uk x~~OKH#\H Jk `#
=#~# O~OQ#, =~=OÒQ# qxyOK HO@#^x QOK=K. XH" PiH ==
=` u AE Lù J=H ~ Y kQ= QO LO> =#~ JOQ#, J=~O Q# qxyO|_
`<x QOK=#. @= k aO^= D q+x z#k. k aO^= =^ Q^= Lù 5
H HO\. == Lù 1 H\ g@~. Hh @O C ^ D aO^= W^ =#~` PiH ==
kOK Q Qi+ ==^x z<~. H|\ U PiH == `# =#~# H=OQ#,
=~=OÒQ# LyOKO@O^ Jk qq^ = =^` Qi+ Lùx K@_" HO_
=iO` L#` ~ è aO^=# _ K~HQQÒk.
=#~ Ja=$k :
u PiH == J^# =#~ O^# u LO@Ok. =#~ Ja=$k ==
Ja=$kH îfOk. D HOk \ H =#~ ~Q^ eÒQ = Lù#, Q^= Lù#
kOz# JkHùx zOk.
14 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
4
PiHa=$k - ~` PiH ==
(Economic Development and Indian Economy)
4.1 iKO
u PiH == [HO J<H ~H = = Lù K O ^< q+ x Q` JÔ ^~
`<=. D JÔ PiHa=$k JO> Uq\? PiH == H} Uq\? =MOQ ~`
PiH == ^# H} Uq\? "^# q+ ÒÔ.
4.2 H
D J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
PiH=$k x~K#O
PiH=$k, PiHa=$k =^ `_.
Ja=$k KOk#, Ja=$k KO^`# ^ ^# H}.
~` PiH == ^# H}
4.3 =^<
XH =~
1. ^ =sH~}
[. U ^ *fù 2,895 J"iH _~ H< JkHOQ LO@O^ Jq Ja=$k KOk#
^Q#, U ^ *fù 2,896 J"iH _~ H< `=Q LO@O^ Jq Ja=$k
KO^` L# ^ Q# iQ}OK=K#.
2. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ H}
[. Ja=$k KO^` L# ^ ^#OQ =# HxOK H} (i) J~ PÔ,
qxQO (ii) `= r=# q^#O (iii) x~^y`, îHO (iv) == =$` ^#` (v)
L^$ÒQ L# [< ~Q^ ~@
J~GO _ "\i 15

SmartPrep.in
3. "~Q# r=# =} x~H

[. "~Q# r=# q^<x x~~OKq P=}O, x~H~`, t =~} ~@ "^#q.
~O_ =~
1. PiHa=$k J~x q=iO=.
PiHa=$k J< =# K q $`" # k. Wk PiH= $k` @ =#=rq` Q=<xH O|OkOz#
Jx ~H J# =~# iQ}#xH fO@Ok. Jx~OQ Ja=$kx gH O k. D qÔ Q
PiHa=$k J#Q == i=}O HxOK ~Q^` @, *f P^ O}#,
OHuH ~OQ#, O~ " # JO# kOz# Ja+} =~ Jx K =K#. =YOQ
[ x[ ì PÔ, îHO, x~^QO, P^ J=#` PiH =$k K`# "x
Q=xOKe. D "Ò JO =Q ~" PiHa=$k.
2. PiH =$k J#Q<q?
XH PiH == kOz# = = "Ò ~Q^# PiH =$k JO\~. D ~H"# ==
~Q^ U^ XH O=`~O HO_ x~O`~O n~HO @ H#Q=#. JO^K` `èHOQ,
JH`Q Ok# == ~Q^ PiH =$k Jx =|_^. L^~} == L`` XH
O=`~O iy, `~"` O=`~ ~QH`, ^xx PiH =$k J#O. H|\ XH Ô n~HO
@ == Lù x~O`~O kOz# ~Q^# PiH =$k Jx K=K.
3. ì PÔ P^~OQ ^ =sH~}# q=iO=.
OK O ^# 4 `~Q`Q =sHiOzOk. Jq1. Ju `= PÔ Q ^,
2. `= =^ PÔ Q ^, 3. Z= =^ PÔ Q ^, 4. Ju Z= PÔ Q
^. "^\ ~ O_ ~H KOk# ^# Ja=$k KO^` L# ^ JO\~. qye# ~ O_ ~H
^# Ja=$k KOk# ^ JO\~.
`~Q u ì *fù
(J"iH _~)
Z) Ju `= PÔ Q ^ 725 H JO`H< `=
a) `= =^ PÔ Q ^ 726 #O_ 2895
) Z= =^ PÔ Q ^ 2896 #O_ 8955
_) Ju Z= PÔ Q ^ 8956 H JO`H< Z=.
16 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
<Q =~
1. PiH=$k, PiHa=$k =^ `_ q=iOKO_?
[: XH PiH == kOz# = = "Ò ~Q^# PiH =$k JO\~. D ~H"# ==
~Q^ U^ XH O=`~O HO_ x~O`~O n~HO @ H#Q=#. `èHOQ, JH`Q
Ok# == ~Q^ PiH =$k Jx =|_^. L^~} == L`` XH O=`~O
iy, `~"` O=`~ ~QH`, ^xx PiH =$k J#O. H|\ XH Ô n~HO @
== Lù x~O`~O kOz# ~Q^# PiH =$k Jx K=K.
J#Q == i=}O ~Q^ #\H, H=O ^~ ~Q^ q= ~Q^
îf#k. nxx |\ PiH=$k J#Q =~t q= ~Q^ H^. n~HO @ =ù ~t
i=}O QKiOK ~Q^ Jx QOKe.
2. PiHa=$k J< =# q=iOKO_?
[: PiHa=$k J< =# K q $`" # k. Wk PiH= $k` @ =#=rq` Q=<xH O|OkOz#
Jx ~H J# =~# iQ}#xH fO@Ok. Jx~OQ Ja=$kx gH O k. D qÔ Q
PiHa=$k J#Q == i=}O HxOK ~Q^` @, *f P^ O}#,
OHuH ~OQ#, O~ " # JO# kOz# Ja+} =~ Jx K =K#. JO^K`
H=O == =$kx PiHa=$k J#O.
PiHa=$k u Jx =~ [ =#OQ JO^H =K#. J_ ^#=O` =
^#=O`Q#, ^ x~^ Q# =~`~. nxx _ PiHa=$k J#O. WH_ [ x[
ì P^ iy<~ H#H PiH =$kQ K=K#. J^ =O PÔ J=#` _
iy<~ H|\ Wk PiHa=$kQ iQ}O~^.
Zxqk =~
1. ~` PiH == H} q=iOKO_?
[: ~` PiH ==, Ja=$k KO^` L# PiH == Jx H}# He LOk. D q+x
=iO` qOQ J~OKH=_xH ~` PiH == H}# ijeÔ.
1) `= P^~
~` *f ì xH~ PÔ 1995-96 = O=`~O ~.9,300/-. Wk O K=x
K ^ HO> Ju `=. OK=x 133 "#H|_# ^ WO_ 110 = #O L#k
J~GO _ "\i 17

SmartPrep.in
J#Q =# H< 109 ^ Z= ì P^x J#q<~. `= P^~, `= r=#

=}x, `= qxQx zOk. Ô =_ =O` [< îH ~Y kQ= Q=#
rqOKK<~. g~ Hh +H P~O O^H `<~. JO^=# qH L`^H =~O _
`=Q L#k.
2) == ~OQ ^#`
~`Ô 2/3 =O` =Ok q == ~OQO P^~_ xK<~. =# ^
*fÔ == ~OQO "\ 30 Ò L#k. Hh Ja=$k KOk# ^ *fÔ
==~OQO "\ 2Ò #O_ 4 Ò =`" . W^ qÔ Q Ja=$k KOk# ^ ==~OQO
xK# q 2 #O_ 9 Ò =`". =#Ô ==~OQO K QO =~ P^~_
L#k. == ~OQO LyOK Lù ^` K ~`#"#q. =#Ô HxK@ P^xH
^` ==O [~Q`#\H Z= Ò ` Lù ^` P^~_ L#k. h\~^
H~= x q _ K L#k.
3) =^# H~`
=# PiH == [ P^ `=. JO^K ^ `=. @|_ `=, eÒQ
=^# OK#O `=. =^#O H~` =#, W`~ Lù H~H# q, [=#~
x~ QOQ L<~. =#Ô #~ù K Q [ =#~, #~ù K x [=#~
~O_ +OQ< L#\H, =^#O H~` =# =#~ Jqxy` Z=Q L#k.
4) OHuH i*#O H~`
=# PiH == K ~OQ "#H|_# Lù ^` Ly<~. i^##,
Ja=$k ^H# K =O _ K `=Q L#k. P^xH OHuH i*#O JH_H_ Hx
Hx i= =`" H#_`#k.
5) J= < H~= H~`
q^KH , ~"}, =K~O "^# "\x J=< H~ = JO\~. ^ iqHa=$kH
D J=# J=~O. ^=x == ~OQO #, "~OQO # _ Wq "x He
L<~. =# Ô D H~x JO~OQ L<~.
6) JkH [< ~Q^ ~@
1991 [#< H H~O ~`^ [< 84 H@ LO_Q, *< ~Q^ ~@ 2.1Ò
L#k. 1951 }oH |ÔQ Ja=$k K\ #\ #O_ Ô [#< ~@ <=kQ, =~} ~@
18 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
=Ò "QOQ `yOk. nx =# [< q@#"~_, =#~ qxy` ~O iyOk. eÒQ

*fÔ iy#O`Q, ì PÔ ~Q^.
7) JkH x~H~` ~@
=#Ô K =Ok [ x~H~ . 1951 #O_ JH~ ~Q`#\H, x~H~
_ Z=Q L<~. <\ H Ô QxH Q x~H~ L<~. =YOQ ~+ H<
x~H~ Z=.
8) JkH t =~} ~@
=#Ô t =~} ~@ JkHOQ L#k. 1995 H H~O 1000 =OkH t=~}
~@ 70 L#k. "^^ H~`, +H P~^~ H~`, =~Qh\ ~^ H~ H~`,
P~Q ^ H~` =# t =~} ~@ JkHOQ L#k.
9) O^ - |^"# PK#, q^<
~f =[O ukH J<H =~Q, =~Q ql`" L#k. =` q,
=_ #=H, PK~ O^, Ja=$kH P@OH=Q xez<~. L^~} # ^=_z#
=~OQ q @O| xO`} ^`# =u~H~. J^qÔQ q"xH, ~+ OùH J`kH
^#` W~.
10) L=_ @O| ==
=# Ô Qg} O` L=_ @O| == LOk. Wk q Q=# j`#
JiH_Òk. @O| XH H îHx J#q =~ H L=_ @O| ==# +
LO\~.
# ~#|_# =h ~`^ PiH == ^#H}. Hx Q` 50 O=`~ #O_ =#
PiH == Ja=$k kQ xOk. ì PÔ iyOk. J=< H~= iQ~.
Ô Jx ~OQ Ja=$k [~Q` LOk. Hx [< ~Q^ H~}OQ PiHa=$k ~@
=O^yOzOk. J~#\H ~`^ O XH Ja=$k KO^` L# =~= # Ô Q ~ OkOk. =#Ô
OK=~ }oH ~OaOz#\ #O_ Ô PiHOQ "Qx OAOk.
J~GO _ "\i 19

SmartPrep.in
5
Q}OHGO : J~O =i ^x ik
(Statistics : Meaning and Scope)
5.1 iKO
uk#O =#O "~ uH#, ~ _ , >eq[< =i =Q*# J<H q+ O|OkOz#
Q}OH q=~# K__O, K^=_O [~QÒk. D JOH J~O Uq\ =#O `H=# J=~O
ZO`< H^. D qÔQ JOH =H~z# =K~< Q}OH ^ÒO ^ Q}OH JO\~. D
~OO g~ Q}OHGO J~x, ^x ikx J^#O K~.
5.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
J~GO Q}OH P=H` ikx q=iOKQ~.
Q}OH^`, Q}OH ^ÒO =^ Q `_# è*Q~.
Q}OH ^ÒO H J~x ^x H}# è*Q~.
Q}OH qK~} Q qq^ ^# q=iOKQ~.
5.3 =^<
XH =~
1. UH=K# =#
[: UH=K# =# ''Q}OHGO JO> Q}OH ^` ^ Q}OH ^Òx ~|@_xH
LyOK Q}OH ^`x J~O.
2. |=K# =#
[: |=K# =# ''Q}OHGO JO> OM^ÒO Jx J~O.
3. Q}OH
[: "` O|OkOz# ^~ Q}OH. Wq JOH =HO K|_`~.
20 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
4. Q}OH qK~}x Q
[: ^Ò H~}, =~}, q+}, q=~} =O\ ^`h Q}OH qK~}x Q.
5. Q}OH q+}
[: Q}OH x=@ O` ^ÒO #O_ Hx JOu= x~# ~|@_< Q}OH q+}
JO\~.
6. ^Ò q=~}
[: ^ÒO P^~OQ ~|\# JOu= x~ P^~OQ q^< ~H# K_x ^Ò
q=~} JO\~.
7. q+}
[: JOH ~O L# =K~O #O_ =iO` `H=_xH uOK_O ^~ [#H~" #
JOu= x~# ~|@_O.
8. [< Q}OH
[: [< O|OkOz u XHix HOK_O.
9. ^qH ^ÒO
[: Q}OH ^xK "@"^\ iQ HiOz# i=}`H =K~O.
10. kf ^ÒO
[: Wk =~H HiOK|_# ^Òx, Q}OH ^_ `# i^# LyOKO>, kf
^ÒO J=Òk. Q}OH ^xK HiOK|_x =k` ^Òh kf ^Ò=Q#.
~O_ =~
1. Q}OH ^ÒO P=H`# q=iO=.
[: ^Ò ^~ =# J=Q# K H=K. Q}OH ^` # yOz ^Ò=x "" #
`H=@" HO_ q +` U~_ q^<# _ q=iOK=K. iqH~O QO, ==
~OQO, J^qÔQ "~OQ Q}OH ^Ò J=~O ZO` =#k.
<Q =~
1. J~GO Q}OH P=H`# `=?
[: x`r=# ==~xO\# Q}OH P=H` ZO`< H^. U W`~ J^<O _
Q}OH P^~O O_ i H<~=. J~GO, "}[GO, Q}OHGO, QGO, uHGO,
~xHGO, [O`GO =O\ J^<OxO\x =#O L^~}Q ~#=K. W=h _
J~GO _ "\i 21

SmartPrep.in
Q}OH` xO_ LO\~. JO` HO_ `xH KOk# u _~"O@ _ Q}OH#

L yOK O_ H=OQ xK *^. =YOQ J~ GO J^ #O Q}OH P=H` Z#xk.
i) J~G Ô`# JOwHiOK_O ^ u~iOK_xH Q}OH J=~O
=#=x x`r=# ==~# ijeOK_O ^~< J~G Ô` "@"^@Q Ja=$k
KO^~. J~` W\ ij# ^~ ~OkOz# PiH Ô` "qH`# Q}OH` ijeOK_O
^~ J\ Ô`# JOwHiOK_O ^ u~iOK_O [~Q#.
ii) PiH == ~x è*_xH Q}OH J=~O
PiH= = ~ "x Q}OH ÔO O`< J^ #O K QO. nx ^[ <,
[=#~, L^y`, *fÔ, L``, ZQ=`, kQ=` "II "\H O|OkOz#
q*#O Wq_ LO@Ok. Q}OH q*# O` PiH == L# # _ `H=K.
`^~ `y# i~ =~# H#Q#=K.
iii) }oH ~H# Q}OH J=~O
Q}OH ^ÒO O x^ U }oH# ~OkOK_O Ô H^. Ô aOK
=#~, ^ [ J=~ =O\ "\H O|OkOz# Q}OH q=~ O_ Lù H x~~ OK|_=.
D qÔ Q [< f=`# Q}OH O` `# `~` =`" [< xO`} =~= O`" #
q^< ~H# K_O ^_Òk.
iv) ` ^H, q^< Qux =i "\ bH$` ~x JOK< "@ Q}OH
J=~O
}oH# ~H# K_xH Qx, ^xx H=OQ J= izOk xk `H=_xH
Q}OH ^ÒO J=~O. JO`HO_ P}oH ZO`=~ bH$Ò J~#q }oH HO
Lù, L^y`, qq^ ~OQ U "~ iQ< q+# Q}OH O`< J^#O
KQ=.
2. Q}OHG ikx è*O_?
[: ''Q}OHGO J< ^x ~ O_~ L y~ . Jq (J) |=K#=# (P) UH=K#=#.
|=K# =# ''Q}OHGO JO> i=}`H =K~O ^ Q}OH ^ÒO J< J~O,
UH=K# =# Q}OH ^` ^ i}=`H =K~x JOkOK Q}OH ^`< J~O
"_`~. Q}OH Ô`# J<H ~OQ "_K<~. =YOQ <}` x~~OK_O#, Lù
q^#O# "\ J=~O ZO` LOk.
22 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
Zxqk =~
1. Q}OH ^ÒO J~x, ^x H}# q=iOKO_?
''JOH` _# ^~ "H Q}OH Jx K=K.
^ÒO H} (Characteristics)
i) Q}OH "Ò ^~` O|OkOz#q
=HQ ` =i ^xH O|OkOKx i=}`H JOH Q}OH H=. =HQ ` O Q è* |_
JOH# ^x`# =. JOH =x i_O, q+OK_O, D JOH P^~OQ Hx
x~# K_O ^~ Q}OH ^~=# q=iOK#.
ii) Q}OH q+x JOH =HO K~
Q}OH U q+<< JOH è*~. J~` Hx i=}`H "H ''~`^
ì PÔ `= ^ ''~`^ [< Q}hOQ ~QÒk. =O\q Q}OH H=. Wq
i=}`H =K~O P^~OQ K|_ JOu= x~ =`". g\x q+OK_O, =iOK_O
Qx K=. Q}OH< q+x i=}`HOQ JOH =HO Ke.
iii) Q}OH XH H=û HiOK|_`~
Q}OH ^Òx =O^ x~~OK# Ô HO, ^xH `y#@Q }oH |ÔQ, H=
û Hi~. ^Ò H~} LÔ H=OQ x~~OKHH~<, Q} ~# tH}
O^H ~<, =o ~+O Q L< HiOK|_ ^ÒO H~}OQ `C _ x~
~=
=O k.
iv) Q}OH ~< =}O Yz``x He LO_e
J^# H` ik z#kQ L#C_ ~# =}O` `y#O` Yz``x \ Q}OH#
HiOK=K. L^ : XH z# `~Qu q^~ |~=, Z` O|OkOz# ^Òx JÒ`
Yz``x \ HiOK=K. Hx qK~} ik ^ J^# HÒ q $ÒQ LO> ^Ò
H~} `C ^~ J=HO H^.
v) Q}OH =O^ x~~OK|_ LÔ H~O LO\~
^Ò H~}
=O^ ^x L^ x, Hx +OQ x~~ OKH"e. L^ : PO^ ^ F<
HO_s ~ q^~ u# XH\ ^ JO`HO > Z= ` x qOK =#OÔ.
J@=O@C_ =# #, U O=`~O` ^K", P O=`~xH xi+O Q =O^Q<
x~~ OKH"e.
J~GO _ "\i 23

SmartPrep.in
2. Q}OH qK~} Q qq^ ^# OQ è*O_? (8 =~ )

[: UH=K# =# ''Q}OHGO JO> Q}OH ^`x J~O. Q}OHGO |ÔQ
^Òx HiOK_O, =iOK_O, q+OK_O ^Ò q=~} W=_O KOk. u Q}OH qK~} D
^< H#QÒk. =#O D ^xO\x XHH\Q KiÔ.
Q}OHqK~} - ^
i) ^Ò H~} (Collection of Data)
U^x =# J^#O KO> "@"^@Q ^xH O|OkOz# ^Òx HiOKe.

Q}OH ^_ ^Òx OQ Hi_. J\ ^Òx ^qH ^ÒO (primary data)
JO\~. Q}OH ^_ W`~ = #O_ _ ^Òx HiOK=K. nxx kf ^ÒO
(secondary data) JO\~. D ^Òx =k` = #O_ Qx J=k` = #O_ Qx
O^=K. L^~} i[~ O |e><.
ii) ^Ò =~} (Presentation of Data)
^Òx HiOz# `~` ^xx XH H=û J=~_O` @ ## q[#O, \ ,

Q, z`\, = =O\ ~ ^Òx =iOKe.
iii) ^Ò q+
} (Analysis of Data)
^Ò =~} `~` =~ "@ ^Ò q+}. nx ^~ JOu= x~# ~|@=K.
J~` Q}OH x=># JOH =^ =O, =^ QÒ , HO =O\ "\ O O_ PiH =#
q+OK_O Ô H^.
iv) ^Ò q=~} (Interpretation of Data)
Q}OH i^# z=i ^ ^Òx q=iOK_O. Q}OH x=@ O` ^Òx

q+Oz# =@, ^xH O|OkOz# q=~} W=_O [~QÒk. ^x P^~OQ ~# q^<#
~OkOK=K. Hx ^Òx q=iOK_xH JÒ` J#=O, <}O H"e. XH" `CQ q=~}
Wz#@~` `C_ x~ fH=_" QH Q}OH ^# ^<^x OQ~z#@=Òk.
24 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
6
Q}OH ^Òx J~=OÒQ `~ K_O
(Making Statistical Data Meaningful)
6.1 iKO
D ~OO Q}OHG ^` # ^Ò H~} , =sH~ } , x~} =i ^xx nHiOK_O
=O\ "\ U~iz# =i ["|# J^#O K~.
6.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
^qH ^ÒO =i kf ^Ò =^ Q `_# QiOKQ~.
^qH ^Òx HiOK qq^ ^`# q=iOKQ~.
kf ^ÒO aOK =# L^~}` q=iOKQ~.
## q[<x `~ K qq^ ^`# è*Q~.
6.3 =^<
XH =~
1. ^qH ^Ò =~
[: ^qH ^Òx J<H ^` HiOK=K. `H =HQ` ^# ûx Qx, =o
ûx Qx LyOK=K.
2. kf ^Ò =~
[: kf ^Òx =k` =#~ #O_, J=k` =#~ #O_ Qx HiOK=K.
3. ^Ò x~}
[: U^ XH H=û HiOK|_ ^Òx J=~_O, qq^ =Q ~OkOK_O =O\
H# ^Ò x~} ^ ==H~} JO\~. Wk ^Ò q+} "^\ "@.
J~GO _ "\i 25

SmartPrep.in
4. `~Q u JO`~O
[: XH `~Qux ~O_ J=^ =^ Q `_# `~Qu JO`~O JO\~.
5. ## q[HO
[: ## q[#O J<H ~HQ LO@Ok.(a)q#~O (b) qb# (c) q=$Ò` J=^ (d)
J=# `~Q` (e) Oz` ##O.
6. OzÒ
[: XH q=# ^x =O^ q=` _Q i=}`HOQ =K ~Q^.
7. =K~H~
[: J_y# uO^#` =^#O WK"~. Q}OH ^_ =ox fHx XH =H
=^ "o#C_ P =^#O WK"_.
8. =~H=O
[: ^~} i+ ~~ O|OÔ L# O@# =~ Hx Q}OH GO Hx `
ukHQ J=~|_# }. L^ : XH } =~H=O 2 ~O" 5 `_` ` ~K# @~`
Jk 2,7,12,17,22 JQ#. D OY P~} H=O J=~|_#q. g\x u~Q=#OQ JO>
#O_ HOkH J=i#@~` Jq 22,17,12,7,2 Q LO_#. nx< P~} H=O JO\~
9. Q}z *a`
[: }x `~Q` K~|_# q=# zOK ~# è* *a`.
10. ^ÒO
[: ` ~OQ O, "}[O iqH O, HiH O =i i^<
O, [<, L^y`, =~@ =i q` O|O^"# JO O|OkOz# q=~#
HiOz, q+Oz KiOz# Q}OH =K~O.
~O_ =~
1. ^Ò H~} J#Q<q?
[. U^x =# J^#O KO> "@"^@Q ^xH O|OkOz# ^Òx HiOKe.
Q}OH ^_ ^Òx OQ Hi_. J\ ^Òx ^qH ^ÒO JO\~. D
^qH ^Ò= 1) =HQ` WO@~ ^~, 2) =ox O@O ^~, 3) >e< ^~,
4) "_ ^~ Hi~. HiOz# ^ÒO #O_ i~ `~K^~.
26 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
2. ^Ò =~} J#Q<q?

[. ^Òx HiOz# `~` ^xx XH H=û J=~_O` @ ## q[#O, \ ,
Q, z`\, = =O\ ~ ^Òx =iOKe. J~` Wq Jh "~~
O^~ ^Ò=# |\ LyOK=#.
3. ## q[#O# q=iO=.
[. ^Òx =Q ~OkOK_xH ## q[#O J=~O . ## q[#O Q}OH
^Òx =Q =sHi O k. L^ : ZO`=Ok q^~ 40-50 =^ =~ Ok<~<
=K~x `Q^.
4. Oz` ##O# q=iO=.
[. XH `~Q u #<x ^x =O^ `~Q u #< "Ò ` _` Oz` ## q[#O
=Ok. nxx ~O_ q^Q `~ K=K.
1) #O_ HO^ JO> 4 (1{3), 9 (4{5), 16 (9{7) "^Q#q. J\ q[<x ''HO>
`=, ''Oz` ## q[#O JO\~. ^ nx< ''P~} Oz` ##O JO\~. }
L# ^~} #<x #O_ HO^ _` ''HO> `= Oz` ##O U~_Òk. XH
`~Qux ZQ= J=k q= HO> Zx #< ^ ij<O ^xHO> `=Q L<
`H=K.
2) ^~} #<x HO^ #O_ H HO@ ` ''HO> Z= Oz` ##O U~_Òk.
L^. 6 (2{4), 14 (6{8), 24 (14{10) "IIq. nx< ''J=~} Oz` ##O JO\~. } L#
K~t q= HO> Zx #< ^ ij<O Z=Q L< `H=K.
WOH# O Q `H=#O> XH `~Q u kQ= J=kHO > Z=Q LO_ Jx `~Q ` #
<# _` P `~Q u H O|OkOz 'HO> Z= Oz` ##O =O k. ~ \ J<q ^Ò
=~} LyOK=K. "\ "_ XH qÔQ LO_, "\ =^ ^~O _ XH qÔQ LO_#.
J~` "\ Z` ^Òx uaOaOK#.
<Q =~
1. kQ= W=|_ Q}OH q=~ P^~OQ XH Hsx 20 =Ok Hi "`< O|OkOz#
## }x xiOKO_. 450, 580, 600, 480, 540, 620, 400, 475, 500, 480, 620, 480,
570, 600, 650, 410, 550, 600, 650, 450.
J~GO _ "\i 27

SmartPrep.in
[: i) ^Òx P~} H=O J=~O_

400 480 550 600
410 480 570 620
450 480 580 620
450 500 600 650
475 540 600 650
ii) #< *a`# `~KO_
PÔ Q}z ##O (f)
400 1 1
410 1 1
450 11 2
475 1 1
480 111 3
500 1 1
540 1 1
550 1 1
570 1 1
580 1 1
600 111 3
620 11 2
650 11 2
Zxqk =~
1. ^qH, =i kf ^Ò =^ Q ^x è, ^qH, ^Òx HiOK qq^
^`# q=iO=?
[: Q}OH ^Òx ~O_ qa# ^` HiOK=K. XH û ^Òx <~Q =K~
H~ #O_ HiOK_O . D qÔ Q HiOK Q}OH =K~x ^q H ^ÒO (primary data) JO\~.
D =OQ aOK =K~x ^qH=O (primary source) JO\~. Q}OH ^_ OQ
"@"^\ iQ ^Òx HiOK_O = Wk "" xÒQ LO@Ok.
^qH ^Òx HiOK ^`
^qH ^Òx HiOK_xH J<H ^` H=. g\ Hx =Y"# ^`.
28 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
1. `H =HQ` ^#
D û Q}OH ^_ Z=i =^ =K~x ~|\x q_ "ix =M=d
H_. =K~O Z=i =^ #O_ Hi~ "ix =K~H~ JO\~.
2. =o û
D û U"x = O|OkOz# ^Òx HiOK_xH J<H Q *a`#
`~ K~. nx< =o JO\~. nxx =K~ H~ ^~ Qx, H =HQÒQ Qx
JO^* ~ .
^q H ^Òx L yOKH=_O = Hx [<<~. Q}OH ^ _ `# J=~xH
J#Q}OQ =K~x HiOKQ _. J\ =K~O #=^y#k Q#, Q}OH i^# i=#kQ
LO@Ok. Hx D û J#iOK_O Hx W|O^ H^. ^qH ^Òx HiOK_xH
Z= =O @_ " HO_, Z= ^# O, = J=~= Q#. JO^K` J<H O^~ Hx z#,
z# =~` W`~ = ^ O HiOz# =K~x ` i^# LyOK H=_O
[~QÒk.
kf ^ÒO:-
WOHH û W`~ WO` =O^ HiOz# ^Òx L yOKH=_O. Q}OH ^ _
H =O P ^Òx <~ Q L yOKO\_. D qÔ Q aOK Q}OH =K~x kf ^ÒO
(secondary data) JO\~. W\ =K~O aOK =x kf=O (secondary source) JO\~.
kf ^ÒO aOK =
WO` =O^ q=iOz#@ kf ^Òx Q}OH ^_ =HQÒQ HiOz#k H^.
^xx W`~ = #O_ =`" O^_O [iyOk. P =# =eHOQ ~O_ q^Q =sHiOK
=K. (1) =k`"#q. (2) J=k`"#q. Hx = i^<=H`# |\ ^Òx HiOz
#\H Jq Hx H~} = KiOK|_=. nxx KiOK|_x = JO\~. L^~}
qq^, ii ~, Ò =i ~"@ O x~OK iH~ ^~}OQ
KiOK|_=.
2. ''## q[#O J< =## q=iO=. Wk UqÔ Q ## } HO> a#"# ^ `=?
[: ## } L# Q}OH ^ÒO J=sH$Ò (ungrouped) J\ ^Òx =Q
~OkOK_xH ## q[#O J=~O. ## q[#O Q}OH ^Òx =Q
=sHiOk. L^ : ZO`=Ok q^~ 40-50 =^ =~ Ok<~< =K~x `Q^.
## q[<x xiOK =O^ nxH O|OkOz# Hx =Y =## J^ #O K =#
J=~O ZO`< H^.
J~GO _ "\i 29

SmartPrep.in
1. `~Qu (Class)
~O_ J=^ =^ `_ LO_#@ J=~|_ =x `~Qu JO\~. L^ : 20-25, 25-30,
"IIq ^ 20-24, 25-29 "IIq. u =O XH `~QuH uxÔ =Ok.
2. `~Qu J=^ (Class Limits)
u `~QuH ~O_ ^ ^ J=^ LO\~. "\x kQ= J=k (lower limit) =i
ZQ= J=k (upper limit) JO\~. JO> `~QuH x~tOK|_ ZQ=, kQ= ^< `~Qu J=^
JO\~. XH `~Qu 20-30Q L#C_ kQ= J=k (L1) 20 =i ZQ= J=k (L2) 30 JQ#.
3. `~Qu JO`~O (Class interval) i =
`~Q u H ZQ=, kQ= J=^ =^ Q `_< `~Q u JO`~O JO\~. Wk ZQ= J=k #O_
kQ= J=k f "Q =K q= =#OQ LO_#. nx< `~Qu J=k i=}O Jx _
JO\~. (L2-L1) L^ : }x XH `~Qu 20-30Q L#C_ `~Qu J=k i=}O L2L1 =
3020=10 JQ#.
4. `~Qu ##O (Class Frequency)
XH `~Q u Zx JO L< P OY# P `~Q u ##O JO\~. L^ : 40-50 `~Q u
H ##O 10. J^ qÔQ 50-55 `~Qu ##O 5.
5. =^ aO^= / =^ q= (Mid Values)
XH `~Qu H ~O_ J=^ Q@# =^ q= (M.V) JO\~. D q= `~Qu ZQ=,
kQ= J=^ =ÔQ LO@Ok.
3. ''q#~O û =i ''qb# û Q ## q[< =^ Q ^ x L^~}
O` `=?
[: ## }x `~ K#> ## q[<x _ `~ Ke. J~` XH `_
Uq@O> ## q[#Ox "^\ x= =~ 20, 25 ...... 56, 58 =O\ x~H q=
|^ (20-25), (25-30) (30-35) ....... 55-60 =O\ qq^ `~Q` HiOz# Q}OH q=~#
O} K~.
## q[<x J<H q^Q xiOK=K.
J) q#~O û P) qb# û
W) q=$` `~Q` D) J=# `~Q`
L) Oz` `~Q`
30 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
J) q#~O û (Exclusive Method)

D û U^< XH q= `~Qu ZQ= J=kH =#OQ LO> P q=# P `~Qu
q#~Oz, P `~` `~Qu K~ qÔQ Q} z# (Tally Bars) Qi~. L^ : 20-25 `~Qu
#O_ q#~Oz 25-30 `~Qu K~_O [~QÒk.
P) qb# û (Inclusive Method)
D û XH `~Qu ZQ= J=kH =#"# q=# P `~Qu< qb#O K~. JO^=<
nxH qb#û J< ~ =zOk. L^ : 20-24 `~Qu 20 =i 24 q=# qb#O K~. J^
qÔQ 40-44 `~Qu 40 =i 44 q=# qb#O K~. D kQ= \ H# qb# `~Q`
P^~OQ ~OkOK_O [iyOk.
W) q=$Ò` `~Q` (Open end classes)
q=$Ò` `~Q ` JO> `~Q u JO`~ JO~O Q LO__O . q=$Ò` ## q[#O
"^\ `~Qu kQ= J=k Qx, }x z=~ `~Qu ZQ= J=k Qx ^ ~O_ Qx LO_H=K.
kQ= W=|_# \ H# K_O_.
Z.) J=# `~Q` (Unequal Classes)
J=# `~Q` Q ## q[#O `~Qu J=^ i=}O (L2-L1) XH qÔQ
LO_^. JO^=# D `~Q`# J=# `~Q` JO\~.
4. Oz`##O (Cumulative frequency) J< =## q=iO=.
[: XH `~Qu #<x ^x =O^ `~Qu #< "Ò` _` Oz` ##
q[#O =Ok. nxx ~O_ q^Q `~ K=K.
i) #O_ HO^ JO> 4 (1{3), 9 (4{5), 16 (9{7) "^Q#q. J\ q[<x ''HO> ` =
''Oz` ## q[#O JO\~. ^ nx< ''P~} Oz` ##O JO\~. } L#
^~} #<x #O_ HO^ _` HO> `= Oz` ##O (Less than cumulative
frequency) U~_Òk. XH `~Qux ZQ= J=k q= HO> Zx #< ^ ij<O
^xHO> `=Q L< `H=K.
ii) ^~} #<x HO^ #O_ H HO@ ` HO> Z= Oz` ##O
U~_Òk. L^. 6 (2{4), 14 (6{8), 24 (14{10) "IIq. nx< ''J=~} Oz` ## JO\~.
} L# K~t q= HO> Zx #< ^ ij<O Z=Q L< `H=K.
WOH# OQ `H=#O> XH `~Qu kQ= J=kHO> Z=Q LO_ Jx `~Q` #
<# _` P `~QuH O|OkOz HO> Z= Oz` ##O =Ok.
J~GO _ "\i 31

SmartPrep.in
7
Q}OH ^Ò =~}
(Presentation of Statistical Data)
7.1 iKO
^~}OQ ^Òx \ H, Q =i \ ^~ =i~. x=Q, J_OQ L#
Q =~ ^Òx H=û O^~K | _# ^xx \ H ^ \ (Table) JO\~. Q J<H
~HQ LO\~. g~ D ~OO \ H, K~ (Charts) ' ~Mz` (Pie diagrams)
=i H} ~Mz` (Time Series line graphs) =O\ "\x , ["| ~O
Ò\~.
7.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
\ H J~x, ^x L^x q=iOKQ~.
#=< \ H# ~OkOKQ~.
~ \ J~x, ^~}, | ~\ x~}x q=iOKQ~.
~M z` J~x, ^x x~}O fH=# K~# q=iOKQ~.
H} ~Mz` J~x ^x x~}O ^# q=iOKQ~.
7.3 =^<
XH =~
1. \ H
[: x=, J_=~ Q}OH ^Òx H=û =iOKk \ H.
2. \ H =Y Q
[: u \ H =Y Q# \ H OY, \ H ~, jiH, , ^# QO, ^zH =i
^Ò =O =O\q J=~O.
32 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
3. ~@O
[: ~ JO> XH ^@"# w` K^=~ ^$+x PHiOK_xH Q# ^xx ^@OQ w~. ~#
x=Q Qx, J_OQ Qx w=K. ~ _= K~t q=# è*Ok. ~ "_
^#` LO_^. JO^K`< g\x UH i=} z` JO\~.
4. ' ~M zÒ
[: ' ~Mz`# = z`x, H}~M z`x JO\~. "Ò ^ÒOx qQ#
K_xHQ#, = z`x qq^ qQ J#Ò YO_Q ql~. u qQx
_w =HO K_xH `y# `x Ly~.
5. ^Òx =iOK ^`
[: \ H, ## }, ## q[#O, H} ~MzÒ (Q) =O\q ^Òx
=iOK =Y ^`.
6. H} ~MzÒ
[: PiH K~tx HO` O|OÔQ J=i ^xx H} ~MzÒ JO\~.
~O_ =~
1. ~ \ J#Q<q?
[: ~ JO> XH ^@"# w`. J^#O K "i ^$+x PH@H=_xH ^xx ^@OQ w~. ~
_= =#O @O KOK=# K~t i=}x è* O k. ~ \# UH i=}
z`x JO\~. H~}O Uq@O> ~ _=# =`" H H fO\~. "_ # iQ}#H
fH~. ~ JOÔQ, PH~}OQ LO__xH ^xH qq^ ~OQ "~. ~ \ ~O_
~H. Jq 1. ^~} ~ \ 2. Lql` ~ \
2. '' ~Mz` J#Q<q?
[: = ~Mz`# '' ~M z`x, H} ~M z`x JO\~. ^Òx `=,
_w qlOz K_xH '' ~Mz`# qiqQ "_`~. L^: XH H q^~# #
q^~ x, H=~ q^~ x, P~ q^~ x =_ ~HQ ql OK=K. ^ ~`^ O ZQ=`#
J"iH, ~, J~^, PH ^ =i W`~ ^Q ~#=K. D q^"# q[##
K_xH ~Mz` =~=OÒQ LQ_`~. ~M z` =H~O LO_ "Ò
^ÒOx qQ# è* qÔQ YO_Q qlOK|_Òk.
J~GO _ "\i 33

SmartPrep.in
<Q =~
1. '' ~MzÒ J~x, ^x [<# q=iO=.
[: = ~ Mz`# '' ~ M z`x, ''H} ~ M z`x (Angular diagram) JO\~. ^Òx
`=, _w ql Oz K _xH '' ~ Mz`# qiqQ "_`~. L^: XH H q^~ #
# q^~x, H=~ q^~x, P~ q^~x =_ ~HQ qlOK=K. ^ ~`Ô
ZQ=`# J"iH, ~, J~^, PH ^ =i W`~ ^Q ~#=K. D
q^"# q[## K_xH '' ~Mz` =~=OÒQ LQ_`~. '' ~M z`
=H~O LO_ "Ò ^ÒOx qQ# è* qÔQ YO_Q qlOK|_Òk. D
qÔQ< '' ~MzÒ u qQx `= è*Ok.
'' ~Mz` x~}O fH=# K~
1= K~ : qQ "Ò q= XHH qQO ^ JOO q= ZO` =O^Q H#Q#=.
2= K~ : kQ= `x LyOz u JOO ^ qQO _w ZO` H#Q#=.
3= K~ : U^ XH "~O` =x wO_.
4= K~ : H}=x #yOz K~ - 2 ~#@ _w H#Q# uq=# Ò
=x YO_Q qlOKO_.
5= K~ : qq^ YO_ =^ +"# `_ QiOK qÔQ YO_ qq^ ~OQ "O_.
6= K~ : qlOK|_ YO_ P JO q=# _w KO_.
Zxqk =~
1. \ H# `~K_O Q LÔ Uq\? ^~} \ H, `H Q\ xK \ H#
qKH} KO_?
[: ~~ O|OÔ L# Q}OH ^Òx OQ D \ H ^~ =iOK=K. ^xx
i_O nx =# J^#O K"~ "iH J=~"# =K~x OQ \ H ^~
QOKQ~. L^~} kQ= W=|_ \ H LÔ "A" J< Ô B.C.D.E J< ^`
[i# ZQ=u, kQ=` O|OkOz# q=~# è*_O.
\ H ~H (Types of Tables)
i) ^~} LQ \ H (General purpose tables)
ii) `H [# \ H (Special purpose tables)
34 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
g\x XH^x `~` XH\ KiÔ.

i) ^~} LQ \ H (General purpose tables)
^~} [# \H # 'xH # (repository) \H x _ JO\~. D \H ^ÒO
` i Q\ LO@Ok. WO^x Q\# ^~} "_H J=~"#C_ uK__xH
L y~ . JO^=# D \ H # OkO \ H (reference table) JO\~. JO` QH D \ H
Z= =K~x#O^# i^Hq K LQ_`~. D \ H #O_ z# \ H#
~|@=K. ^~}OQ ~` Ò W`~ Q}OH U[h, qq^ _~"O@ =iOK Q}OH
\ Hh DH= KOk#".
ii) `H [# \ H (Special purpose tables)
D \H z#qQ LO_ nxx q+ # ^~} [# \H #O_ ~|@@O [~QÒk.
JO> ^~} [# \ H #O_ L`#"# OY e` P^~OQ `H [# \ H
~OkOK|_Òk. JO^K` `H [# \ H# =`# \ H (Derivative table) Jx _
JO\~. ^~} [# \ Hx XH\ ^ Hx xi+ q+# QiOz <H K_O HO `H
[# \ H# `~K~.
2. \ Hx Q (Parts of a table) # q=iO=.
[: \ H Zx QO_<k xi+O Q ~#_O ^~^ . ^Ò "x |\. qK~} L^ x
|\ \ H Q =~` LO_#. J~#\H Jx \ H =iOK Hx Q# HO^ \ H
q=iOK|_Ok.
\ #O|~
( ............. \ ~ ................ )
=M Q=xH
J~ jiH
(Stub Box)
q=~ X jiH Y jiH
1 L jiH 2 L jiH 1 L jiH 2 L jiH

A
B \ H ^# QO
C
"Ò
^zH \<\.
^Ò =O (..........)
J~GO _ "\i 35

SmartPrep.in
1. \ H OY (Table Number)
XH\ HO> Z= \ H# LyOK^z#_ u \ H XH OY# =~ H=O
H \~OK_O ZO`< J=~O .
2. \ H ~ (Title)
u \ H XH ~ \e. P ~ OQ, O ^HOQ LO_e. \ H U ^Òx
KOKk è. \ Hx ^ÒO U HxH KOkOk, ^xx Z=~ HiOzOk è. \ H~
\ H ZQ= QO ~e. \ H ~# ^ JH~ "_O =Ozk.
3. jiH (Caption)
\H _ " # x=w` "# ^# (Headings) jiH O\~. x= w` Q_ U=#^
^x jiH K|Òk. XH \ XH\ Qx JO` HO> Z=Q Qx LjiH O_=K. jiH ^x
+OQ x= w` Q_ =^ " K=#. x=w` Q_ Q}OH =} "~~Q LO>
"\x _ jiH Ke. \ ~ HO> jiH z#qQ LO_=.
4. (Stub)
jiH, #"^# He Q ==i~. XH \ H iQ Z_= H# J_ =~
g^ LO_ ^# '' JO\~. Wk u J_ =~ g^ J=i LO_ q+# Qi q=i~.
^~}OQ jiH HO> ^" Qx "\x g#O` z#qQ K Ò LO_e. ZO^HO>
\ Hx ^#QO jiH HO^ =O^ Hx HO^ ~^. u +OQ LO_e.
5. ^# QO (Main body)
Wk \ H JÒ` ^ #"O k ^ # jiH zOz# H~O Q}OH q=~ O^~K | _
LO\~. L^ : jiH 1995-96 O=`~ =^HO "A" Ô H ''kQ=`, ZQ=`
Jx L#C_ ^# QO A Ô qq^ ^` [i# ZQ=u, kQ=` q= O|OkOz#
=K~x Q}OH Ke.
6. ^zH (Foot Note)
\ H HOk QO XH Ô` Qx, "H~O Qx \ H ^#QO O^~z#
Q}OH =K~O H iq`#, ^x x JO# K_xH L^tOz#^ ^zH. L^ :
XH<H O=`~O H ^ÒO aOKH` ^xx ^zH è. ^zH# \ H kQ=#
K`~.
7. =YK# (Head Note)
\ Hx =Y zH P \ Hx q+x OQOQ qnHiOK_xH L^tOK|_Ok. nxx
\ H QO _"# =Q ~=K. Wk \ H O^~z# q+# "_# qq^
36 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
H=<# JO> ''H@ ~II, ^ ''H @# ^ u " @# "^Q "\x

è* O k.
8. ^Ò =O (Source of Data)
\ H =iOz# ^ÒO U =O #O_ f#k, \ H HOk QO x ^zH
HO^Q Ke. nx =# J=~" ` J ^Òx H#Q#_xH, `^~ =iO` =K~O O^_xH
J=HO LO@Ok. ^Ò =x è@C_ QO^H~ ~, HO K~} H~ ~, K~} `k,
O@ OY, zH OY, r OY "^Q#q Ke.
3. ~ @O J#Q <q? qq^ ~ \# OQ q=iOKO_?
[: ~ JO> XH ^@" # w`. J^ #O K "i ^$+x PH@H=_xH ^xx ^@O Q w~ . ~
_= =#O @O KOK=# K~t i=}x è*Ok. ~ \# UH i=}
z`x JO\~. H~}O Uq@O> ~ _=# =`" HH fO\~. "_# iQ}#H
fH~. ~ JOÔQ, PH~}OQ LO__xH ^xH qq^ ~OQ "~.
~\ - ~H
~ \ ~O_ ~H. Jq 1. ^~} ~ \ 2. Lql` ~ \
J) ^~} ~ \ (Simple Bar diagrams)
^~} ~ \# =~ ~ O_q^Q ~#=K. J) UH i=} ~\ P) |
~\
i) UH i=} z` (Single Bar charts)
~# x=Q Qx, J_O Q Qx xiOK=K. ^~}OQx x= ~< Z=Q L yO \~.
u ~ _= JO i=}x KÒk.
ii) | ~ \ (Multiple Bar Charts)
Hx = JO`~ O|OÔ L# K~tH O|OkOz# ^Òx ~ \ KOK=#
J=~O ~=K. J@=O\ O^~O ^~} ~\ i=. |~ \x LyOKe.
u O=`~xH O|OkOz# ~ "\H O|OkOz# K~xO\H uxÔ =~. L^:
kQ=u, ZQ=`# ~O_ ~ uxÔ =OKQ, J=HO ^~, Lù^~, #, =_ ~
è*~. ^~}OQ @O =_ ~HO> Z= KOK~. ~ OY JkHOQ LO> ^xx
J~O K H=_O H+ O Q LO@Ok. ^~} ~\ x~}O q=iOz#@Q< | ~ \#
xi~. ~O_ L^~} O` | ~ \# kQ= =iOK_x K_=K.
iii) Lql` ~\ (Component Bar Charts)
# q=iOz#@ ^~} ~\ XH K~tx =`" =iOK_xH L Q_` ~. Hx
K~t "`x qlOz K= =z#C_ L ql` ~ \# LyOKe.
J~GO _ "\i 37

SmartPrep.in
8
Q}OH ^`
(Statistical Methods)
8.1 iKO
Q}OH ^Òx i_xH =# qq^ Q}OH ^< ^ ^` J=~==`~.
x+`, ~@, ` =O\q, XH =xH KOk# Q}OH ^<Q H#Q<~. Q@, #
# q[< =~H =xH KOk# Q}OH^< H#Q<~. D ~OO g~ D Q}OH
^`## =^<# Ò\~.
8.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
x+u J~x L^~}` q=iOKQ~.
~@ =i x+u =^Q `_# q=iOKQ~.
` =## q=iOKQ~.
HO^ # H` J~x q=iOKQ~.
JOH =^=x Q}# KQ~.
8.3 =^<
XH =~
1. x+u
[: ~O_ ~ =^Q O|O^x x+u è*Ok. g\x ^x JO\~.
2. HO^# H`
[: i=}`HOQ J=~|_# ^ÒO H =^ #O Q@ HOnH$`"#O^# Q@#
HO^# H`x JO\~.
3. JOH=^ =O Ò
dx
[: TOz# Q@ û#yOz JOH =^=x H#Q#_xH X = A+ J< `x
N
LyOKe.
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4. `H û JOH=^= Ò
[: =sH$` ## q[#O JOH=^==# `H û H#Q#_xH LyOK
fx
Ò X= (WH_ X JO> JOH=^=O f JO> ##O X JO> K~.
f
5. ~H û JOH=^= Ò
[: =sH$Ò Hx } JOH=^=x ~H û ^ ^Q~ û (Short cut Method)
fdx
H#Q#_xH LyOK Ò X = A+
f
6. i` JOH=^=O
[: }x JO a# =Yè=_O ^~ HOz# Q@# i` JOH=^=O JO\~.
~O_ =~
1. x+u - J~O
[: ~O_ i=} =^ O|O^x x+u JO\~. D ~O_ i=}# ~O_ ~x JO\~.
"^\ ~tx ~ O_= ~tK y x+ux H#Q#=K. ''Uk i`" Jk "^\~t. ^x`
i`" Jk ~O_= ~t. D qÔQ ~O_ ~ x~ "# `~` "^\~ tx ~O_= ~tK
y x+ux H#Q#=K.
2. ~@ J#Q<q?
[: J~O PiHa=$k ~@, [< ~Q^ ~@, [#< ~@, =~} ~@, ==
kQ|_ ~@ =O\ J<H ~@# Qi `~K , =\_` LO\O. D ~ @# HOK q^#O UqÔQ
LO@O^x K_#_, g@xO\x HOK H ^^ XHqÔQ LO@Ok. ~@ J<k, xs`
H==k ~O_ i=} =^ x+ux è*k =O\k.
3. i` JOH=^== J#Q<q?
[: =# JOH=^ =x HOK@_ } x Jx JO =# =Y` W=_O [~QÒk.
J~` } L# JO =HQ` ^#` L#_ Jx JO =# =Y` W=_O
XH ~HOQ q+x ` `= \OK_" J=Òk. Q }x JO HH ^#`#
JHO K_O = Q@x ^~` H#|_^.
J~GO _ "\i 39

SmartPrep.in
<Q =~
1. ~ @# H OK@_ <\ PîÒ HO> L#` Pî`x J#~OK=# P=H`# L^~}
O` è* O_.
[: J~ O =#O, PiHa=$k ~ @, [< ~Q^ ~ @, [#< ~ @, =~} ~@, ==
kQ|_ ~@ =O\ J<H ~@# Qi `~K, =\_` LO\O. D ~@# HOK H ^^
XHqÔQ LO@Ok. =#O W\ ~#_xH q=~} W=_xH Hx L^~}# fOÔ. L^ : XH
H~ O@ kQ|_ ~@# fOÔ.
"Ò O@ Lù (Hr)
XH H~ O@ kQ|_ ~@
O@ HO^ L# "Ò q q~O (H~)
L^~} ~ @# HOK H x+`# HOK qÔQ< LOk. H|\ D L^~}
~@, x+` ~O_ =#O. WH_ O@ kQ|_ ~@ 'q i=}xH LùH Q x+u ~O_
XH>. JO^K` ~@ J<k, xs` H==k ~O_ i=} =^ x+ux è*k =O\k.
P^~OQ 'XH x\ # fH=_xH a#OQ P"^QOQ XH P^~x fH"e#
P=H` Uq\ q=iÔ. XH x\ x+u q= Hx O^~g K `=Q L#_ x+u
^ ~@ ^#`# è*_O q==Òk. J@=O@_ P^~OQ 100, ^ 1000 ^
10,000 # P^~OQ fH"e# J=~O L`#==Òk.
2. i` JOH=^=O P=H`# `=.^xx Z\ H~?
[: =# JOH=^ =x H OK@_ } x Jx JO =# =Y` W=_O [~QÒk.
J~` } L# JO =HQ` ^#` L#_ Jx JO =# =Y` W=_O XH
~HOQ q+x ` `= \OK_" J=Òk. Q }x JO HH ^#`# JH O
K_O = Q@x ^~` H#|_^.
i` JOH =^== HOK_xH kQ= K~ fH= LO@Ok.
1. } L# u q= "\ H =Y`# |\ ~e"e. (1 , 2 , 3 ,..., n )
2. } L# u q=# ( X ) "\ HH ~K ( ) Q}OKO_. W\ K_O = x
=Ok. 1 x1 , 2 x2 , 3 x3 ,..., n xn
3. x q=xO\x _ "`x H#Q#O_. ^xx x Jx JO\~.
x = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + ... + n xn
4. ~ "`x _O_. =Ok.
5. x # ~ "Ò K yOz#@~# i` JOH=^=O =Ok.
40 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
X 11 + X 22 + X 33 + ... + X nn
i` JOH =^=O =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
x

WH_ x q=# O|Ok` ~K Q}OKQ HOz# "Ò
~ "Ò
Zxqk =~
1. JOH=^=O J#Q<q? =sH$Ò Hx ## q[#O `H, ~H ^`#yOz
JOH=^=x Z\ Q}~ q=iO=.
[: =#OQ =#O 'Q@ Jx ^xx ~O\" ^xx Q}OH LQO JOH =^=O
JO\~. q$ÒQ LyOK Q}OH H=< Wk XH\. } L# Jx JO "`x
HOK_O ^~ nxx H#QO\~.
JOH=^=O - Q}#
Z) ^~} } - JOH =^ =O Q}# (Calculation of Arithmetic mean in simple array)
=HQ ` JO# ^~} }x =HQ ` } (Individual series) JO\~. D } JOH=^ =x
~O_ ^` Q}OK=K. (i) `H û (Direct method), (ii) ~H û (Indirect method)
(i) `H û
(Direct method)
JOH=^=O
x1 + x2 + ........ + x7
^ ( x ) N
(ii) ~H û
(Indirect Method)
ij<O `=Q LO> `H û JOH =^=x (Mean) H#Q#_O ZO` O.
Hx ij<O Z=Q #O> `H û JH~OQ LO@Ok. W@=O\ O^~g ~H
û#yOK_O =Ozk.
^ÒO U q= JOH=^=xH (Mean) ^Q~Q LO^x q", ^xx ZOH KO_.
=#OQ } =^Q L# q=# ZOH K_O H~OQ LO@Ok. T`HOQ ZOH K#
D q=# ''TOz# Q@ (Assumed Mean) JO\~. TOz# Q@# ''A'' Q~` z~.
~H û JOH=^=x Q}# K_xH HOk K~ J=~O.
1. ij<O XH ^xx TOz# Q@Q fHO_.
2 TOz# Q@ #O_ }x ij<O =^ qK<# H#Q#O_. qK<# dx Q
è*O_. Jk x A H =#O.
J~GO _ "\i 41

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3. qK< "`x H#Q#O_. nxx dx Q~` è*O_.

4. kQ= û#yOz JOH=^=x Q}# KO_.
dx
X = A+
N
) ## } JOH =^=O Q}#
^~} } =< ## } _ JOH=^=x ~O_ ^` Q}OK=K.
(i) `H û (Direct Method)
D û JOH=^=x Q}# KxH kQ= K~# `H"e.
1. }x u x q=# ^x O|Ok` ##OK Q}OK=#. PqÔQ K_O=#
fx = X f # O^=K.
2. fx q= "`x OH#O Ke. `^~ =#O fx # O^QO.
3. fx # ij<O OY f K yOK=#. WH_ ## q=xO\x _` f
=Ok. kQ= ~#@ fx # f ` y JOH=^=O# =#O kOKQO.
f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ... + f n xn fx
X= =
f1 + f 2 + ... + f n f
(ii) ~H û (Indirect method) ^ ^Q~ û (Short cut method)
~H û ~O_ q^Q LO@Ok. "^\ q^#O TOz# Q@# (Assumed Mean
=A) x fH=_O. ~O_= q^#O # qK<# (Step Deviations) fH=_O.
(i) TOz# Q@# (Assumed Mean =A)
fdx
HOk gH~}O J#~ q= =Ok. X = A+
X f
~H û JOH#yOK_O K O. JO^K` JOH=^=x HOK_O
_ K =x g~ Q=xOz LO\~.
(ii) # qK# û (Step Deviation Method)
Wk ~H û JOH=^ =xH#Q< =~ q^#O. D q^#O J^#OQ # qK<#
H#Q#_O [~QÒk. JO^=< nxx # qK# û JO\~. K~t q= (X) JkHOQ LO>
qK< q= (dx = XA) Z=Q LO@Ok. JO^K` nxx OQ HOK_xH gQ XH
=# OYK } x dx q=xO\x yOK=#. W\ K_O = qK# dx q= `yOK|_,
^xx HOK_O =Q#. WH_ =# OMQ f# q=# (i) Q ~O\=.
42 J~GO _ "\i

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2. HO^# H` ## JOH=^=O H Q}^# è*O_.

[: Q}
HO^# H` =#OQ LyOK|_k JOH=^=O. W`~ H=<` e`
JOH=^=O Hx Q}# HeyLOk.
1. JOH=^=x HOK_O ZO` O. =HeOK Q}f H K=# x^.
ij<O "`x, ij<O OMK y JOH=^=O Òk.
x x
x=
N
^ =
f
2. Wk }x Jx q= P^~_#. } U Q"< JO~OQ LO> JOH=^=x
HOK_O ÔH^.
3. Wk cr =# `y L#k. JO> qq^ Q}` ^`# JOH=^=O LyOK=K.
L^~} : Z) ~ O_ } JOH=^ =O =~Q x1 =i x2 J~#_ "\ ij<O
N1 =i N2 . D ~O_ } L=_ JOH=^=x x12 HOk qÔQ H#Q#=K.
N1 X 1 + N 2 X 2
X 12 =
N1 + N 2
4. Wk +OQ#, YzÒQ# (Regidly) x~OK|_# Q@. H~}"=O> i^ _ H ` |k`

Q}# K<, x+H ` |k` Q}# K< =K JOH=^=O XH>.
^
W`~ HO^# H` HO> JOH=^=O Hx Hx [<# He L#\Hx, =YOQ
=_ J=H}# Hey LOk.
1. }x Ju^, Ju (Extreme values) q= = JOH=^=O JkHOQ qÒ
J=Òk. J@=O@_ JOH=^ =O q= }H uxÔ =OK^. J`kH, J` q=
H$u=OQ JOH=^q=# =O^<@_O Qx, HOkH Q_O Qx [~QÒk.
2. JOH=^=x H=O ij# (Mere observation) ^~ `H=.
3. JOH=^=O Jx JO P^~_ L#Ô> Jk P^~"# Q@Q K=K. J~` XH_
H+OQ _ i}qOk. L^ : =## 100 JO 99 JO è XH JOO èx
H~}OQ JOH=^= Q}# J^==Òk.
J~GO _ "\i 43

SmartPrep.in
9
p OY : J~O =i "\ x~}O
(Index Numbers : Meaning and their Construction)
9.1 iKO
=# x`rqÒ ''^~ ~Q^ Qi Q=x LO\=. ^x J~O Uq@O> x`rqÒ
=#O L yOK J<H == Q@ ^~ ~Q`<x, J^ == #, =# H#_xH QÒ
HO> W_ Z= ^~ # KeO Ke. pOY# yOz ^~ =K Q@ =~# H#Q#=K.
== Q@ ^~ ~Q`<x =#O K#_ Jx == ^~ ~Q`<x J~OH^.
Hx == ^~ `Q=K. H|\ p OY ^~ =K Q@ =~# =`" è*~.
(`Q^ ^ ~Q^)
9.2 H
pOY# x~zOKQ ~
^~ H# x~zOKQ~.
g~ pOY H}# =~Q ~#Q~.
pOY x~}O Z^~ =# q=iOKQ~.
9.3 =^<
XH =~
1. p OY
[: ~~ O|OÔ L# K~ Q@ =~# =HOK Q}OH H=< p OY.
2. p OY ~H
[: pOY ~O_ ~HQ LO\~. Jq (1) =# ^ Ji` pOY (2) i`
pOY
3. Ji` p OY
[: =# ^ Ji` pOY Jx == =# ^#`# W=|_pOY.
Ji` pOY J=# ~ W=|_# pOY
44 J~GO _ "\i

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4. p OY# HOK ^`
[: =# pOY# ~O_ ^` HOK=K.
P1
Jq : Z) =# q+ û Po1 = 100
Po
P
1 100
Po1 = o 100
a) ^~ HH =# Q@ û P
N
5. ~ pOY
[: i` pOY ~ û XH\ . P^~ O=`~ i=}# (qo) ~Q
p1qo
fO\~. nx H~O pOY xiOK_xH LyOK Ò : P= 100
po qo
6. û
[: û =~=# O=`~O i=}# (q1) ~Q fO\~. nx H~O
p1q1
LyOK=# Ò P= 100
po q1
~O_ =~
1. pOY J#Q<q?
[. pOY<q Q}OH H=<. ~~ O|OÔ L# ~O_ ^ JO`HO> Z= K~
=^ Q Q@ =~# è*~. JO`HO_ 2005 =i 2010 O=`~ =^ HO
^ _b =i =O~ =O\ @} =^ ^ ~`Ô =i [< ^ =^
== ^~ ^ = i}=O =z# Q@ =~# D pOY è*~.
qxQ^~ ^~ z ^ r=# = p nxH O|OkOz# =K~x JOkOK_O
_` ~.
2. ^~ HJ< =## q=iO=.
[. pOY "# L^~}Q ^~ Hx ~#=K. =~=# O=`~ ^~# (P1)
P^~ O=`~ ^~ (Po) yOz `= =H~K|_# q=# ^~ HOQ x~zOK=K.
3. ~J< =## q=iO=.
[. q $` ik K=## =# ~O_ ~H pOY<~. (1) =# ^ Ji`
pOY (2) i` pOY. ~<q ~~ O|OÔ L# qq^ == ^#`#
J~GO _ "\i 45

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è*~. L^: XH ^"x <i @O| |_\ JkHO Q P~O g^, ` =Q =g^,
HkQ Qx ^ J O_ Hx q^, P~Q H~ =O\ "\HO =O K_O =#O
Q=xOK=K. JO^K` P~O J<k ^"x @O| |_\ J`kH ^#` ^ ~OQ
JOO.
4. pOY# xiOK_xH =# q+ û J< =## q=iO=.
[. pOY# xiOK_xH Wk K "# û . Jx == ^ JO =# ^#`
W~. JO^K` Jx JO# =#OQ q~. D û pOY x~}xH =_ *Q`
J=~O .
Z) =~=# O=`~Ox Jx == ^~# _ "Ò H#Q#O_. (P1)
a) P^~ O=`~O J^ == ^~xO\x _ "`x H#Q#= (P0)
) HOk W=|_# Ò q=# uHOz ^~ px HOKO_. (Po1)
P1
100
Po
P1
P01 = 100
P0
5. pOY# xiOK_xH HH =# Q@ û q=iO=.
[. Ji` pOY x~}O Wk =~ û. D û qq^ == ^~ HH# Q@
K_O ^~ pOY# H#QO\~. pOY x~}O U Q@<< LyOK=K. L^:
JOH=^==# LyOz Q@ K=## pOY x~}xH HOk `x LyOK=.
P
1 100
Po1 = o
P
N
WH_ "N" JO> pOY K~|_ == OY.
HH =# Q@ û pOY# `~ K ^`
P1
J) u == ^~ HH# `= H#Q#=. 100
Po
P
P) qq^ == ^~ HH# JxO\x _O_. = 1 100
Po
W) == OY "`x HOKO_. N
D) # pOY K~|_# == OY "N" ` yOKO_.

46 J~GO _ "\i

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D ûx i# L^~}` x~Ô. # LîOz#@ 1 =i 2 W=|_#

=K~x fHx =# q+ Y~ ûx q=iÔ.
6. ~ û (Laspeyre's Method) # q=iO=.
D û P^~ O=`~ i=}x (qo) ~Q "_`~. nx H~O pOY x~}
Pq
Ò P= 1 o
100
P0 qo
7. û (Paasche's Method) # q=iO=.

D û =~=# O=`~ i=}# (q1) ~Q fO\~. nx H~O pOY
x~} Ò p1q1
P= 100
po q1
<Q =~
1. =# =i i` pOY# qkOK=?
[: =# pOY# ~ O_ ^` xiOK=K. Jq i) =# q+ û (simple aggregate
method) ii) ^~
HH =# Q@ û (simple average of price relatives method)
Z) =# q+ û (Simple aggregate method)
pOY# xiOK_xH Wk K "# û . Jx == ^ JO =# ^#`
W~. JO^K` Jx JO# =#OQ q~. D û pOY x~}xH =_ *Q`
J=~O.
Z) =~=# O=`~Ox Jx == ^~# _ "Ò H#Q#O_. (P1)
a) P^~ O=`~O J^ == ^~xO\x _ "`x H#Q#= (P0)
a) HH =# Q@ û
Ji` pOY x~}O Wk =~ û . D û qq^ == ^~ HH# Q@
K_O ^~ pOY# H#QO\~. pOY x~}O U Q@<< LyOK=K. L^:
JOH=^==# LyOz Q@ K=## pOY x~}xH HOk `x LyOK=.
WH_ "N" JO> pOY K~|_ == OY.
HH =# Q@ û pOY# `~ K ^`
P1
J) u == ^~ HH# `= H#Q#=. 100
Po
J~GO _ "\i 47

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P
P) qq^ == ^~ HH# JxO\x _O_. = 1 100
Po
W) == OY "`x HOKO_. N
P
D) 1 100 # pOY K~|_# == OY "N" ` yOKO_.
Po
Zxqk =~
1. pOY J~x =i ^x =Y H}# q=iO=?
[: pOY<q Q}OH H=<. ~~ O|OÔ L# ~O_ ^ JO`HO > Z= K~
=^Q Q@ =~# è*~. JO`HO_ 2001 =i 2006 O=`~ =^HO ^
_b =i =O~ =O\ @} =^ == ^~ ^ = i}=O =z# Q@ =~#
D pOY è*~. L^: =#O ~`Ôx =Y @}# _b, =O~, =i
HH` U @} O ^~ ^$ JÒ` Ys^#k ^ JÒ` KH# ^< q+ O `H"< =K~x
JOkOK_O _`~.
qq^ ~H ==# qq^ x@ H~. L^: Q^=, =i =O\ P~^<# H
Q=# ^# g@~#, # b@~ H~. D qÔQ qq^ x@ Hez# qq^
== Q@ =~# è*_xH pOY _`~.
pOY ^# H}
pOY H} HOkqÔQ LO\~.
1. pOY `H Q@
HO^ # H`# JOH=^=O =O\ "\x LyOz ~O_ ^ JO`HO > Z= JO#
i=K. J~` WH_ JO qq^ x@ LO__O = =#O =# Z^~#= LO@Ok.
2. pOM ~~ O|OÔ L# K~t =O H xH~ =~# H~.
pOM ~~ O|OÔ L# K~t =O H =~# (~Q_O/`Q_O) XH
OY =i~. L^: 2001 =i 2006 ~O_ O=`~ H==k Hx =~ [
qxyOK== ^~ =z# =~# _xH qxQ^~ ^~ pOY# H~ . 2001
O=`~O` _xH P O=`~ zx 100 Q#, 2006 O=`~ ^~ pOY# 120Q qÔ .
J_ ^~ ~ (120-100) 20% iyO^x `H=K. D qÔ 2001 O=`~O H pOY#
100 Q#, 2006 OII H pOY# 120 Q# XH OY ~ O_ O=`~ H Q ^~~
Q@# OH~z #@ QOK=K#.
48 J~GO _ "\i

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3. xs` H==^#, O` =^ =K=~ "x pOY H~.

pOY# =YOQ xs` H==^ =K =~# H=_xH Ly~. J^
qÔ Q == L`` # iqH L`` #, ZQ=`, kQ=` =O\"\x qq^ H==^ `
=K. qq^ i=# qq^ O` (@} ^ ^) PiH uQ`# _xH
pOY# L yOK=K.
2. i` pOY x~}O ~, ^` =^ Q =`# QiOKO_. ~
ûx q=iO=?
[: i` pOY# xiOK@_ *a` L# uJOO H ^#`# |\ ~x=_O
[~QÒk. D ~H"# pOY# HOK_xH ~O_ ^`Q=. Jq (1) i` q+ û
(Weighted aggregate method) (2) H` i` Q@ û (weighted average of price relative
method) D qQO ~O_ ~H# i` q+ ^`# =#O J^#O KO. Jq (1) ~
û (Laspeyre's Method) (2) û (Paasche's Method) D ~O_ ^`#yOz i`
pOY# xi~. J~` D ~O_O\ ^# `_ Uq@O> ~ P^~ O=`~O
=i=}# H ~Q LyOKQ P^~ O=`~ = i}=# H ~Q
LyOz ^~ px H#QO\~.
Z) ~ û (Laspeyre's Method)
D û P^~ O=`~ i=}x (qo) ~Q "_`~. nx H~O pOY x~}
Pq
1 o
Ò P= 100
P0 qo
~ û pOY# HOK_xH J#iOK=# ^`

Z) u== ^ = H =~=# O=`~ ^~# (P1) P^~ O=`~ i=}O (qo)
` Q}Oz p1,q0 H#Q#O_
a) u == ^ = O|OkOz P^~ O=`~O ^~ # (po) P^~ O=`~O i=}O
(qo) ` Q}Oz poqo H#Q#=.
) p1qo =i poqo xO\x _ p1qo =i poqo "`# H#HO_.
_) p1qo "`x poqo ` yOz ^xx 100` Q}Oz ~ pOY# H#Q#O_.
J~GO _ "\i 49

SmartPrep.in
10
p OY - = =i [<
(Index Numbers : Problems and Uses)
10.1 iKO
p OY =# Z< [<<~. `xH p OY =K~O ZO`< J=~O .
D ~OO p OY [<# ["| ^~ q=iOK@"#k.
10.2 H
nxx J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
p OY x~}O L`#= =# q=iOKQ~.
p OY =Y[<# q=iOKQ~.
p OY# Qi Hx H#, k#uH# K^=Q~.
10.3 =^<
<Q =~
1. p OY [<# HxO\x ~#=.
[: 1. ^~ p [ r=# =x HOk. HQ=#O LyOK == =i =
^~ =~` LO\~. =# WO_#, ^ "~ ==~ LyOK qq^ ==, =
^~ xs` H ==k ~Q_x Q=xO\=. "\ ~Q^ r=# =O ~Q_xH ^Ô
KOk. ^~zH# P^~O KHx Ò L^Q Hh "`<#, H~= Ò =O\ "\x
x~~ O k.
2. PiH == OqOK ^"}, u ^"} H_# HOK_O ^~ z XH
=Oz H=#O. D H_# xOuOK_xH Ò ~# K~# J=OaOk.
3. Lù p OY PiH ==x qq^ ~OQ =# PiH Qux è* XH =Oz
zH. q+` Lù =K H_# Ò =O^Q< Hx@_xH nxx LyOK=K.
50 J~GO _ "\i

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P qÔQ D p }oH ZO` [#H~OQ LO\~.

4. *fÔ, ZQ=`, kQ=` =O\ "\H O|OkOz# W`~ p _ ZO`
[#H~"#q. *f^ z Ja=$k ~@# è*Ok. ì P^ z PiHa=$k
~@# =i îH ~x è*Ok.
5. Ôx qq^ O`#, OKOx qq^ O` PiH u Q`# _xH p
OY# LyOK=K.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. p OY xiOK@C_ L#fl =# q=iOKO_.
[: p OY# "= OQ xiOK@C_ D HO^ ~#fl =# =#O Z^~#= LO@Ok.
1. pOY x~} LÔ
p OY# xiOK@C_ "@"^@ ^x L^xfl +OQ x~~OKe. H=^z#
LyOK^z# "\x p OY x~}O ~<e. XH" H=OQ x~~OKH` Jk `C_
x~
~+" # e ` î f~. f p OY Hxfl iq` =i [<
LO\~. p OY x~}O K~|_ == =i =, "\ ^~, P^~ O=`~ ZOH
=O\ x~hfl p OY x~} LÔ P^~_ LO\~. H|\ g\H O|OkzOz# JÒ`
*Q~H` J=~O.
2. P^~ O=`~ ZOH
^~ p OY# ^~ HH =HO K_O [~QÒk. JO^K` @ J#=Q
i# P^~ O=`~xfl ZOH Ke. nx< P^~HO ^ ukH O=`~O JO\~. D P^~
O=`~O Q`xH =s Z= ^~O LO_~^. nxH Q H~}O HO Z= Q_K Hn QÒ [
LyOz# Hxfl == ^#` `y Òk. Hxfl #`# == H~# f~_xH @H~
JO`HO_ P^~ O=`~ HO ^~} PiH H~H HOQ LO_e. ^ HO
^ H$u "s`# =~^, H~= H@H, JO@"^ =O\q OqOz LO_~^.
3. == =i = ZOH
Wk _ p OY x~} LÔ g^ P^~_ LO@Ok. ZOH K|_# ==
=i = p OY LÔ H~O LO__" HH, =O "`xH uxÔ =OK@@
LO_e. Q Wq Q K~O Ok#qQ LO_, Z=iH~ p OY xiOK^ K" "i Ja~ K,
J"@ PK~, +# uxÔ =OKqQ LO_e.
J~GO _ "\i 51

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4. ^~ q=~ H~}
= = ZOH `~fi` Z^~ =~H = "\ ^~# HiOK_O. D =# #
q=iOz# H~O @O| |_\ qK~} ^fi~ i+iOK=K. iqH Hi r=# = p
OY# xiOK_xH Q#, "~ LyOK = = ^~# Qx, qxQ^~ ^~ px Qx
xiOKe.
5. ~ ZOH
p OY x~}O =~H =Y"# = ~ ZOH. @O| |_\ qK~} K\ # @~`
q LyOK ==, =i = =# ^#` He#q H=x +==Òk. JO`QH
Hxfl =, = H#Q HO PÔ Z=Q =O K< Xu_ LO_^. L^ : iqH
Hi |_\ P~ ^~ =O K Ò Z=Q LO@Ok. nxH a#flOQ q^, q<^,
P~Q H~ =O^ =O\ "\ HO =O K Ò PÔ `=Q LO@Ok. J~` Hxfl
O^~ = HO> =O^ Z= ^#O He LO_=K. JO^K` =Ox u ==
[ `= PÔ =O K x+ux |\ ~# x~~OKe.
6. Q@ ZOH
xs` HO ~ ~ O|OÔ Q XH\ ^ JO`HO > Z= K~ =K Q@ =~#
è* Q}OH ^` p OY. J~` WH_ U ~H" # Q@ # L yOK< fl L^~O k.
Q@xflO\# Q}=^=O L`="# Q@. Hx nxx HOK_O L#fl = ^$ JOH
=^=xfl qiqQ "_`<fl~. D x~O f#fl `~fi` p OY x~}xH =# ^ Ji`
Q@ ûx LyOK? ^ i` Q@ ^` U û #yOK<k =~ =.
JO`Q ^#` x J^< q+O =# ^ Pî` Q@ ^` i`~. Hx
JÒ` ^#` He e` YzÒQ LO_=# J^< q+O i` Q@ (weighted
average) ^`# `H LyOKe.
52 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
11
J~G iK=
(Introduction to Macro Economics)
11.1 iKO
J~G= PiH ==# OQ ("ÒQ) iQ}#H fO@Ok. Wk Ô H
"Ò Lù, L^y`, ^~ =i JO`~f "~O "^Q q+# q+Ok.
PiH q+}, XH O ZO` Lù Ke? Uq Lù Ke ? Z Lù Ke? J< x~#
fH=_O LQ_Òk. PiH q+} *fù, x~^y`, ^"}O,
ZQ=u, kQ=` q^j "~ KeO =Ò, JO# iQ}# H fO\~. Ja=$k
KOk# ^ PiH H~H# ^|f# 1930 PiH =OÔ `~"` PiH GO H
=Y` q$ ÒQ iyOk. a\+ PiH "` J~# J.M. Keynes "# General theory of Employment
Interest and Money (1936) _ PiH GO H =Y`# OzOk.
11.2 H
l O^ (Classical) L^y` Ô`= J#Q<q?
l H< L^y`, Lù =i P^ Ô`= H qnH~}
l PiH "^g `fi `
11.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. O$+ ^ J=# x~^y` J#Q<q?
[: PiH == Ja=$k [~Q`#flC_ OHuH i*#O =~ =#flC_ Hxfl~,
q Hey L#fl < }xH, i= J=~" # < }xH `_ L#flC _ U~_ x~^y`#
O$+ ^ J=# x~^y` JO\~.
2. ~H _=O_ J#Q<q?
[: q+ _=O_ O (qq^ L^y` ~ =^ Lù K# == # J=@O =# ==
O^Q=x PtOK Qi+ ~|_ "Ò) q+ O (qq^ L^y` ~ =^ ==
J~GO _ "\i 53

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=~tx Lù K\xH J =O)# =#==Ò^ ^xx ~H _=O_ JO\~.

3. x~^QO J#Q<q?
[: =~\ L#fl "`# O ^ i`+H= # q ^ =#~ xK @ Ô Q L#fl \H
x ^~HH =_xfl x~^QO JO\~.
~O_ =~ fl
1. O~ L^y` J#Q<q?
[: O~ L^y` XH `H "# L^y` u. D u Hi JOîH ^ =#~ JxflO\H
=~\ =`" # "`# O ^ i`+HO =^ x ^~Òk. O~ L^Q u HO`=Ok
q ^ Hxfl =#~ SzH x~^y` u LO_=K.
2. |` O|O^"# x~^y` J#Q<q?
[: |`= ^ H= x =~ = Lù, ~~ =i _=O_ =~ =~.
g\= x~^y` U~_Òk. nxx |` O|O^"# x~^y` JO\~. L^~} U,
" == == # LO_=. JO^= ==O g^ P^~_ # "~, H#Q}OQ
=K =~ = _=O_ =~ =K = = g^ P^~_ # "~ x~^y` #=`~.
W@=O\ x~^y`# |` O|O^"# x~^y` JO\~.
3. ' H =~\ ÔÒ Ò_.
[: ' Ò ^ =~\ Ò, '~ ~ `# _=O_# x~~ OKH##. (Supply creates its own
demand) Jx K|Òk. OK "i, =Y PiH "` J~# *< (J.B. Say)
(17671932) D Ô`= H ~H~.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. O^ L^y` ÔÒ H "# qnHiOK=.
[: H< L^y` Ô`xH ~fi ÔÒ O^ ÔÒ. D O^ Ô`=#
*.a. (J.B.Say's) =~\ Ò (JB say's Law of Markets) A.C. Q (Pigou) ~ "`# Ô`=,
+~ (Fisher's) ^= i=} ÔÒ (Quantity theory of Money) H =#fiOQ K=K.
O^ L^y` ÔÒ H " :
O^"^ PiH == O~ L^y` LO@O^x =i, O~ L^y` ~mH$`
"`< =# ^ =x qOK~. O^"^, `fiO PiH H~H *HO K H_^x
54 J~GO _ "\i

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qOK~. O^"^ "i ÔÒ H~= PiH == H =~\ i~ \

LO@Ok. "i H =iH "= ^ @|_ =_~@K x~~O|_`~.
' H =~\ ÔÒ (Say's Law of Markets)
' Ò ^ =~\ Ò, '~~ `# _=O_# x~~OKH##. (Supply creates its
own demand) Jx K|Òk. =Y PiH "` J~# *< (J.B. Say) (17671932) D
Ô`=# ukOK#.
JkHùH J=H" ^.
D Ô` H~=Q =~\ == JkHùH J=H" ^. ZO^=# J#Q,
`# `y# _=O_# `< $+O KO@Ok. H#H ~fiuH J`ù LO_^ . J#Q
, _=O_
=#OQ LO\~. XH" " _=O_ ZC_< J=#` ù< Jq fiHxH =`".
`# _=O_# `< $+OKO@Ok. W^ HO_ ^~ ~OQ LO_@ =#,
_=O_ J#Q}OQ Jq =~` _=O_ =#OQ LO_@@ K~.
Z. Q, ~ "`# ÔÒ (Pigou's wage flexibility theory)
Z..Q (18771959) WOQO_ KOk# PiH "`. D# JaO "~ "`# ~@
x~^y`# x~eOz O~ L^y`# kOK\xH LQ_Òk. nx H~O ^~ =i
"`# ~@ =#, =YOQ ^~#, "`<# `yOK@O =# "qH ^= iy L^y`
~ ~QÒk. nxx P^~OQ O^ O~^y`# "OQ f<fl~.
^=~t ÔÒ (Quantity theory of Money)
^=~t ÔÒ Iriving Fisher (1867-1947) J< J"iH ^ PiH G"`K Ja=$k
K|_Ok. ^=~t ÔÒ H~O ^=~t =i#_ ^~~ _ =~#. ^=~tH,
^~ J#= O|OÔ LOk. ^=~t U J#Ò =~< ^~ ~ _ J^ J#Ò
=~#.
+~ gH~}
MV = PT
O^ L^y` ÔÒ H q=~

H< O^ L^y` Ô`xfl q=iOK~. Hxfl =Y q=~ D HOk qÔQ L<fl~.
1. PiH == O~ L^y` LO@O^< "O x[O H^. PiH == O~ L^y`
H<fl `= ~ =Ò LO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 55

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2. "`< `Q^ <QiH PiH == HxOK@ ^. "`< `Q k ~OQ LO\~.

"`< `Q^# HiH O u\~. JO^= "`< `Q=.
3. ^ =_~@K x~~O |_^, PÔK x~~O |_Òk.
4. Lù _=O_# x~~OK^. _=O_ Lùx x~~Ok.
5. ^=O H qk "~ ==~ HiOK@" HO_ q= xkQ xK@O _ nx
qk.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. H# P^ L^y` Ô`xfl qnHiOK=.
[: PiH == O|OkOz O^ PiH "` Ja# O~ L^y`, n~H =Ò,
^~, "`< ~@ x* H=x H< `î J`x J#K~ K~. H< PiH == O~
L^y` ~ HO> ` = =Ò LO@O^x, ^~ , "`< ~ @ JO` O H^x x"kOK@O
[iyOk. H<, `# H"# General theory of employment, Interest and Money P~ @@
H~}O P# Ja=$k K# ÔÒ Jxfl H, qa#fl i` LQ_Ò^x #=@O.
H< P^ x~ ÔÒ H~O ZH_` q+ _=O_ O (qq^ L^y` ~ =^
Lù K# ==# J=@O =# == O^Q=x PtOK Qi+ ~|_ "Ò) q+
O (qq^ L^y` ~ =^ == =~tx Lù K\xH J =O)#
=#==Ò^ ^xx ~H _=O_ JO\~. H< ÔÒ H~= Lù, L^y`, P^= D
~H _=O_ ~x |\ x~~OK|_`~. O^ PiH "` JaxH q~ÔQ H<
_=O_, x, J#Q L^y`#, Lùx P^=#, qxQ=# x~~O^x K~. q+
_=O_, q+ K H~H g^ P^~_ L#flq. "\x HOk \ H ^fi~ K=K.
56 J~GO _ "\i

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~H _=O_ L^y` Lù P^=
q+ O(ASF) q+ _=O_ O (ADF)
qxQO (C) @|_ (I) `fi =O (G)
P^ i=}O qxQ =_~ @ LO`

=$u =^#
=~ O
^=`fia~ z ^=
"~ ==~ =O^ *Q` JOK< O` H =^# =^# P

xqÒ xqÒ "~O P ^~ #Oz PtOK
xqÒ kQ|_
# ~#fl qÔQ ~H _=O_, L^y`#, Lùx, P^=# =i ==# x~~Ok.
~H _=O_ iy` Jk @|_ ^~# Z= @|_ >@@ KOk. ^x= Z= L^y`
Lù, PÔ U~_`~. JkHO Q $+O K|_ PÔ HO` QO qxQOQ qye#k ^Q
qlO|_Òk. ^ @|_Q =~Òk. XHi Y~, "~Hi PÔ. JO^= Y~
P^xfl $+O K_O L Q_ Òk. H< J`x q+ }
fiHxH Z= ^#`# WK~
=i fi HO q+ O ~OQ LO@O^x K~.
J~GO _ "\i 57

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12
P^ "
(Income Flows)
13.1 iKO
g J<H =Ok *fÔ# Qi qxQx, KkqQx LO\~. Wk K =Y"# =#.
J~#\H J~O D =# XH `H"# J~=Ok. *f PÔ *f =i
PÔ J< ~ O_ ^#flq. D ~ O_ ^ _ J~ O ` H J~<fl~. D ~O g~
PÔ J< =# J~O# =i PÔ O^ q^#O QiOz <~O\~.
13.2 H
D fl Kkq# `~"` g~ `H< =MO
u H~H PÔ, H~HO Hx PÔ =^ Q `~`=# QiOK_O.
u <Q Lù H~H J~xfl, u Lù H~HO O^ uxfl QiOz q=iOK_O.
u Lù, qxQO =i @|_H O|O^=#fl P^ H~H# q=iOK_O
u PiH ==x qq^ qQ# L`^H O, @O| ~OQO, ^~} =O, =^#O
=i qye# OK ~OQ QiOz q=iOK_O.
u qq^ ~OQ =^ ^= x[ "# q=iOK_O.
13.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. H~H PÔ
[: Lù H~H PÔ J##k Lù H~H [=x Lù O JOkOz# =
uOQ O^ PÔ.
2. =
[: = J<k Lù < =#= s~H =i =#H =. D = aOK u"
"`# O.
58 J~GO _ "\i

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3. q
[: q JO> H$u #O_ LzÒQ O^H#H. qH aOK u" @HO.
4. =^# O
[: =^#O JO> =#= xi` =^# == =^<xH aOK u" =_.
5. O
[: "~ x~fi} ^` x~fiOz#O^ L^=^~_ O^ u" O.
6. |~OQ PiH ==
[: ZQ=`, kQ=` L#fl ==# |~OQ PiH == JO^~.
7. xq` PiH ==
[: |~OQ PiH == JO> PiH== qye# OK PiH ==` O|O^= Hey =#flk.
xq` PiH == JO> qQ` OK PiH ==` O|OÔ x PiH ==.
8. H~HO Hx P^
[: H~HO Qx P^ J#Q g\H |^Q ZO\ H~H= J=~O xq. L^~}
|=<, KO^, #fl, A "^#q.
~O_ =~ fl
1. PÔ J#Q<q?
[. g~ P^=# J<H =~ ^fi~ O^Q~. HO^~ "i [=# ^fi~ "`<#
O^`~. =i HO^~ ~}O W=fi_O ^fi~ =_x O^`~. =iHO^~ |=`#, KO^#
"^Q "\x W`~ =^#O_ O^`~. HO^~ "~ x~fi} ^fi~ O# O^`~.
q^=Q O^ Hxfl ~H P^ U^ XH uO W=fi= LO@Ok. Hxfl ~H
P^ O^\xH =H HO` `QO K= =O@Ok. =iHxflO\x O^@ W@=O\
`QO K#=~O ^.
2. Lù H~H P^ J#Q<q?
[. H~HO J# ^=# J~O Lù H~HO Jx K=K. Lù H~H <Q ~H=. Jq
q, =, =^#O =i ==#. D Lù H~H [=# g\ =# Lù
K O qH~OK_O [~QÒk. Lù O Ok# D = Lù H~H [=#
J~GO _ "\i 59

SmartPrep.in
HO` uxfl JOk~. D uO Lù O Lù =O Q#, [=# Lù

H~H P^Q# iQ}~.
3. Lù O J#Q<q?
[. Lù O U~@ J<k <Q Lù H~H [=# He == Lù #fl_
[~QÒk. H~Q~, ^H}, H~, ~ , H, "HO^, "^ ,
~fi, ~_ HO^, `fi H~, b qQO "^#=xfl Lù O. Wq
U^ XH ==# Qx, =#Qx Lù K~. u XH O (Lù O) D <Q ~H
Lù H~H = J=~==Ò\~.
4. xq` PiH == (Closed Economy) J#Q<q?
[. P^xH HO ^^Q u Ô W`~ ^` PiH O|O^# Hey LOk. =~Q Jxfl
^ XHi #O_ XH~ = =# H#Q KO\~. qq^ ^ =^ ~} W=fi_O,
fH=_O [~QÒk. XH Ô L#fl [ W`~ ^ "_O, ~=_O [~Q` LO@Ok.
~O_ ^ XH^x HH\ PiH O|O^ Hey =O> "\ =^ x[ =i ^= "
U~_Ò\~.
5. |~OQ PiH == (Open Economy) J#Q<q?
[. XH Ô OKOx W`~ ^` PiH O|O^ Hey LO_\xfl |~OQ PiH ==
JO\~. OKx J<H ^ D H= O|OkOz LO\~. xq` PiH == JO> U
^"# OKOx U W`~ Ô`# PiH O|O^ O_ LO_@O. xq` PiH ==
Hey# ^=# QiOK_O ` OKO ^_^.
<Q =~ fl
1. Lù H~H<q\ è Jq O^ u# Qi Ò_.
[: Lù O Lù H~H P^# JOkOk. L^~} =ù K XH i=#
fOÔ. "=OQ =ù J<k <Q Lù H~H q+ H$+ eÒQ< ^==Òk.
== ^ = LùH H~H"# q, =, =^#O =i ==# J##q D <Q Lù
H~H.
Z) = (Labour)
= J##k == Lù =#= JOkOK uH =i =#H =. g\x "~
KO. qxH D ~O_ J=~O. D =# LyOK ~ =`" `_ LO\~. Hxfl
60 J~GO _ "\i

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~H L^Q =#H =HO> uH= J=~O Z=Q LO@Ok. q = ^=~O

KeOK u# "`< ^ r` JO\~.
a) q (Land)
J~O qx `=fl J~O XH [=#~Q iQ}~. LiÒ, q
JO`~QO, =i q Li`= # H$u kOz# [ =#~xflO\x qQ iQ}~.
q Li`=# ~_, KO^_, Qe, =~= "^# =#~ L#flq. q^=Q q JO>
=# H$u kOz# =#~ Jxfl He =O\~. fiq O^ D uxfl @HO Jx
JO\~.
) =^#= (Capital)
nxx =#= xi` =#~Q ~#=K. Wk q xiOK x~}, O`, iH~,
"<. qq^ ~H ==, = `s LQ_`~. qH =^<xH Q =Y"#
`_ q H$u kOz# Lz` H#H, =^#O =#=xiÒ. qx =#= Lù KO.
J~` =^#O# Lù KQO. =^#O O^ uO# =_Q iQ}~.
_) L^q`fiO (Enterpreneurship)
L^q`fiO J#Q XH =HQx ^ = =ÔQx XH "~O# "^\ ^x
x~fi} Z^~ W|O^# Z^~O@, K~= fH=_O =# =K =Oz e`xfl O Jx,
K_ e`xfl #+O Q# iQ}~. Z=~ XH~ K~= Kx^ XH "~O# ~OaOK=. D
"~ x~fi} ^`# fH<"ix L^=^~_ JO\~. W`_ q#, q, =^#O#
XH K\H Ki Lù Ly~.
2. xq` PiH == =i |~OQ PiH == =^ Q `_# Ò_?
[: P^xH HO ^^Q u Ô W`~ ^` PiH O|O^# Hey LOk. =~Q Jxfl
^ XHi #O_ XH~ = =# H#Q K O \~. qq^ ^ =^ ~} W=fi_O, fH=_O
[~QÒk. XH Ô L#fl [ W`~ ^ "_O, ~=_O [~Q` LO@Ok. ~O_ ^
XH^x HH\ PiH O|O^ Hey =O> "\ =^ x[ =i ^= " U~_Ò\~.
XH Ô OKOx W`~ ^` PiH O|O^ Hey LO_\xfl |~OQ PiH ==
JO\~. OKx J<H ^ D H= O|OkOz LO\~. xq` PiH == JO> U ^"#
OKOx U W`~ Ô`# PiH O|O^ O_ LO_@O. xq` PiH == Hey# ^=#
QiOK_O ` OKO ^_^.
J~GO _ "\i 61

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3. PiH == =sH~}# q=iO=.

[: Lù qxQO =i @|_ J<q =_ ^qH PiH H~H. D H~H#
x~fiOK "ix Lù ^~. qxQ^~, @|_ ^~ Jx JO\~. D q^"# =sH~} P
= ^ O x~fiOK PiH H~H P^~_ LO@Ok. XH =H _ D =_ PiH
H~H=# x~fiOK=K. J~` u PiH H~H=# XH `H qQOQ iQ}~.
=_ PiH ~OQ qxQ^~ ~OQxfl uiy @O| ~OQO =i `fi~OQOQ
=sHiOK=K. ==# H#_O ^ O^_O =# H~# f~H=_O ^fi~ =HQ` O`$ O^
JO^~ = =i @O# @O| ~OQOQ qOK=K. `fiO JO> [ Lz`
=#OkOK Jxfl `fi qQ. W@=O\ `fi qQxflO\x ^~} `fiOQ ~.
~}O fH#@ ^ KeOK@ =^# ~OQO J< ^xx XH `H ~OQOQ iQ}~.
=[Ox Jxfl =~ ^ "Ò D ~OQO H|_ nxx uiy Lù O @|_Q
_`~. q^=Q XH PiH ==# <Q ^qH ~OQ# Lù O, @O, ^~}
`fiO =i =^#OQ qlO|_#k. W`~ OKO J# =~H ~Hxfl qq^ ^ =^
" QiOz *Q` _\xH H_O [iyOk. q^=Q XH PiH ==# 5 qQQ
qlO=K#. Jq
i) Lù O
ii) @O
iii) ^~} `fiO
iv) =^# qQO
v) W`~ OKO
Zxqk =~ fl
1. PiH ==x ^qH PiH H~H QiOz q=iOKO_?
[: Lù J<k XH> PiHH~HO H^. W`~ PiH H~H _ =<fl~. Lù O
= =# ZO^ Lù K~? Lù O = =# Lù K _=<k [ HiH# O`$
~K H=_xH qxQO JO\~. =#O Lù K = =# qxyOK_O ^fi~ =~<fl = =#
Lù K =K. Jq O`, O` ^< , ~ "^# q. Lù O g\x L y~.
Lù H ==# LyOK_xfl =^# OK#O ^ @|_ JO\~. XH PiH
H~H" HO_ J~O Lù, qxQO =i @|_ J< =_ PiH H~H
=<fl~.
D =_ PiH H~H XH ^x XH\ ~ ~ O|O^xfl Hey =O_@ QH XH ^x
62 J~GO _ "\i

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XH\ P^~_ LO\~. g\ =^Q ~~ O|O^xfl Lù# ==# qxQxH ^

@|_H _ LyOK_O ^fi~ J~O KH#=K. D O|O^xfl =iO` +OQ `HOÔ.
qxQO, @|_ J=~O O_ Z@=O\ Lù H~H=xfl K@=. Lù H~HO O_
qxQO ^ @|_ J<q =O_=. qÔQ Lù` @ qxQO =i @|_ _
^q H PiH H~H. PiH == D =_ PiH H~H P^ "xH H~}==`~.
PiH H~H =O P^ "
Lù O Lù K = =# ^~}OQ ^=O H~ J=_O [~QÒk. U = =
J=HO<< ~ O_ ~H " H#|_`~. XH "O H#Q ^~xH O|OkOz#^` =~H
"O J=HO ^~xH O|OkOz#kQ LO@Ok. D "# x["# "x =i ^=
"x JO\~.
J=HO ^~x #O_ [iQ == "xfl x[ "O Jx, H#Q ^~_ ^fi~ [iQ
"xfl ^= "O Jx JO\~. D JOxfl XH L^~} ^fi~ q=iOK=K. ~=_ ~.200
q"# ==# ~O =^#O_ H#Q K_#HOÔ. D PiH H~HO ~O =^#O_
== ~=_ O^@# x[ "=Q# ~=_ KeO z# ^==# ^="=Q# K =K.
J^ qÔQ ~=_ == O^_xfl x["OQ#, ~O ^=O# O^_xfl ^="OQ#
iQ}OK=K. u PiH == x[, =i ^= " x~O`~OQ H#QÒ\~.
2. @= O` PiH == x qq^ ~OQ =^ x[ =i ^= " Z [~QK#fl"
H OQ q=iOKO_?
[: qq^ ~OQ =^ Oq OK qq^ " fi"xfl HO^ zOz# @O ^fi~ q=iOK=K.
qq^ ~OQ =^ JO`~` =i |~` "

J~GO _ "\i 63

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1) Lù OxH =K =i " "

Z) Lù O @O| ~OQO #Oz (x[ JO`~` ") H~H =# H#Q K~.
nxH |^Q Lù O H~H KeO# "`<, @HO, =_, =i ~=
Ke~. (^= |~` ")
a) Lù O ^# =^# ~OQxH [=K~.
) Lù O = =# kQ=u K Hx "\H |^Q kQ=` KeO # K~.
_) Lù O ==# ZQ=u K "\H |^Q ZQ=` KeO# fiHi~.
W) Lù O ^~} `fixH #fl# Ke~.
Z) Lù O ==# @O|~OQxH =i `fixH J=_O K~. nxH
|^Q @O| ~OQO ("\ qxQ =O) =i ^~} `fi (`fi qxQ =O)
#O_ KeO# fiHi~.
l) Lù O `fiO #Oz a_# O^`~.
K) Lù O =^# ~OQO #O_ (^= JO`~` "=) ~} O^`~.
2) @O|~OQ =K =i " ^= ".
Z) @O|~OQ Lù O #Oz ==# H#Q K~. nxH |^Q @O|
~OQ KeO (qxQ =O) K~.
a) @O| ~OQ =HQ` #fl# ^~} `fixH Ke~.
) @O| ~OQ "\ ^# =^# ~OQxH [=K~.
_) @O| ~OQ H~H =# "~ O J=HO ^fi~ H~H P^# O^`~.
W) @O| ~OQ ^~} `fiO #O_ Lz` =# =i |kb KeO# fiHi~.
3) ^~} `fi =K =i " ".
Z) ^~} `fiO Lù O #O_ ==# H#Q K ^xH |^Q `fi
qxQ =xH O|OkOz# KeO# KOk.
a) `fiO Lù O a_# JO^*Ok.
) `fiO @O| ~OQxH Lz` =# JOk, |kb KeO# _ KOk.
64 J~GO _ "\i

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_) `fiO ^ O|OkOz# [=# @|_ ~OQxH JO^*Ok.

W) `fiO Lù O #Oz #fl# O^Òk.
Z) `fiO =HQ` #fl# @O| ~OQO #Oz fiHiOk.
4) =^# ~OQOH =K =i " "
Z) =^# ~OQO Lù O ~} ~O @|_x JOkOk.
a) =^# ~OQO Lù O #Oz @O|~OQO #Oz =i ^~} `fi #Oz
^# fiHiOk.
5) W`~ OKOxH =K =i " "
Z) W`~ OK ~OQ=# ==# ZQ=u K@ |^Q KeO# fiHiOK_O
[~QÒk.
a) W`~ O K~O QO #Oz = =# kQ=u K H=\xH |^Q KeO K |_`~.
J~GO _ "\i 65

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13
*f^= =#
(National Income - Concepts)
13.1 iKO
D ~O ^fi~ *fÔ Qi `H< O^~ O ^j JO> Uq\ _ `HO\O.
*f^xH O|OkOz# qq^ ~H =## QiOz _ <~O\O. D =#hfl =Y"#
PiH =#. D =## J=Q# KHO_ *f P^ Q}# K =~# QiOz
`H=_O H+= =Òk.
13.2 H
nxx J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u ^j PiH =# =i ^~ QiOz `H=_O.
u =^qH L`` =i JOu= L`` =^ Q `_ QiO.
u qq^ ~H Lù H~H P^# q=iOK_O
u ^jù =i *fù =## O^_O
u JOu= = =## q=iOK_O
13.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. PiH Ô
[: XH ^ PiH Ô J<k P ^ QoH Ô #Oz P Ô #_|_`#fl q^j~~
H~ =i JO`~f O# q#~Oz qye# OK ^ P Ô
x~fi#fl ~~ H~ =i ^~} `fi H~# H_O ^fi~
U~_Òk.
2. =~\ ^~ q=
[: =~\ ^~ q= Lù q= - =^qH =O
66 J~GO _ "\i

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3. =~\ ^~ xH~ q=
[: =~\ ^~ xH~ q= =~\ ^~ q= - ~ =^# qxQO
4. Lù H~H =O =^ xH~ q=
[: Lù H~H =O =^ xH~ q= =~\ ^~ xH~ q= - ~H #fl { a_
5. ^jù
[: XH Ôx PiH Ô =#fl Jxfl L`^H O "Ò "__# ^ù
JO\~.
6. *fÔ
[: ^jùH q^ xH~ Lù H~H PÔ# HQ Lù H~H = xH~
*fùx =#= O^QO. nxx *fÔ Jx _ ~.
7. q= PÔ
[: qq^ LùH~H P^Q qlOK g Hx H~H P^ q=" q= PÔ.
8. "\ JOu= qxQ =O
[: @O K Y~ =i ~` O` @O JOkOK Lz` = q=
"Ò# He "\ JOu= qxQ =OQ iQ}~.
9. `fi JOu= qxQ =O
[: `fiO [ HOkOK Lz` = K "Ò =O `fi JOu= qxQ
===Òk.
10. ^j =^# OK#O
[: XH ^= H PiH Ôx Lù O @|_H K "Ò# ^j =^#
OK#O JO\~. Wk ^j ~ =^# OK#O =i xH~ J^# x=
"Ò .
11. xH~ ^j =^# OK#O
[: ^j =^# OK#O #Oz ~ =^# =O# f"_O ^fi~ =#O xH~
^j =^# OK#O O^`=. xH~ ZQ=u J<k q^j @|_H H=#O.
J~GO _ "\i 67

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~O_ =~ fl
1. PiH Ô (Domestic Territory)
[. PiH Ô J# =# ~H# QoH Ô J# =# ~O_ ~@ K_O
[iyOk. J^=#Q W`~ ^ U~@ K# XH ^= H Jxfl ~~ H~
=i Jhfl `fi H~# HH"e. L^~} ~`^= H PiH Ô
W`~ ^= U~@ K# ~` ~~ H~ =i JO\ `fi H~
=~. XH Ô H QoH i^ U~@K# Jxfl q^j ~~ H~,
JO`~f O H~ =i JO\ W`~ H~# q#~OKe. L^~}
~`^ PiH ^ = #O_ Jxfl q^j ~~ H~, JO`~f O H~#
q#~OKe.
2. =^qH L``
[. =^qH L`` J<q XH Lù O uiy qH~OK_O H~ W`~ Lù O #O_
H#Q K L``, L^~} XH O_=~ H#Q K# Q^= P q# =^qH
Lù J=Òk. P O_=~ Q^=# O_ ~=H =i uiy qH~Ok. P qÔQ
O_=~ H< Jxfl W`~ H#Q JO> q^`, HOQ ==, WO^#O "^Q#q =^qH
L``. D q^"# W`~ Lù O #O_ H#Q K =O P O_ Lù q= XH
QOQ LO@Ok. W@=O\ L`` K =xfl =^qH =O JO\~.
3. JOu= L`` J#Q<q?
[. JOu= L`` J#Q uiy qH~OK_O HO HO_ qxQO =i @|_ H~H H<
Jxfl ~H= = = g\ He LO\~. @O Jxfl H#Q =i Lù O
H#Q K# =^# == . L^~} O`, =y, ~"} O|OkOz# "<
"^Q#q. fiO` qxQO ^ @|_H D JOu= ==# H#Q K~.
4. a_ J#Q<q?
[. ~H #fl a#flOQ Lù O Lù K# ==# `= ^~ J=_xH `fi
HQ* PiH " @# 'a_ JO\~. ZOH K# Hxfl == Lùx ÒK_xH
`fiO W@=O\ PiH "@# HQ*Ok. D q^"# a_ #_ qxQ^~_
JkH ^~ = P ==# H#Q KH =_" ^ `= i=}O H#Q
K _O [~QÒk.
68 J~GO _ "\i

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Lù H~H =O =^ xH~ "__ =~\ ^~ =^ xH~ "__ - ~H#fl

{ a_.
5. ^jù =### q=iO=.
[. XH ^ PiH Ô J<H L`^H O H "Ò "__# ^jù JO\~.
D qÔQ,
i) =~\ ^~ =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò, "__ J<k =~\ ^~ =^
^jùH =#O.
ii) =~\ ^~ =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò xH~ "__ J<k =~\ ^~ =^ xH~
^jùH =#O.
iii) Lù H~H =O =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò xH~ "__ J<k Lù H~H =O
^Q~ xH~ ^jù H~H =O J=Òk.
<Q =~ fl
1. "__ J# =## XH OM`H L^~} ^fi~ q=iO=?
[: "__ =## q=iOK_xH O_=~ L^~}# fOÔ. O_=~ ~. 10,000
q= Q Q^=# H#Q KOk. D == O_=~ =^qH =O Q^= O_x ~.
12,000 J=_O J<k O_=~ Lù J=Òk. Q^= J<q O_=~ =^qH =O
J=Ò^#HO^=.
W_ O_ =~ =z# "`= Lù q= J~# ~.12,000 O_=~ JO^ q= ~.
2000 =`". qye# ~.10,000 Lù q= ~` O|OkOz#k. O_=~ JOk# ~.
2000# "__Q (Lù He# J^# q=) ~ . JOu= Lù q= #O_ =^ qH
=xfl f"_O ^fi~ "__# JOK< "_O [iyOk. qÔQ -
"__ Lù q= - =^qH =O
~. 12,000-00 - 10,000 -00 ~. 2000.00
DqÔQ Hez# "__# =~\ ^~ =^ "__ JO\~. (GVAmp)
"__ #Oz ~ =^# qxQO# f"xK O^ q=# "__
JO\~. q= #O_ ~ =^# qxQO# f"#K =K q=# xH~ "_\ Jx
JO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 69

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2. ~H#fl =i a_ D ~O_ H=< =^ `_ H~}O q=iO=.

[: ~H #fl
Lù O (J=HO^~) H#Q^~ KeO K ^~ < =~\ ^~ JO\~. J=HO ^~
`fi =~\ ^~ HO` Q=# KeOK_xfl ~H#fl JO\~.
~H#fl J#Q Lù " J=HO #fl, ZH *#fl, PH #fl "^#q. g\x ~H
#fl J#_xH H~}O g\x J=HO ^~ "#\H g~ D ~O# H#Q^~ <\
"~. H|\ D #fl# ~HOQ H#Q^~ Ke~. D #fl# J=HO^~ `fixH
JOk~ .
a_
~H #fl a#flOQ Lù O Lù K# ==# `= ^~ J=_xH `fi
HQ* PiH "@# 'a_ JO\~. ZOH K# Hxfl == Lùx ÒK_xH
`fiO W@=O\ PiH "@# HQ*Ok. D q^"# a_ #_ qxQ^~_ JkH
^~ = P == # H#Q K H =_" ^ ` = i=}O H#Q K _O [~QÒk.
a_<q Lù O Lù H~H =^ OK_xH JO^@ =#fl =~\^~ HO_ J^#
KeO .
3. "__ H qq^ H=< q=iO=.
[: qq^ "__ H=< =^ Q JO`~` O|O^= HO^ `_O [iyOk.
=~\ ^~ "__ Lù q= - =^qH =O
=~\ ^~ =^ "__ =~\ ^~ =^ "__ - ~=^# qxQO
Lù H~H =O =^ xH~ "__ =~\ ^~ =^ xH~ "__ - ~H #fl
{ a_
4. ^jù J# =## q=iO=?
[: XH ^ PiH Ô J<H L`^H O <H|_ =O\~. D L`^H O H
"Ò "__# ^jù JO\~. D qÔQ,
i) =~\ ^~ =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò, "__ J<k =~\ ^~ =^
^jùH =#O.
ii) =~\ ^~ =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò xH~ "__ J<k =~\ ^~ =^ xH~
^jùH =#O.
70 J~GO _ "\i

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iii) Lù H~H =O =^ Jxfl L`^H O "Ò xH~ "__ J<k Lù H~H =O
^Q~ xH~ ^jù H~H =O J=Òk.
# è# q+ =^ Q JO`~` O|O^xfl HOk qÔQ è~K_O [iyOk.
i) =~\ ^~ ^jù Jxfl Lù O "Ò "__
ii) =~\ ^~ xH~ ^jù Jxfl =~\ ^~ ^jù - `~Q^
iii) H~H =O =^ xH~ ^jù =~\ ^~ xH~ ^jù - ~H #fl
{ a_
5. *fù J# =## q=iO=?
[: XH Ô H PiH Ô <H|_# Lù O K L`^H H~H=# H#_"
^jù. ^j =i ^j Hx"~ D Lù O Lù =# JOk~ . P qÔ Q
Lù O Ok# P^=# ^j =i ^j Hx"~ OKO\~. ^j
=`" O^ D "\# `H=_xH ^jù #O_ ^j Hx "i KeO# f"e.
XH Ôx PiH Ô <He# L`^H O ^j `= =# JOkOK_"
QO_ W`~ PiH ^ J#Q qye# OKO <He# L`^H O H~H =#
JOk~. D = |^Q ^j qye# OKO #Oz H~H KeO# O^`~.
H;OQ KO>, ^j H~H KeO# `= PiH Ôx Lù O #Oz
=i q^j PiH ^= Lù O #Oz _ O^`~. D ~O_ H~H KeO "`xfl
*fù JO\~. nxx HOk qÔQ H#H=K.
*fù ^jù - qye# OKxH KeOK H~H P^ { qye# OK=
#O_ O^ P^
^
*fù ^jù { q^ #O_ O^ xH~ Lù H~H PÔ.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. qq^ H~H P^ ~ Ò_. "\ J~O# OHOQ q=iOKO_.
[: *f PÔ XH L`^H O JO^* XH H=#" H~H =O ^Q~ xH~ q=.
<Q Lù H~H# q, =, =^#O =i L^q`fiO ^fi~ Lù O U~_Òk. D
qÔQ H~H =O =^ xH~ q= <Q Lù H~H [=# =^ OK|_Òk. P q^"#
L`^H O KeOK KeO<, Lù H~H KeO JO\~. Lù H~H [=# O^
J~GO _ "\i 71

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W@=O\ KeO "iH Lù H~H P^==Òk. D qÔQ <Q ~H H~H P^#
HOk qÔQ =sHiO=K.
J) L^Q i~O
L^Q JO^ Jxfl ~H ^= KeO =i ^ #Q^ ~O# =i =
~O# O^=hfl L^Q i~O HO^ =~. L^Q "`< H b# O^`~.
g\H J^#OQ L^Q J<H W`~ ^ J~# #, L^Q q+ xk KeO, Lz`
^ , Lz` ~"} H~ O Lz` P~Q =, Lz` q~ ` H~ O O\ "\x O^=K.
P) @HO
== Lù q J< Lù H~Hxfl LyOz#O^ [=x O^ uO
@H=.
W) =_
L`^H O @|_# JOkOK_O ^fi~ O^ u" =_. Lù O @|_
HO JOkOK @|_ u=Q KeOK =_ KeO# *f^ JOK< Lù H~H
KeOQ iQ}~.
D) O
Lù O L^q`fi =# JOkOz#O^ L^=^~_ O^ u " PÔ. L^Q
i~O, @HO =i =_ ~O "__ #O_ KeOz# H~H KeO Q qye#
P^" =.
L) q= PÔ
<Q ~H Lù H~H P^ =K~O# Lù O P^ ^ #Oz O^_O
[~QÒk. W@=O\ PÔ XH" HO_ JO^ [=x rÒ, @HO, =i =_ He
=O\~. *f P^ JOK< WO\ PÔ# q= PÔ JO\~. L`^H O KeOK
L^Q i~O, @HO, =_ =i O "Ò H~H =O =^ xH~ q= XH qÔ Q LO_#.
2. JOu= = qq^ ~H Uq? "\ "\ J~efl OHOQ q=iOKO_?
[: uiy qHO H~ HO_ JOu= qxQO =i @|_H Ok# == K#
Y~# JOu= =O JO\~. =~H qÔQ JOu= L`` K Y~# JOu= Y~ JO\~.
JOu= qxQO# @O| ~OQO =i ^~} `fiO H#Q K~. PiH Ôx
q^ =i L`^H O @|_ HO H#Q K~. JQ JOu= =O HOk qÔQ
=sHiO|_Ok.
72 J~GO _ "\i

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J) "\ JOu= qxQ =O

WO^xH @O| ~OQO =i @O|~OQxH =K ~` O H#Q =~.
@O| H~# O`$ ~K_xH ==# H#Q K~. @O =K ~`
O =#Q =^, ^", Ki, Q~^fi~, ^`$`fi "^, O "^#q. Wq
@O Lz` =#Ok~.
P) `fi JOu= qxQ =O
`fiO `= [ HO JOkOK Lz` = =O< `fi JOu= qxQ =O
JO\~. b =, xH =, qÔ, "^, ~^~, =O`#, # =i
W`~ `fi qQ "^#q `fi Lz` = ^# L^~}.
W) ^j =^# qxQO
XH ^ PiH Ôx L`^H O @|_H K "Ò Y~# ^j =^#
U~@ JO\~. D ~H =O ~O_ ~H J) ~ P# =#O, O`, iH~, sflK~,
~"} "< "^#q "\ =O, =i P) =_^~= xfi, iHx == =i
~~# == Y~. D ~O_ ~H Y~# (J) ^j ~ =^# U~@ =i
(P) xfi xH~ J^# Y~ JO\~.
^j =^# U~@# Jx JO\~. ZO^H#Q ~ =^# qxQO#
f"^ H#H. ~ =^# qxQO# f"#K =#= xH~ ^j =^# U~@ =Ok.
P O=`~ xH~ ^j @|_H H=#" xH~ ^j =^# U~@.
D) xH~ ZQ=`
Ô x PiH ^ O XH O=`~O Lù H|_# *f PÔ# H OK@ @|_Q
iQ}~ D û ZQ=`# q^j @|_Q q~. H#H ZQ=` #O_ kQ=`#
f"_O ^fi~ J#Q xH~ ZQ=`# xH~ q^j @|_Q iQ}OK|_Òk.
"\ JOu= qxQ =O `fi JOu= qxQ =O =i ^j =^#
OK#= "Ò =i xH~ ZQ=`` XH O=`~O XH Ô H "Ò JOu= =O
H OK=K.
J~GO _ "\i 73

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14
^"}O (Inflation)
14.1 iKO
U PiH ==H< ^"}O J<k f="# = XH\ . Q` Hxfl OII OKO P~
^"}O` `=`==Òk. ~`Ô nxH Jf`"q H^. ^"}xfl J^ LOK\xH
fO@#fl x~ QiOz ~`^ O qk q^<# ~OkOK@ ^ ``# _II =<" <
OQ, II ~OQ~[<, _II ^=fii ~= =i } =Yi =O\ "~ L<# =#O
uxÒ qO@ =O\O. ~Q` L#fl ^~ # ^"}O J#=K. ^~} ^~ ~ ~Q`#flC _
XH x\ ^= H=#O `= ==# =i =# HO@Ok. J#Q ^=O H H#Q
H `Q ` Ok. JO> ^=O H q= `Q ` Ok. ^"}xH =u~HO u ^"}O. J#Q ^~
_=@O _`#fl ^~ PiH ==H =iO` =^H~"#q.
14.2 H
nxx K^=@ ^fi~ g~ D HOk "xx J~O KO\~.
l ^"}O J#Q<q
l ^"} ~H =i H`
l ^"}xfl qÒ K JO
l ^"}O H =O
l ^"}xfl xOuOK ^`
14.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. ^"}xfl H=@O
[: XH iq` HO ^~x ~Q^ ^"}OQ K|_Òk.
P1 P0
^"}O 100
P0
74 J~GO _ "\i

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P1 = ` ^~, P0 = ~fi^~
^~ ~Q^ `= "`^ L#flC_ D H ^"}O LO@Ok.
2. |~` ^"}O
[: U qÔQ# =~\ == xOuO|_O_ LO_@O H e`" |~` ^"}O.
3. J}K|_ ^"}O
[: |~` ^"}xH =u~HOQ uH"# =i ^=~"# xO`}# ^"}=#
J^ LOK\xH `fiO J= K ^xx J}K|_ ^"}O JO\~.
4. _=O_ i` ^"}O
q+ HO> q+ _=O_ Z=Q L#fl H~}OQ, ^~} ^~ ~ H=OQ iy`
^xx _=O_ i` ^"}O JO\~.
~O_ =~ fl
1. ^"}O x~fiK# O
[: J"iH< PiH "` II =< ^"}xfl D qÔQ x~fizOK~. ''^"}O ^~}
^~ ~ ~Q\xfl zOk.
H< x["# ^"}xfl D HOk ^` x~fizOK~.
''PiH == O~ L^y` ~x K~#fl `~"` q+ _=O_ =K ~Q^
J#Q}OQ ^~ ~_ ~QÒk. nxH H~}O O~ L^y` ~x K~ #fl `~ "`
Lù H~H x, Lùx OK\xH g LO_^. W@=O\ i` q+ _=O_
q+ x qOz iy# H~}OQ ^~ ~ =K ~Q^# "= ^"}O JO\~
2. Ju^"}O
[: ^~ ~Q^ ~O_ ^ =_ JOH ~ Ki#C_ Ju^"}O JO\~. D ^"}O
^"} ~ H#Q#x =i UqÔ Q# xOuOKx iu H îf J=HO LO@Ok.
u~A ^~ ~Q^ K ~@ LO@Ok. ^=O H H#Q H x~O`~O _`
LO_@O, ^=== e iuH îfOk.
J~GO _ "\i 75

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<Q =~ fl
1. _=O_ i` ^"}xfl qnHiOKO_.
[: q+ HO> q+ _=O_ Z=Q L#fl H~}OQ, ^~} ^~ ~ H=OQ iy`
^xx _=O_ i` ^"}O JO\~. D q+ _=O_ qxQ^~ H#Q H ~Q@O
=# Hh, H#Q WK (HiH) ~Q@O =# Hh "@ @|_ ~Q@ =# Hh `fi =O
~Q_O =# Hh ~Q=K. _=O_ i` ^"}O "Q=O`"# PiH =$k kOK@
^^_Òk. ZO^H#Q JkH _=O_ =~\# L`[ ~Ok. nx= @|_ iy Lù,
P^ =O iy PiH == =$k kOk.
PiH == q+ _=O_# OK JO
l JkH~@ [< ~Q^
l `fi ~|_ HO> =O ~Q@
l [ P^ ~Q^
l #fl `Q^
l PiH == ^= ~Q^
2. = i` ^"}xfl qnHiOKO_.
[: Lù =O# OK JOhfl = i` ^"}xH ^^_ ` ~. _=O_ ~ O Q LO_
Lù =O ~Q@ =# J^ Lù Z= ^~ J=_=Òk. J#Q ^~ ~Q`~. "`#
~Q^# _=O_ K HiH O H$+ e OK@O =# "`< ~Q`~. =~\ iq`
fi=O L#flC_, P @|_ ^~O^~ H "i # OKH"< XO^xH =z "i
# OKO\~. L#fl@O_ XH == `Q@O =# P == H ^~ ~Q`~.
P =" HO_, P ==# =_ ^~OQ "_ Lù K == ^~ _ ~Q`~.
L^~}, \ `Q@ =# ^x ^~ ~QÒk. JO`HO_ Jk ~"} O =_
^~==@ =# ~"} Y~ J#Q ~"} O = K ^~ ~Q`~.
Lù =xfl OK JO:
l Lù H~H WK i`+HO ~Q^ J#Q J^, "`#O, =_, O
l =_ ~ ^~ ~Q^
l #fl ~Q^
l =^#O `~Q^ ~@
76 J~GO _ "\i

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3. PiH == ^"} " q=iOKO_.

[: ^"}O H =O Lù g^, O} g^ LO@Ok, ^"}O qq^ =~ [#
qa#flOQ qÒ KOk. D H~}OQ =[Ox Hxfl =~ [ O Ok`, =iHxfl
`~Q` [ ## O^@O [~QÒk.
a) =#~ H\~O =~O (Allocative efficiency)
XH == H _=O_ x =~ ^~ =~ ^fi~ Lù ^~, qxQ^~
"iH =#~# H \~OKH=_xH OH `# JOkO k. `^fi~ H` =~\ i` J#=Q
`# L``# qxQO# =~H<@@ KOk. Hx x~O`~OQ iQ ^~ = J#Q, ^"}O
= =~\ i` # J~O K H=_O ^~ OH ` J#Q}OQ Lù qxQ# =~ K H=_O
H+O J=Òk. nx= =#~ H\~O =~O H+O J=Òk.
b) Lù g^ =O (On Production)
^"} HO ^~ ~QÒ_@O = ^~H, Lù =xH `_ ~QÒk. J#Q
@|_ ^~xH O ~QÒk. ^xH H~}O ^~ iy#O` "QO Q "`< qye# LùH~H
WK i`+H ~QH =@O = ~Q\xH gÒk. D PHi` @|_^~
Z= @|_x _`~. JO^= Lù, PÔ, =O, iy PiH == L`[==Òk.
=i ^j Lù ~QÒk. Hx ^"}O Ju ^"}O ~H K~O> [ Hh
J=~# f~H=_O `= `=Ò> qye# == L#fl _=O_ `y Hh J=~H ^#`
WO> Hh J=~ HO_ qye# == Lù, `^fi~ P == g^ @|_ ^|uO@Ok.
Wk =#~ x~QOQ LO_@@ KOk.
c) O} =O (On distribution)
== ^~ ~Q_O J#Q ^=O q= `Q_O, J#Q XH ^=O x\, `= =#
H#Q KOk. ^"}O H =O qq^ =~ [ =#OQ LO_^. ^"}O =
Hxfl =~ O O^`~. =iHxfl =~ #+`~.
d) ~}Q` ~}^` (Debtors and Creditors)
^"} HO ~}^` Z= #+O O^Ò>, ~}Q` ^ ~}Q Z= O
O^`~. ~}^` ~}OQ Wz# "`xH uOQ HO` =_x Ok#\H ^"} H~}OQ
^=O q= _ =_O = x[=#~ ~O "~ uiy ` = Ok#@ J=Òk. J#Q ^"}O
HO O^ ~}^` #O_ ~}Q` |kb J=Òk.
J~GO _ "\i 77

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e) "`#^~ =i ##~ (Wage earners and Pensioners)

##~, ~ P^ =~.
l ~ PÔ Hey# "~ J#Q @HO, =_, #<# O^"~, r"# O^"~ Z=Q
H QiJ=`~. D =~ [ =K PÔ ~OQ LO\~. Hx ^~ ~

~Q^ H~}OQ, ^=O q= _Òk. JO^= D =~ H#Q H `QÒk.
l +~ Hey# = ^"} HO Z= O O^`~. ^~ ~QK#fl HO PiH
H~H ~ KQ LO@Ok. JO^=# HOh iy, "\ KeO K _q_O_

~Q`~. i\, O_ @|_ K# = #xfl O^`~.
4. ^"} xO`} LyOK K~# qnHiOKO_.
[: ^"}O PiH == PiH, OH, ~[H J~`fixH îfOk. JO^=# ^"}O
`= ~ L#flC_ `fiO =~=OÒQ ^=, H q^#~"# K~# K@_O ^fi~ ^xx
JiH@= LO@Ok. J#Q XH" PiH == q+ _=O_# `yO K_xH, =~H" q+
OK_xH `H} K~ K@
= LO@Ok. ^"}xfl JiH@_ xH `fiO fH< K~ # WC_
ÒÔ.
^=~"# K~ (Monetary measures)
^"} HO HOÔ ^=~"# K~# fH=@O ^fi~ PiH == "Ò
~ux xOuOk. JO^= =_~@ ~Q`~. ^=_=O_ `QÒk.
H~"# K~ (Fiscal measures)
*.Z". H< ^"}xfl JiH@_ O H~ " # K~ =Oz e `# W x ukOK~.
H~"# K~ q+ _=O_# xOuOz, ^~ sH~} [iQ@@ K~. q+ _=O_#
xOuOK_xH `fiO #fl~@# =YOQ `H #fl ~@# OK_O ^fi~, `fi =O#
`yOK_O `^fi~ `fi ~}=# OK@ ^fi~ kOK=K. D =_ ~H K~ [ =
P^xfl `yOK@ ^fi~ _=O_# ^~# `Q@@ K~.
78 J~GO _ "\i

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15
*fÔ : H=#O
(National Income - Measurement)
15.1 iKO
D ~O g~ *f P^xfl Z H~ <~O\~. *f P^ "xfl
=_ "~ fi~ H} #Oz K_Q O H#H *f PÔ =_ "~ fi~ ^` Q =O@O^x K =K#.
D ~O XHH ûx QiOz qOQ ÒÔ.
15.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
l *f PÔ x~fiK#O
l *f P^xfl =_ "~fi~ H} #O_ K__O
l ^qH, kfif =i `$f~OQ Q J~xfl q=iOK_O.
l *f P^xfl H=_xH LyOK Lù ûx (value added method) q=iOK_O.
l *f P^xfl Q}OK P^ O} ûx q=iOK_O.
l *f P^xfl JOK< " JOu= = ûx QiOz q=iOK_O.
15.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. *fÔ
[: XH ^= H *f PÔ JO> P ^= H ^j O^ H~H P^ "Ò.
2. *f^xfl HOK@
[: XH ^ *f PÔ# =_ ^` ^fi~ H==K. Jq Lù, P^ O} =i
JOu= = ^`. *f P^ $+ [iy#C_ (Lù û ^fi~) ^ [=#
=^ O} [iy#C_ (P^ O} û ^fi~) ^ qxQO =i @|_ =O
K#_ (JOu= =û ^fi~) *f PÔ# HOK=K.
J~GO _ "\i 79

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~O_ =~ fl
1. "__ H qq^ H=< q=iO=.
[. qq^ "__ H=< =^ Q JO`~` O|O^= HO^ `_O [iyOk.
=~\ ^~ "__ Lù q= - =^qH =O
=~\ ^~ =^ "__ =~\ ^~ =^ "__ - ~=^# qxQO
Lù H~H =O =^ xH~ "__ =~\ ^~ =^ xH~ "__ - ~H #fl
{ a_
2. *fù =# q=iO=.
[. XH Ô H PiH Ô <H|_# Lù O K L`^H H~H=# H#_"
^jù. ^j =i ^j Hx"~ D Lù O Lù =# JOk~. P
qÔQ Lù O Ok# P^=# ^j =i ^j Hx"~ OKO\~.
^j =`" O^ D "\# `H=_xH ^jù #O_ ^j Hx "i KeO #
f" e.
3. q= PÔ J#Q<q?
[. <Q ~H Lù H~H P^ =K~O# Lù O P^ ^ #Oz O^_O
[~QÒk. J<H L`^H O <Q ~H Lù H~H KeO +OQ LOK qÔQ `=
P^ ^# x~fiOK=. Lù O L^=^~ `= fiO` qx, =# =i
=^# =# JOkOK i` D q^"# iux Q=xOK=K. PÔ XH"
HO_ JO^ [=x rÒ, @HO, =i =_ He =O\~. *f P^ JOK<
WO\ PÔ# q= PÔ JO\~.
4. xH~ ZQ=` J#Q<q?
[. XH Ôx PiH Ô XH O=`~O Lù H|_# *f PÔ# HOK@
@|_Q iQ} ~ D û ZQ=`# q^j @|_Q q~ . J^ qÔ Q kQ=`#
@|_ LO~}Q q~. H#H ZQ=` #O_ kQ=`# f"_O ^fi~ J#Q
ZQ=`# xH~ q^j @|_Q iQ}OK|_Òk.
5. ^qH ~OQO J#Q<q?
==O, J_=, K OHO, Q# `=fiHO, _ i= O\ [=#~ "eHf`
x=Qfl"#fl Jxfl L`^H O ^qH ~OQO HO^ =~. D ~OQO# "^\
^#`~OQOQ iQ}OK\xH H~}O Wk = = LùH J=~"# Jxfl =_~
P^~O.
80 J~GO _ "\i

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6. kfif ~OQO J#Q<q?

[. XH ==# =~H ==Q =i_ K_O x=Qfl" #fl Jxfl L`^H O kfif
~OQOQ =sHi O|_`~. =_ == # L yOz == # Lù K Jxfl ` s O
H H~Q~ D ~OQO HO^ =~. Q^=O_ =~, P~ ^~= ~|, |@,
KC, q^` iH~, WO\ =y, H, q^KH "^#"\x Lù K Lù
O D ~OQxH KOk# Hxfl L^~}. D ~OQO H Ja=$k ^qH ~OQO #O_ =K
=_ ^~= JO^@ P^~_ LO@Ok. WO^=# D ~OQO# kfif ^#`
~OQOQ iQ}~.
7. `$f ~OQO J#Q<q?
[. = Lù x=Qfl"# Jxfl L`^H O `$f~OQ OQ =sHi~. O, c=
O, `fi i# qQ, b, ~H} =i W`~ * sfi JOkOK qQ,
^j =, ~"} HOh, "}[ O J<q `$f~OQ O KOk# Hxfl L^~}.
<Q =~ fl
1. *f P^xfl =_ H} K__O.
[: Lù O = =# Lù K~. nxHO Lù O <Q ~H Lù H~H
[=## =, =^#O, q =i L^q`fi# xq~. D LùH~H q+Q
= =# Lù K_=<k '"__ Jx =|_ P^$+H î fOk. D H}O J#Q
"__ J< H}O *f P^ "O " K "^\ H}O. D H}O ^fi~ Hz# *f
P^xfl "__ ^ Lù û ^fi~ Hz# PÔQ K|`~.
Lù O $+Oz# PÔ <Q Lù H~H [=# =^ L^Q i~O
@H=, "`#O, =_ =i = ~O OK|_Òk. D Lù H~H P^xflO\x
HQ =# ^j PÔ =Ok. *f PÔ# HOK P^ O} q^<xH îf
~O_= H}O Wk.
Lù H~H [=# "~ Ok# P^# qxQO =i @|_ H~ Lù
O #O_ == H#Q Y~ K~. JOu= =O# H_O ^fi~ *f PÔ#
HOK D =_= H}O *f PÔ# HOK JOu= = q^#O î fOk.
*f PÔ $+OK|_#C_ Lù =kO q^#O ^fi~, Lù H~H [=# =^
O} [iy#_ P^ O} û ^fi~ ^ qxQO =i @|_ Y~ K#_ JOu=
= û ^fi~ *f PÔ# H=_O [~QÒk.
J~GO _ "\i 81

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Zxqk =~ fl
1. L`^H O iqH =sH~}# q=iOKO_.
[: XH PiH Ô ##fl Jxfl L`^H O# "^@Q XH ~OQxH ^ XH qQxH
KOk#qQ =sHi~. J^ qÔQ OHOQ ~OQ H~H O|OkOz# Jxfl L`^H O#
OHOQ ~OQOQ =sHi~. =sH~} `~fi` u ~OQO #O_ =z# *f PÔ# "~"~Q
JOK< "~. u ~OQO #O_ =z# "Ò *f PÔ# ^j PÔ JO\~.
=<`HOQ XH Ô H "Ò L`^H H~H=# =_ ^ # ~OQQ ql ~ .
Jq : ^qH, kfif =i `$f ~OQ.
J) ^qH ~OQO
==O, J_=, K OHO, Q# `=fiHO, _ i= O\ [=#~ "eHf`
x=Qfl"
#fl Jxfl L`^H O ^q H ~OQO HO^ =~. D ~OQO# "^\ ^#`~OQOQ
iQ}OK\xH H~}O Wk = = LùH J=~"# Jxfl =_~ P^~O.
P) kfif ~OQO
XH ==# =~H ==Q =i_ K_O x=Qfl" #fl Jxfl L`^H O kfif
~OQOQ =sHiO|_`~. =_ ==# LyOz ==# Lù K Jxfl `s O H
H~Q~ D ~OQO HO^ =~. O_ =~, |@, KC, q^` iH~, WO\ =y,
H, q^KH "^#"\x Lù K Lù O D ~OQxH KOk# Hxfl L^~}.
D ~OQO H Ja=$k ^qH ~OQO #O_ =K =_ ^~= JO^@ P^~_
LO@Ok. WO^=# D ~OQO# kfif ^#` ~OQOQ iQ}~.
W) `$f ~OQO
= Lù x=Qfl"# Jxfl L`^H O `$f~OQ OQ =sHi~. O,
c= O, `fi i# qQ, b, ~H} =i W`~ * sfi JOkOK qQ,
^j =, ~"} HOh, "}[ O J<q `$f~OQ O KOk# Hxfl L^~}.
D ~OQO H Ja=$k ^#OQ ^qH =i kfif PiH ~OQ P^~_ LO@Ok.
JO^=# D ~OQO# `$f ^#` ~OQOQ iQ}~.
# è# =_ ~OQ OQ =sHiOz# = =`". g\x WOH# =
^ L~OQQ _ ql~.
2. *f PÔ HK ^`# q=iOKO_.
[: *f PÔ HK ^` HO^ q=iOK|_#q.
Jq A) Lù û ("__ û)
82 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
"__ H}O, *f P^xfl HK@ L^tOK|_# û Wk. D û ^fi~

*f PÔ# HK@x ^# ^` HOk qÔQ L<fl~.
J) XH PiH Ô OK|_# L`^H O# ==O, Q#, `s O,
OHOQ, =~HO =O\ `H iqH OQ =sHiOK@.
P) u iqH ~OQO H H~H=O =^ xH~ "__# HOk L#=
^fi~ JOK< "@.
i) Lù q= JOK< "@O.
ii) =~\ ^~ =^ "__# O^@ =^qH qxQ q=# JOK<
" nxx Lù q= #O_ f"_O.
iii) H~H =O =^ xH~ "__# O^@ =~\ ^~ =^ "__
#O_ ~ =^# qxQO =i ~H #fl# f", a_# H_O. nx
~O"=#Q =~\ ^~ =^ "__ Lù q= (-) =^qH
qxQq=.
W) H~H =O =^ xH~ ^jù `H=_xH H~H =O =^ Jxfl iqH ~OQ
"Ò xH~ "__# fH"e.
Lù H~H Ys^ ^$ *f^xfl O^_xH, Lù H~H Ys^ ^$ xH~
^jùH q^ #O_ Ok# xH~ P^xfl He. n<fl *fÔ JO\~.
=O^ *Q`
Lù û ^fi~ *f PÔ# JOK< "@ HO^ è# =O^ *Q` J=~O.
J) Lùx ~O_ ~ HOK_^.
P) fiO` qxQO Lù K# Lù =i JOK< " Qe# "\ q=# Lù JOK<
`xiQ He.
W) qxyO|_# ~O_= ~H == (sceond hand goods) qHxfl ` Lù
H_^.
B) P^ O} û
Lù O LùH~H [=# LùH~H P^# O} K#_ D û
*f PÔ# H~. D û Q ^#< HOk qÔQ L#flq.
a) Lù O # ==O, J_=, OHOQ, ` s, "}[O "^# ^ # ~OQQ
=sHi OK_O .
b) u iqH~OQO Lù O KeOz# HO^ K# H~H P^ JOK<.
(i) L^Q "`#O (ii) @HO (iii) =_ (iv) O
J~GO _ "\i 83

SmartPrep.in
# è# KeOK|_# H~H P^ "Ò iqH ~OQO =z# H~H =O =^ xH~

"__ =#O.
c) H~H =O =^ xH~ ^jùx O^@ Jxfl iqH ~OQ KeOz# H~H
KeO "Ò# fH"e.
d) Lù H~H Ys^ ^$ =^ xH~ *fùx O^\xH H~H =O =^ xH~^
j ùH
q^ #O_ Ok# xH~ H~H PÔ# He.
=O^ *Q`
P^ O} û ^fi~ *f PÔ# JOK< "_xH fH=# ^# =O^
*Q` Hxfl HOk qÔQ L<fl~.
J) L^Q O^ i~O# JOK< " =O "~ O^ Jxfl ~H ^
#Q^ ~O ^ ^ ~=# `xiQ H=#.
P) =_x JOK< "_O Lù HO fH#fl |} =K =_x =`" HOKe.
W) |=`, KO^, q`~}, #fl, [i=<, @s ^fi~ QOk#q "^#q
H~H P^ H=. Jq |kb P^. *f P^ JOK< g\x H~^.
C) JOu= = û
=O =^ _ *f PÔ# H==K#. D û H~= =#O "^@Q =~\
^~ =^ ^j Lùx JOK< "e. Wk qxQO =i @|_ H~ LyO|_@
PiH Ôx Lù K# JOu= L`` K "Ò =O. nx #O_ =#O *f PÔ#
O^@ ~ =^# qxQO =i xH~ ~H #fl# f" q^ #O_ O^ xH~H~H
PÔ# H=#.
=O^ *Q`
a) = =kO û ^fi~ *f PÔ# JOK< "@ HO^ è# =O^ *Q`
J=~O .
b) =^qHL`` K =O# HO_ JOu= L`` K# =O# =`"
H_O ^fi~ =O# ~O_~ HOK_xfl JiH@=K.
c) |=`, KO^, #fl, LH~ "`<
, "^# "\ K =O, JOu= L``
K =O H^. Wk |kb =O - =i nxx JOu= =~O H_^.
d) ~O_= ~H qxQ == H#Q K =O# H_^. D =O g\x
"^\ i H#Q K#_ He LO@Ok.
84 J~GO _ "\i

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16
*f P^ JOK< LQ
(Advantages of National Income Estimates)
16.1 L^Ò
^qHOQ *f PÔ J<k Lù H =K H~H P^ H=#=x _
q~ Kk"~. nxx =_ a#fl H} _ K_Kx Kk"~. D ~H"# *f P^ JOK<
=# HeQ LQq@< +"# fl g =# HQÒk. XH ^ *f P^ JOK<
=# HeQ Hxfl LQ# =YOQ qOK@ D ~= H H O.
16.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u x[ *f P^ ("=) =## q=iOK@O.
u ` ^~ =^ *f P^xH =i xH_ ^~ =^ *f P^xH =^Q `_
QiOK@O.
u xH_ ^~ *f =$k ~ @ J<k XH Ô H PiH =$k ~ @ H=#=x èK @.
u XH PiH ==x qq^ ~OQ H ^#`# JOK< K@O *f^ ^ÒO
H LQxfl q=iOK@O.
u qq^ ^= *f P^ ^Ò= O` ^ =^ eH ^ =x x~OK@O.
16.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. ` ^~ *fÔ
[: U O=`~O *f PÔ<# JOK< "@ P O=`~ uH Lùx P O=`~O
##fl ^~` Q}OK=#. L^~} 1996 = O=`~ *f^xfl H#H=_xH
1996= O=`~ uH Lùx P O=`~ ^~` Q}OK=#. nxx ` ^~
*f PÔ Jx ~.
2. xH_ ^~ =^ *fÔ
[: ""xH, *f PÔ "^@ ` ^~ HOK|_ `~fi` ^~ p =`
J~GO _ "\i 85

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xH_ ^~ =^ *f PÔQ =~|_Òk. ^~ z` ` ^~ JOK<# yOz

xH_ ^~ JOK<# O^`~.
3. P^~ O=`~O
[: ^~ px `~K_xH XH Yz`"# O=`~O# Z#flO\~. P qÔQ Z#fl#fl
O=`~xfl P^~ O=`~=x ~.
4. "qH PÔ
[: XH O=`~ HO [ O^ P^" ^= PÔ. ^=PÔ ^fi~ ==#
H#Q K_xH "`" "qH PÔ.
5. Lù û LQO
[: Lù û ^fi~ HiOz# *f P^ ^Ò=# XH PiH ==x qq^ iqH
~OQ H ^#`# JOK< "@ LyOK=K.
6. P^ O} û LQO
[: P^ O} û ^fi~ HiOz# *f ^Ò=# XH Ô P^ O} H
=``# JOK< "@O LyOK=K.
7. = û LQO
[: = û ^fi~ HiOz# *f P^ ^Ò=# XH O=`~= XH Ôx [
r=# =}~ =i @|_ #=< =i ~# JOK< " @ L yOK=K.
8. ^"Ô
[: =#O OkOK P^" ^= PÔ.
9. "qH PÔ
[: ^= PÔ` =#O H#QeQ = = "Ò
~O_ =~ fl
1. x[ *f P^ =#
[. Lù H~H Lù OkOz# P^ H_O XH Ô H *f^xfl H==K.
Lù O H~H P^ $+O|_`~. Lù H #flO^ Q# Lù
H~H [=# D P^ O} K|_`~. PiOz# PÔ @|_ =i
qxQO Y~ K|_Òk. [ `= HiH# O`$ ~KH#@ qxQO Y~
K~. P^ $+ H~H# OK@ "~ @|_ Y~ _`~.
86 J~GO _ "\i

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2. "qH *f P^ J#Q<q?
[. XH O=`~= XH Ô Lù J~# JOu= = = ^= H=#" *f PÔ
Jx g `. =~H qÔQ
*f PÔ JOu= L`` ^~ ~
H|\ HO` H==k *f PÔx =~ P H ==k Lù =z# =~ ^
^~ ~ =z# =~ ^ D ~O_O\O =z# =~ H~}" =O@Ok. ^~}=Q
^~ ~ ~Q#. ^~ ~ =z# =~ H~}OQ *f PÔ =K =~#
=#O `yOz#K *f PÔ "= "# =~ ^ "q H *f P^xfl O^=K.
<Q =~ fl
1. x[ *f P^ =# P=H` # q=iOKO_.
[: Lù H~H Lù OkOz# P^ H_O XH Ô H *f^xfl
H==K. Lù O H~H P^ $+O|_`~. Lù H #flO^ Q#
Lù H~H [=# D P^ O} K|_`~. PiOz# PÔ @|_ =i
qxQO Y~ K|_Òk. [ `= HiH# O`$ ~KH#@ qxQO Y~ K~.
P^ $+ H~H# OK@ "~ @|_ Y~ _`~.
*f P^ JOK< H Lù O "__ ^Ò=#, Lù H~H [=#
=^ "~ JOkOz# H~H = Q# D "__# OK_O @|_ =i qxQO K
==# O|OkOz# ^Ò=# Hi~. P q^=Q HiOz# ^Ò= XH PiH ==
H qq^ JO# J=Q# KH#@ _Q^. L^~} "Ò Lù XHH
iqH ~OQO "\ Uq\? XH PiH == =OQ ^ J=OQ OK P^ ZO`? *f
PÔ qH =~O =i O^ =~= H "\ ZO`? [ "i r=# =}~x
OKH#@ qxQO Z=Q Y~ K<fl~? u O=`~O ZO` @|_ _`<fl~? U
~@ PiH == =$k KO^`#flk? W`~ PiH == HO> Wk "Q=Q ^ x^#=Q
~Q`#fl^? D fl =i O|Ok` W`~ fl *f P^ JOK< H== HiOz#
^Ò= =` OQ =^#=# O^=K.
2."qH *f P^ H=#O =# P=H`# q=iOKO_.
[: XH O=`~= XH Ô Lù J~# JOu= = = ^= H=#" *f PÔ.
=~H qÔQ
*f PÔ JOu= L`` ^~ ~
H|\ HO` H==k *f PÔx =~ P H ==k Lù =z# =~ ^
^~ ~ =z# =~ ^ D ~O_O\O =z# =~ H~}" =O@Ok.
J~GO _ "\i 87

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^~}=Q ^~ ~ ~Q_O _ g `. H|\ HH== *f PÔ

=K ~Q^ H~}O == ^~ OqOK ~Q^ H|\ XH PiH ==x "Ò
Lù =K ~Q^ =`" *f PÔx ~Q^ H~}O H^. =~~HOQ Wk x["#
~Q^ H^. "Ò Lù H ^= q= iy#\H i=}`HOQ "Ò Lù J^ ~
~QH =K. i=}`H ~Q^ J~=O`"#k. nx H~ "qH *fÔ ZO`
H#Q#=#. Lù i=}O =~ ^=*f PÔ zH H^. ^~}OQ ~O_O\
J#Q Lù i=}O =i ^~ ~ =~ =~. ^~ ~ =z# =~ H~}OQ
*f PÔ =K =~# =#O `yOz#K *f PÔ "="# =~ ^ "qH
*f P^xfl O^=K.
qÔQ XH PiH == Wz# =O U =~ K@ KO^ H#Q#@ P Wz#
=O "qH *f PÔx =~# fH"e. =~ qÔQ KO> "qH *f
PÔ J<k P O=`~O Lù J~# JOu= = = "Ò i=}O.
D "q H *f P^xfl "~H O=`~ *f PÔ` @_ PHO ^~
=z# =~ H~}OQ *f PÔ =K =~# `yOz "\x e.
^~ =~ =# *f PÔ HeQ =~# =#O U qÔQ `yOKe. nx HO
=#O xH_ ^~ *f PÔ =i ` ^~ *f PÔ J< =## L yOz
D =~ J~O KH"e.
3. ` ^~ =^ *f PÔ =i xH_ ^~ =^ *f PÔ =^Q Ô#
q=iO=?
[: U O=`~O *f PÔ<# JOK< "@ P O=`~ uH Lùx P O=`~O
##fl ^~` Q}OK=#. L^~} 2010 = O=`~ *f^xfl H#H=_xH 2010=
O=`~ uH Lùx P O=`~ ^~ ` Q}OK=#. nxx ` ^~ *f PÔ Jx
~.
W_ =#O 2010 = O=`~ *f P^xfl2005 = O=`~ *f PÔ`
=##OÔ. D ~O_ O=`~ uH L`` ~ =i ^~~ "~Q =O@Ok. D ~O_
O=`~ Lùx J^ ^~~` =#= Q}Oz#@~` *f P^ JOK< ^~ ~
=K =~# `yOK=K. W_ =#= 2010= O=`~ Lùx 2005 = O=`~ ^~`
Q}Oz#@~# ^xx =#= xH_ ^~ 2010 = O=`~ *f PÔQ =.
""xH, *f PÔ "^@ ` ^~ HOK|_ `~fi` ^~ p =`
xH_ ^~ =^ *f PÔQ =~|_Òk. ^~ z` ` ^~ JOK<# yOz xH_
^~ JOK<# O^`~.
88 J~GO _ "\i

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^~ px `~K_xH XH Yz`"# O=`~O# Z#flO\~. P qÔQ Z#fl#fl

O=`~xfl P^~ O=`~=x ~ . P^~ O=`~ ^~ ~x 100 =#OQ fH"e. W`~
Jxfl O=`~ ^~ ~# P^~ O=`~ ^~ ~H ` è~~. D qÔQ 2005
= O=`~O P^~ O=`~"` ^x ^~ ~x 100 Q fO\O. 2010 = O=`~xH ^~~
50% `xH iyO^#OÔ. 2010 = O=`~ ^~ ~x 150 Q fO\O. D qÔ Q Jxfl
O=`~= ^~ zh P O=`~ *f P^ JOK<# _xH `~K~.
Zxqk =~ fl
1 *f P^ JOK< LQ# q=iO=?
[: *f P^ JOK<` @ P^ JOK< H=O HiOz# ^ÒO XH PiH == x
qq^ ~OQ x~fi} PiH == K@ KH< ==H$` =~, PiH =$k =i [ r=#
~x =~# QiOz K^=H=_xH D ~O_ K LQ_`~.
D J^< PiH q^< ~H# =i q+` }oH _ _`~.
*f^ ^ÒOx Hxfl =Y"# LQ HOk qÔQ L<fl~.
1. PiH =$kH H=#= *f PÔ
XH Ô H PiH =$kx xH_ ^~ =^ *f P^ JOK< z~. XH Ô
H PiH =$k ~@# xH_ ^~ =^ *f P^ =$k ~@` H~. L^~} 1993-94
O=`~O# ~`^ PiH =$k ~@ 4.4 Ò. nx J~"=#Q 1992-93 O=`~ xH_ ^~
*f PÔ` 1993-94 O=`~ xH_ ^~ =^ *f PÔ# e#_ 4.4 Ò =$k
#"^ J~#@ K=K. OQ PiH =$k J<k XHÔ H uH = = Lù ~x
~Q^ zHQ KÒ.
2. }oH q[O / "=# *f PÔ XH zH
PiH =$k ^# ~`Ô }oH q^#O J#i#flk. }oH|^ PiH == Lù
^# H =i PiH=$k ~@ x~~OK|_ `^#Q}OQ =#~ H\~OK|_`~. iqH
~OQ L`` =$k ~@ =i xH_ ^~ =^ *f PÔ D H kO|_#^ ^
`H=_xH Q~. D q^=Q *f P^ ^ÒO }oH H ^## JOK<"@
L Q_ Òk. D H = kO|_H ` `fiO iu x #ifi=~ K P iu x ik^_ xH
K~ K_Òk.
3. ì P^ JOK< LQO
XH^ *f PÔ# P ^ "`= [<` yOKQ ì PÔ =Ok. XH
O=`~ HxH [ JO^@ =#fl = = Q@# ì PÔ zOk. ì
PÔ iy#_ [ JO^@ =O_ = = Q@ =i "i Q@ r=# =}O
_ ~Q`~.
J~GO _ "\i 89

SmartPrep.in
4. qq^ Lù ~OQ xf~# JOK< "@ LQO

XH Ôx Lù O# OQ ^qH, kfif =i `$f ~OQQ =sHi~.
[ =#~# "eH f@ x=Qfl" #fl L`^H O# ==O, K OHO, Q#
"^#q ^qH ~OQxH O|OkOz#q. kfif ~OQO == `s ~OQO. `$f ~OQO ~"},
OHOQ, c=, `fiO "^# = LùH O|OkOz# D ~OQ H~H P^# $+~.
*f PÔ# D ~OQ JOkOK "\# HK@ Wq $+Oz# H~H PÔ =K~O
L Q_ Òk.
5. P^ O}x J=#`# HK@ LQO
JO^~ = XH ~H= J~# PÔ Hey=O_~ . HO^~ W`~ HO> Z=Q PÔ#
Ok~ . WOH qÔ Q KO> HO^~ ^# =O` =iHO^~ ^"~. nx J~O *f PÔ
= =^ J=#OQ OK|_Ok. P^ O} HO`"~ J=#` = =, eOQ
Ô, J~`, x J#=O, s~H ^~_O, =^H~ ## K@O W+` "^# "\
`_O_@O H~}O. J~` D J=#` K Z=Q =#fl_ =i `H H~}`
q=iOK#_ Wk PtOK^Qx q+O.
6. r=# =}xfl H=_O LQO
XH Ô x=#fl [ r=# =}~x "~ qxy#fl ==# P~O, x"O,
q^, |@ "^# W`~ J=~, H~ =i q K Y~ x~~Ok. qxQ
=O Z=Q L#fl_ "i r=# =}~ _ Z=Q LO@Ok.
7. qxQ #=<# `H=_O LQO
qxQO [ =="s = =K~O "i qxQ #=<# `Òk. XH
Ô x [ qxQ #=<x =~# QiOz =#O HH" } =z# qxQ = ^Ò=
eH ^fi~ `HQQÒ.
8. @|_ #=< =i ~# HK@ LQO
*f PÔ# JOK< " =û ^fi~ @|_ =O# _ H= =K#. XH
O=`~O Ô \# "Ò `* @|_ =K~O# Wk =# WO k. PiH == =$k ~ @#
qÒ K Lù =~O# @|_ x~~Ok.
9. JO`~f eH# Ô KOk
*f P^ ^Ò P^~OQ U ~O_ ^ PiH ==<< =#O =K#. XH Ô
^x H ^ ^ J# q+ xfl =#O `HQO. W`~ ^= ` _O ^fi~ XH Ô ==xH
ZO` ^#` =Ok ^ U =$uH ZO` ^#` =Ok J< q+O =#O `H=K#.
90 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
17
H; J~GO
(What Micro Economics is all about?)
17.1 iKO
XH PiH == Qi# J^#O ^xH O|OkOz# XH\ ^ Jxfl PiH U[O@ Qi#
ij# LO@Ok. L^~} U Lù H O|OkOz# ij#<<, ^xH KOk# @|_,
Lù, qxQ KOk# H~H LO\~. D ~ QO PiH = i~O _
ij# QiOz q=iOK|_~.
17.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H< =MO.
u H;, J~ =^Q `_
u H; J~GO Ô` ~H#
u J~G J=Q# ~M @= Z `__`~.
17.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. H J~GO
[: XH qxQ^~_, XH O, XH == Q _=O_, - g\x QiOz# ij< H;
J~ GO.
2. J~GO
[: PiH == "`xfl ijeOKk J~GO. "Ò L^y`, ^~} ^~~, PiHa=$k
- W "HH x@# HH "`# QiOz# ij< J~GO.
3. xQ=# ûx ^
[: PiH =# q+Oz, `# ~OkOK@ ~O_ ^`<fl~. Jq -
1. xQ=# û 2. PQ=# û
J~GO _ "\i 91

SmartPrep.in
4. PQ=# ûx ^
[: PQ=# ûx ^ - (Z) =# QiOK@ (a) Hxfl " K@ () =
O|OkOz# =K~ H~}, q+} (_) ` u^#
5. ~ Y
[: ~O_ KOH =#`fiO = Hxfl aO^= U~_`~. D aO^=# HQ =K^ ~Y.
~O_ =~ fl
1. H J~ ikx `= ?
[. J~xfl H J~Q 1933 O=`~= ~Qfl~ + qlOK~. H
J~O "HH ^ =HQ` ^ z#fl JO# Qi q=iOk. J#Q XH =H, XH O, XH
i= "^~# JO# Qi `Òk. qxQO, qx=O, Lù, O} J< JO#
Qi Wk q=iOk. nxH =~ ~ ^~ ÔÒ.
2. J~xfl x~fizO= ?
[. J~ xfl H , J~ Q ~Qfl~ + 1933 O=`~= ql OK~. J~ O
PiH ==x "`# Qi ijeOk. JO> PiH == "`xH KOk# q+ x@
ij< J~O. *fÔ, q+ L^y`, "~ KH "^# JO# Wk
q=iOk. nxH =~ ~ P^ L^y` ÔÒ.
3. PiH U[O@ Z=~ ?
[. Lù, qxQO, @|_ =O\ PiH H~H` xqQfl"# "ix PiH U[O@ JO\~.
Lù H~H [=#, Lù^~, qxQ^~, `fiO "^# "\x PiH U[O@Q
==i~. XH ==# KOk# U[O@ "~H == H PiH H~H#
qÒ K~.
4. xQ=# û J#Q<q?
xQ=# û ^fi~ PiH` ~H# HOk <Q ^ H=.
i) q+} =# QiOK@O
ii) q+} O HO u^# K|_`~.

iii) `|^"
# PK# ^fi~ iH## ~OkOK@ " P^~OQ, H~H~} O|O^xfl
ìOz, Hxfl u^# K|_`~. nx< iH< ~H#Q K=K.
PiH ` ~H# =O^ iH# ijeOK_O.
92 J~GO _ "\i

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5. PQ=# û J#Q<q?
[. PQ=# û ^fi~ `xfl ~OkOK@ kQ= ^ LO\~.
i) q+} =# QiOK@.
D ^ xQ=# û = LO@Ok.
ii) =K~ H~}, =sH~}
iii) `~ O ^fi~ O|O^xfl x~iOK@
<Q =~ fl
1. H; =i J~ Qi q=iO=.
[: J~GO 'H; J~GO, ' J~GO Jx ~O_ Q L<fl~. 'H; J#Q z#fl Jx
J~O. PiH ==x =HQ` x@ ij< H; J~GO. ' JO> ^ ^ "Ò Jx J~O.
PiH == "`xH KOk# q+ x@ ij< J~GO.
XH L^~} ^fi~ D ~O_ =## Qi +OQ J~O KH=K. ~~ O|OÔ Hey
xK J<H H}, J=" Hey L#fl^ =#= s~O. WO^ U XH H}O ^ J==O QiOz#
ij< H; J~GO. "Ò g^ =#= s~O Qi# ij< J~GO. J^qÔQ PiH
==x @_, Lù, qxQO J< H ~~ O|OÔ Hey LO\~. u H#
"k =, O x=Qfl" LO\~. gi< PiH U[O@Q ~. =HQÒQ ^ L=_Q D
PiH U[O@ ~~ O|Ok` JO H; J~GO ijeOK|_`~. =~" PiH ==x
q+ JO fi~O, =~#, "\ =^Q ~~ O|OÔ - g\` U~_ X_^_#
J~GO ijeOk.
2. H;, J~ =^Q ~~ O|OÔ q=iO=.
J~GO ~O_ Q# H J~GO, J~GO ~~ O|OÔ Hq. =~ qÔQ
Ka` Jq ~~ Pî`. PiH KOH# J~O KH=\xH, "\ q+}, H PiH
ij# `__`~. g\ =^Q O|O^xfl J~O KH=\xH Hxfl L^~} fOÔ. XH
== ^~ Z x~~ OK|_Òk, ^~ x~
O J=HO ^~, H#Q ^~ ` =# è#@~`,
Jk PiH ==x ^~} ^~ ~ =K =~ q+} LQ_Òk. ^~ x~ H,
JO^ J=HO ^~, H#Q ^~ `, H PiH ij# HQ, PiH == x ^~} ^~
~ ij#, PiH ij#Q K=K. J< PiH ==x u Lù x\, u ~OQO
xf~# `H=@O ^fi~ "Ò PiH == xf~# QOK=K. u Lù x\, u
~OQxfl QiOz# ij#, H PiH ij# HQ, "Ò g^ PiH == xf~# èk
J~GO _ "\i 93

SmartPrep.in
PiH ij#. D qÔQ J~xH O|OkOz# H J~GO, J~GO ~O_ ~~

O|OÔ Hq.
3. H; J~G ikx q=iO=.
[. Lù, qxQO, @|_ J<q PiH == Q ~~ O|OÔ Q =_ =Y"#
Hx K^=<flO. Jxfl PiH H~H= D H`< =__ LO\~. D H~H
x=Qfl=~# "ix PiH x@ ^ PiH U[O@Q ==i~ . Lù H~H [=#, Lù
^~, qxQ^~ - Lù x@ ^ PiH U[O@ Jx ==K. XH =xH KOk# PiH
U[O@ K~ "~H =O "H PiH H~H# qÒ K~. ~~ =O, J<H PiH
KOH# =^~, Lù H~HO ^~, qxQ^~ =i Lù^~ OY "^# "\x qÒ
K O k.
D PiH x@ =~< ij< H J~G q+==. Q$ ^ = qxQ
^~Q, `=`= P^# qq^ LQ =^ Z H\~~? O ^ Lù^~,
qq^ = = Lù =^ `= =#~# Z H \~~ ? XH == ^~ Z x~~ OK|_Òk? Wg
- H J~GO J^#O K|_ Hxfl fl.
qq^ PiH x@, "\ =~# , "\ =^ Q ~ ~ O|OÔ Hxfl PiH Ô` ~H #
î fOk. Jq - qxQ^~x =~< ÔÒ, O ÔÒ, ^~ ÔÒ "`# ÔÒ, @H
ÔÒ, =_ ÔÒ, ÔÒ "^#q.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. PiH ` ~H< ^` q=iO=.
[: PiH ` U*O@, "\ =^Q ~~ O|O^xfl J^#O K_O JO` O H^.
XH PiH U*O@ =O #O_ HxflO\ =~## J^#O K, ^x P^~OQ Hxfl x~
~=K. D x~ ^ f~< P =O H ^~} =~#Q K=K. D f~<#
sHOz, "\ P^~OQ PiH ` ^ Ô` ~OkOK|_`~. PiH ` ~H#
~O_ ^` H=.
1) xQ=# û 2) PQ=# û
Z) xQ=# û
xQ=# û ^fi~ PiH` ~H# HOk <Q ^ H=.
94 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
i) q+} =# QiOK@O
=# QiOK@O "^\ ^. ~~ O|OÔ Q U KOH =~< f~# q+OK

Jq +OQ è LO_e.
ii) q+} O HO u^# K|_`~. g\=# J^# ik J~O J=Òk.
D u^# PiH KOH =~# O|OkOz#" LO_=K. D " iQ OHuH
~"#q H=K.
`|^"# PK# ^fi~ iH## ~OkOK@ " P^~OQ, H~H~}
iii)
O|O^xfl ìOz, Hxfl u^# K|_`~. nx< iH< ~H#Q K=K.
iv) iH## ijeOK@ ^ sHOK@
PiH ` ~H# =O^ iH# ijeOK|_=. WO^HO, O|Ok` JO
QiOz =K~O HiOK|_=. =K~O, iH## |A= K JC_ Jk ÔÒQ ~
kÔ@Ok. XH" "" HiOz# =K~xfl |A= KH` ^xx =~=, ^ =~
~OkOz sHOK=. H PiH Ô` ~H# ZOK#fl = XH\ ^ PiH U*O@
=xH KO^=.
a) PQ=# û : PQ=# û ^fi~ `xfl ~OkOK@ kQ= ^ LO\~.
i) q+} =# QiOK@ : D ^ xQ=# û = LO@Ok.
ii) =K~ H~}, =sH~} : = O|OkOz# =K~O HiOz, q+Oz,
=sHiOK|_=. J<H ij# P^~_ =K~O HiOK|_e. Q}OH ^`# "_
qq^ KOH =^Q H~H~} O|O^xfl H#Q#=.
iii) `~O ^fi~ O|O^xfl x~iOK@ : H#Q#fl `~O P^~OQ ÔÒ ~OkOK|_=.
PiH Ô` ~H# =# x"iOKO^ ~# ^ "_|_e.
J~GO _ "\i 95

SmartPrep.in
18
qxQ ÔÒ
[The theory of Consumption]
18.1 iKO
"Ò PiH H~H =O qxQO. [ `= HiH# f~H=_xH [#O L#fl
=, =# qxy~ . == LO_ =#= HiH# O`$ ~K Q e Q Hx [#O JO\~.
[# `, qxQ ^~x =~## J^#O K@O D JÔ =Y LÔ.
18.2 H
D ~ QO #O_ D HOk JO# J~O KHQ~.
* [#O ^x J~O
* Hi# [#O
* Pi# [#O
* H}O` [# Ò - iq`
* "O` [# Ò - iq`
* qxQ^~x =Ò
18.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. [#O J#Q<q?
[: == ^ = H =#= HiH# f~Q Hx [#O JO\~.
2. [<xfl U ~O H==K?
[: Hi# û ^fi~ [<xfl OM ~O H==K.
3. Pi# û?
[: Pi# û [<xfl OM ~O H==, QO
4. "O` [# Ò?
[: "O` [# Ò qxQ ^~x =`xfl q=iOk.
96 J~GO _ "\i

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~O_ =~ fl
1. Hi# [#O# q=iOK=.
[: P_ =~ Hi# [# q+} P^~OQ qxQ^~x =~## J^#O K_.
Hi# q+} H~O [<xfl H==K. D û H~O = qxQO ^fi~ =K [<xfl
''\ J< T`H x@ ^fi~ H==K. 1,2,3,4 "^#q Hi# OY. D û H~O
qq^ == #O_ O^ [<xfl OM~O H=_xH, _xH g=Òk.
2. Pi# [#O# q=iOK=.
[: H, J< "^# PiH" ` Pi# [# q+ } # =iOK~. D q+ } ^fi~ [<xfl
H== Hx QO. L^~} J~\ O_HO> ^fi~ Z= [#O aOzO^x
K=K. L^#` =H~Y q+} Pi# [# q+} P^~_ ~OkOK|_Ok.
3. "Ò [#O# q=iOK=.
[: D `xfl J^ #O K \xH "Ò [#O, LO` [#O =## QiOz =QOQ
`H"e. qxQ^~_ "Ò == #Oz O^Qe Q "Ò O`$x "Ò [#O JO\~.
LÎI XH =H =_ O_# qxyOK_ J#OÔ. "^\ #O_ 20 \,
~O_= O_ #O_ 15 \, =_= O_ #O_ 10 \ [#O Ok`, 20{15{10 45
\ "Ò [#O.
4. LO` [#O# q=iOK=.
[: LO` [#O J#Q J^# [#O - WO`=O^ LÎI # f#fl@~` 3
qxQO ^fi~ =z# [#O 45 \ - 4 O_# qxy =K [#O 50 \.
LO` [#O 50-45 05 \.
nx< HOk qÔQ K=K.
MUn TUn - TUn-1
5. qxQ^~x =Ò# QiOz q=iOK=.
[: "O` [# Ò qxQ^~x =`xfl q=iOk. D Ò H~O, ^=O
LO` [#O, Jhfl L Q# =#O J~#C_ qxQ^~_ =` u x K~ `_.
qxQ^~x =`xH H=# x|O^## D qÔQ K=K.
MU A MU B MU N
= =
PA PB PN
J~GO _ "\i 97

SmartPrep.in
Zxqk =~ fl
1. H}O` [# `xfl q=iOz, ^x iq`, =Y` è*=.
[: H}O` [# `xfl "^\ iQ H.H Q< J< [~< WO[h~ è*Q, =~
^xx Ja=$k ~K_. =i=}xH, ^x #O_ aOK [<xH =^ Q O|O^xfl D
Ò q=iOk.
Ò - x~fiK#O : ''W`~ ==# ~OQ LOz XH qxQ^~_ U ==<< JkHOQ
qxy ` P == H LO` [#O H}Ok H.W. eOQ. ^~}OQ =#
HeQ J#=O Uq@O> XH ==# J^ xQ qxy ` J^# x@ #Oz J`_
O^ J^# [#O H=OQ H}Ok. LÎI XH =HH JO> K W+=x
J#OÔ. "^\ # qxQ^~_ qxyOz#C_ K Z= [#O O^`_.
Hx ~O_=, =_= # qxy ` `~"` #Oz J`_ O^ [#O
`QÒk. XH ^ ^\# `~"` J`_ J^# # qxyOz#@~` J`xH . P
== #Oz =K J^# [#O `Q#.
"
H}O` [# Ò H =Y"# "
1. [<xfl OM`HOQ H==K.
2. qxQ ^~_ `|ÔQ =i_..
3. qxQ^~x Ja~K J"@ ^#` ~OQ LO\~.
4. == H Jhfl x@ i=}O#, ~z# XH qÔQ LO\~.
"Ò [#O, LO` [#O [Total utility and Marginal utility]
"Ò [#O
D `xfl J^ #O K \xH "Ò [#O, LO` [#O =## QiOz =QOQ
`H"e. qxQ^~_ "Ò == #Oz O^QeQ "Ò O`$x "Ò [#O
JO\~. LÎI XH =H =_ O_# qxyOK_ J#OÔ. "^\ #O_
20 \, ~ O_= O_ #O_ 15 \, =_= O_ #O_ 10 \ [#O Ok`,
20{15{10 45 \ "Ò [#O.
98 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in

TUn f (Qn)
WH_ TUn n == H "Ò [#O
f " O|OÔ
Qn n - == i=}O
f " O|OÔ
LO` [#O [Marginal Utility]
LO` [#O J#Q J^# [#O - WO`=O^ LÎI # f#fl@~` 3
qxQO ^fi~ =z# [#O 45 \ - 4 O_# qxy =K [#O 50
\. LO` [#O 50-45 05 \.
nx< HOk qÔQ K=K.
MUnth TUn - TUn-1
WH_ n - OY# è*Ok.
MUn n = x\ LO` [#O
TUn n x@ "Ò [#O
TUn-1 (n-1) x\ c "Ò [#O
D `xfl D HOk \ H, @= O` q=iOK=K.
\ H ^x q=~}
=~t() "Ò [#O LO` [#O
(\) (\)
1 20 20
2. 35 ~QÒk 15 ^< `HO
3. 45 10
4. 50 05
5. 50 Qi+O 0 <flH =#O
6. 45 -5
7. 35 `Q ` Ok - 10 |}`HO
\ H O` "Ò, LO` [< =^ O|O^xfl W q=iOK=K.
J~GO _ "\i 99

SmartPrep.in
A) LO` [#O ^<`HOQ LO_ `Q`#flC_, "Ò [#O ~Q^ LO`

[#O `Q^ =#OQ LO_#.
B) LO` [#O <flH =#OQ L#flC_ "Ò [#O Qi+==Òk.
C) LO` [#O |}`H"#C_, "Ò [#O `QÒk.
"Ò [#O / LO` [#O
TU ~
Y
(x@)
= i=}O MU ~
Y
@O "Ò [<xfl, LO` [<xfl K`<fl~. LO` [#O #O
J~#C_ "Ò [#O Qi+O.
Ò - iq` (Limitations of the law)
D `xH D HOk iq`#flq. Jq :
1. D Ò J"qH " P^~_ L#flk.
2. Jq[ ==, =xflHQ == q+O D Ò =iOK^.
3. qxQ ^~_ ZC_ `|ÔQ ==iOKH=K.
4. <i =, `Q` q+O Wk =iOK^.
5. O, <} H~} =O\ c D `xH q#~O.
^#` (Importance of the law)
D Ò Ly` q=, qx= q= =^ `_# è*Ok.
1. #fl q^<# ~OkOK@ D Ò `fixH _Òk.
2. H}O` [# Ò _=O_ `xH ukH.
3. P^, O^ O} _ D Ò =Y ` =Ok.
100 J~GO _ "\i

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2. qxQ^~x =Ò J#Q<q? "O` [# `xfl q=iOz, ^x =Y`#

è*=.
[: "O` [# `xfl =~H qxQ ÒQ K=K. D `xH =~ ~ 'Qi+
[# Ò, H} O` [# Ò, XH == qxQO qxQ^~x =~# # J^ #O
KOk. Hx "=O = J<H HiH LO\~. "\x J<H == O` f~O\_.
D O^~O qxQ^~_ `# iq` PÔ` Qi+ O`$x U qÔQ O^`_ "O`
[# Ò q=iOk.
Ò - x~fiK#O
=~ =@ KO>, ''XH =H =^ L#fl XH == J<H LQ#flC_ J`# u
LQO #Oz =K LO` [#O =#OQ LO_@, P ==# qxyOK@O [~QÒk.
qxQ^~_ ==# H#Q K@C_ uH `xfl J#iOK@O ^fi~ qq^ ==
#Oz O^ LO` [#O ZC_ =#=@Q KO\_. LÎI qxQ^~_ `#
^Q~ L#fl ^"xfl J~\ O_, HH J< ~O_ == Y~ Kx qOK_#OÔ. HH ^~ XH
~~ J~` qxQ^~_ XH HH H#@O ^fi~ 20 \ [#O O^_ J#OÔ. J^
~~x XH J~\ O_ Y~ K @O = J`xH Z= [#O =z#@~` J`# H H |^
J~\ O_# u# K_. qxQ ^~_ Y~ K z=i ~~ #Oz J`# O^ LO`
[#O ~O_ ==# =#OQ LO_ =~ D H H#QÒk. JC_ qxQ^~_
Qi+ O`$x O^QQ`=. JO^=< D `xfl 'u# Ò Jx _ JO\~.
qxQ^~x =Ò (Consumer's equilibrium)
"O` [# Ò qxQ^~x =`xfl q=iOk. D Ò H~O, ^=O
LO` [#O, Jhfl L Q# =#O J~#C_ qxQ^~_ =` u x K~ `_.
qxQ^~x =`xH H=# x|O^## D qÔQ K=K.
MU A MU B MU N
= =
PA PB PN
WH_ MUA A == LO` [#O
PA A == ^~
MUB B == LO` [#O
PB B == ^~
MUn n == LO` [#O
Pn n == ^~
J~GO _ "\i 101

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" [Assumptions of the Law]

1. [<xfl OM~O H= =K.
2. qxQ^~_ `|ÔQ ==i_.
3. ^=O LO` [#O ~OQ LO@Ok.
4. == ^~ ~OQ LO\~.
`xH q=~} [Explanation of the Law]
D `xH \ H, @O O` q=iOK=K.
\ H - ^x q=~}
^=O x@ LO` [#O LO` [#O
A B
(\) (\ )
1 15 (1=) 14 (3=)
2 14 (2=) 13 (5=)
3 13 (4=) 12
4 12 11
5 11 10
"Ò [#O 65 60
\ H K# ^xfl |\ qxQ^~_ 3 ~II 'A == g^, 2 ~II 'B == g^
Y~ K_ . 'A == 3~II Y~ K @O ^fi~ 42 x@, 'B == 2 ~II Y~ K @O
^fi~ 27 x@ [#O O^QQ`<fl_. H#H 'A =i 'B == 5 ~II # Y~
@@O ^fi~ J`# O^ "Ò [#O 42{27 69 x@. D qÔQ 3 ~II 'A #, 2
~II 'B Y~ K@O ^fi~ ~O_ == q+O LO` [#O =#O J=Òk.
H#H
102 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
@= - q=~}
^=O
^=O
LO`
LO`

[#O

[#O
^= i=}O ^= i=}O
@O 'AA ~Y A == LO` [# ~Y. BB ~M B == LO` [# ~Y. A
== 3 ~, B == 2 ~II Y~ @_O ^fi~ ~O_ == #O_ qxQ^~_
O^ LO` [#O =#O, Jk 13 x@.
`xH Q iq`
D `xH Hxfl iq` H=. Jq
1. Jq[ == q+O D Ò =iOK^.
2. D Ò Hxfl J"= " P^~_ LOk
3. qxQ^~xH qq^ q+ J=Q# #C_ D Ò =iOK^.
4. ""xH ^=O LO` [#O ~OQ LO_^.
Ò - ^#`
1. qxQ ^~x =xH D Ò P^~O
2. Lù ÔÒ _ Wk LQ_Òk.
3. qx=O O} _ D Ò Wq_ LO@Ok.
4. `fi q` q^#O _ D Ò =iOk.
J~GO _ "\i 103

SmartPrep.in
19
L^#` =H~Y q+}
[Indifference Curve Analysis]
19.1 iKO
=~ ukOz# Hi# [# q+} ^#"# O [<xfl OM`HOQ
H=Q=< " O. J~` OM`HOQ [<xfl K QQ_O , ^xx H=QQ_O ( x@)
^ O H^. XH qxQ^~_ `# qxyOK == ~O# Hz J`_ ZO` [<xfl
O^_ K=. ^~}OQ ~O_ < =^ ^~xfl ^ == |~=# =`" H=QO
Hi# û H` Ô H#C_, Pi# ~OHOQ ^=Q#. Hi# q+}x #
`y PiH"` Pi# q+} O` _=O_ Ô`xfl q=iOK~. nx< L^#` =H~Y
q+} JO\~.
~+< PiH "` \ (Slutsky) 1915 = O=`~O "^\ iQ _=O_ `xfl D Pi#
O` ijeOK_. "^\ iQ L^#` =H~Y q^<xfl èKOk Z_=~ [Edgeworth]
J< PiH "`.
P `~ "` 1928 = OII *.P~. H (J.R. Hicks), R.J.D. Z< J# PiH "` Hi# q+ }

q=~ OkOK~. "~ nxH uQ Pi# q+} O` D L^#` =H~Y "xfl
q=iOK~.
19.2 H
* L^#` =H~Y J~xfl q=iOK@.
* L^#` =H~Y " q=iOK@.
* L^#` \H# L^#` =H~Y# ~|@@.
* LO` u<O`~@ =# q=~}.
* ^~ ~Y# q=iOK@.
* qxQ^~x =` q=~}.
* L^#` =H~Y =Y`# q=iOK@.
* L^#` =H~Y # ijeOK@.
104 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
19.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. Pi# q+}?
[: Pi# q+} [<xfl Q"Qh, H== J< "xfl KOk.
2. qxQ^~x Ja~z `~ P^~OQ Uk ~|@|_Òk?
[: qxQ^~x Ja~z `~ P^~OQ L^#` =H~Y ~|@|_Òk.
3. qxQ^~xH =# O`$xK ~O_ == qq^ =^# \ H è*Ok.
[: qxQ^~xH =# O`$x K ~ O_ == qq^ =^# L^#` \H è* O k.
4. LO` u<O` ~@ q=iOKk?
[: J^#OQ =~ == x O^\xH qxQ^~_ XH == x U ~ @ u# K_ LO`
u<O` ~@ q=iOk.
5. ^~ ~Y q=iOKk?
[: ~ O_ == # qxQ^~_ `# iq` PÔ` ZO` "` H#Q K Q_ ^~
~Y q=iOk.
6. L^#` =H~Y ^xx `H#_ qxQ^~_ =ÒQ LO\_?
[: L^#` =H~Y |_\ ~Y# `H#_ qxQ^~_ =ÒQ LO\_.
qxQ^~x =Ò =^,
Px
MRSxy =
Py
~O_ =~ fl
1. LO` u<O` ~@ J#Q <q?
[: ''J^#OQ =~ ==# O^_xH XH ==# qxQ^~_ U ~@ H`_ ^xx
LO` u< O` ~ @ JO\~. JO>, J^#OQ XH KH\ # O^_xH Zxfl a@# qxQ^~_
H`_ Wk q=iOk. =#O \ H MRS H=OQ H}OK_O Q=xOK=K. nxx, D HOk
gH~}O ^fi~ "=K.
J~GO _ "\i 105

SmartPrep.in
y =~ y
MRSxy x
x =~
2. ^~ ~Y ^ |_\ ~Y q=iOK=.
[: qxQ^~_ Z _, ZQ= ~ L^#` =H~ Y# H~O\_x L^#` =H~ Y H}
`<=. J~` == LzÒQ aOK=. "\H ^~# KeOK= LO@Ok. J~` J`x
PÔ iqÒ. JO^=< =#O |_\ ~ Y =## ijeOKe. qxQ^~_ `# iq` PÔ`,
W=|_# ^~ =^ ~O_ ==# Zx =^ H#Q_ |_\ ~Y è*Ok.
<Q =~
1. L^#` =H~Y "# "=.
[: L^#` =H~Y q+} D HOk " P^~_ LOk.
1. [#O =#H =# H=# H=O qxQ ^~_ `# Ja~z `~ # =H~KQ _. J`_
O^ = =^ "`x XH H=û J=~_. J`_ `# Ja~z `~# =~\
^~ ` O|OÔ O_ èK_.
2. [#O Pi# Q =K. qq^ =^ == #O_ aOK [<` =K.
XH =Ô HO> =~H =^# qxQ^~ ZQ= ~ LOK`~.
3. qxQ^~_ `|Ô Q ==i_. JO> W=|_# =~\ ^~ , `# iq` P^x
JkH [#O =K qÔQ K_.
4. qxQ^~x =^ =~\ ^~ i =K~O LO@O^<k =~ "O.
5. L^#` =H ~Y =aO^= OH~OQ LO\~. JO>, LO` u# LO`
~@ H=OQ H}Ok.
6. W=|_# U ~ O_ == H qq^ =^# (LÎI Z,a) qxQ^~_ QQ`_.
7. qxQ^~x Ja~K, J"@, PÔ, ~ OQ LO\~.
8. qxQ^~x ZOH ~^~HOQ, H~`^~ H}x Hey LO\~.
9. ZOH |#` =~ "O. JO> ~O_ =^ ZOH qxQ ^~_ L^#OQ
==i_.
2. L^#` =H~Y H} Uq\?
[: L^#` =H~Y Hx xi+"# H}# Hey L<~. Jq :
106 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
1. L^#` =H~Y Z_= #O_ _H HO^ "e, =aO^= OH~OQ LO\~.

2. ZQ=~ L^#` =H~Y JkH [<xfl z~.
3. U ~O_ L^#` =H~Y YO_OKH=.
4. L^#` =H~Y U JHhfl `H=.
5. `=fl == q+ L^#` =H~M ~~M Q#, ~H == L^#`
=H~Y 'L PH~OQ# LO\~.
6. L^#` =H~Y P=~} "`xH "Ok.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. L^#` =H~Y O` qxQ^~ =`xfl q=iO=.
[: WC_ =#O Pi# [# q+} ^fi~ XH qxQ^~_ Z =`xfl k_
L^#` =H~Y, |_\ ~Y O` KÔ. qxQ^~_ `# PÔ`, ~O_ == ^~
=^, ZH_` Qi+ [<xfl O^`_ JH_ =Ò LO\_. JO>, ZH_` |_\ ~Y
L^#` =H~Y# `Ò^ JH_ =Ò LO\_.
" -
1. qxQ^~_ ~O_ == (a =i ) # O^Q~ qq^ =^` L^#`
=H~Y# Hey LO\_. J`x ZOH f~ ~OQ LO@Ok.
2. a =i , ~O_ == ^~ W=fi|_ LO\~. Jq ~OQ LO\~.
3. Jhfl == *f =i qlOK g LO@Ok.
4. qxQ ^~_ =O K_xH iq` P^xfl Hey LO\_.
5. qxQ^~x Ja~K, J"@, H~, P^ ~OQ LO\~.
6. qxQ^~_ [# Qi+H~} ufl, `|ÔQ LO\_.
qxQ^~ =` q=~} [Illustration of Consumer's equilibrium]
=# qxQ^~x L^#` =H~ Y =i |_\ ~ Y è#@~` qxQ^~x =`xfl
O^=K. D =` u x HOk qÔ Q, x~fizOK=K ''W`~ i` hfl ~ O Q L#flC _ qxQ^~_
=~_xH W+_x u. ZH_~` L^#` =H~Y |_\ ~Y# `Ò^ JH_ D u =Ok. D
=` u =^ LO` u<O`~@ ~O_ == ^~ x+uH =#OQ LO@Ok. H|\
aO^= E =^,
J~GO _ "\i 107

SmartPrep.in
PB
MRSBC =
PC
KH@
a@
@O - 3.6 #O^ a@# X - JHO <, KH@ # Y - JHO < f<=. qxQ^~_
BC |_\ ~Y IC2 L^#` =H~Y `H# K@ aO^= =^ E =Ò L<_. qxQ^~_
`# qxQx IC aO^= A =^Q h, B =^ Hh P_ . H~}O aO^= E =^ Z= [<x
IC2 zOk. J^qÔQ `# iq` PÔ` IC3 # K~_. H|\ aO^= E =^ ~` ~
LO_ =`x O^`_.
108 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
20
_=O_ - ^xx qÒ K JO
20.1 iKO
J~O _=O_ ZO` =Y` H^. `= HiH# f~H=_xH qxQ ^~,
Lù K@ Lù ^~ =, =# H~O\~. D ~QO _=O_ H J~O, ^xx
qÒ K JO# Qi Ò\~.
20.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u _=O_ - ^x J~O ~H
u HiH, _=O_ =^ Q `_
u _=O_# qÒ K JO
u qxQ^~x _=O_# ^~ Z qÒ KOk.
u _=O_ Ò - q#~O
u _=O_# qÒ K W`~ JO
u _=O_ i=}O =~, _=O_ =~
20.3 fl =^<
~O_ =~ fl
1. =HQ` _=O_ J#Q<q?
[. J~GO _=O_ J< ^xH `H"# J~O LOk. qq^ ^~ =^ qxQ^~_ ZO`
i=}O ==# H#Q K\xH W+_`<fl_ è^ =HQ` _=O_. xs` HO
XH<H ^~ =^ XH =H, ==# ZO` i}=O HO\_, ^x< P = _=O_ JO\~.
_=O_ J<k - (Z) xs` HxH (a) ^~ () i=}xH KOk#k.
2. =~\ _=O_ J#Q<q?
[. =~\ J<H=Ok qxQ^~O\~. qxQ ^~O^~ qq^ ^~ =^ H#Q K#
= i=}xfl =~\ _=O_ JO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 109

SmartPrep.in
3. `=fl =O J#Q<q?
[. XH == J<H `=fl ==O_=K. L^~} HH, \ `=fl ==. '\
^~ ~OQ LO_, H ^~ iy` H#Q ^~_ HH |^ \ HO\_. J#Q `=fl
= ` = == ^~ iy` ^x _=O_ `y D == _=O_ ~QÒk.
4. _=O_ Ò# q=iO=.
[. = ^~x =~, _=O_ i=}O U~~K "xfl Ô` ~O K^x< _=O_
Ò JO\~. qQ` i` ~OQ L#flC_, XH =^~ iy`, ^x _=O_ `QÒk.
^~ `y` _=O_ ~QÒk.
5. Q~= KH ==
[. ^#=O`, =*, q=O`"# H~ Hey LO_@O u+Q q~. D == #O_ O^
Q~=O "\ ^~ P^~_ LO@Ok. =* ^~ iy` WOH Z= HO\~. J< =* ^~
`y` "\ = =K u+ `QÒ^x qOz "\x `=Q HO\~. g\ q+O ^~,
_=O_ q= O|OÔ HH ` H O|OÔ LO@Ok. H#H Wk _=O_ `xH q#~O.
6. y< ==
[. 19= `|O ~OO a@< ~> ^~ iy#C_ q Z= ~> H#\xfl a\+
PiH"` J~# ~|~ y< Q=xOK_. nx H~O x`=~ == ^~ iy` [ W`~`
Y~ `yOKx g\x =iO` H#Q K~. JO> ^# P~ == ^~ iy< "\
_=O_ `Q^. nxx y< ukOK_. H|\ g\x y< == JO^~. g\ q+O
_=O_ Ò =iOK^.
7. _=O_ q~}
[. _=O_ q~}, _=O_ ~Q^ =^ `_ LOk. _=O_ ~Q^ J#Q qQ`
i` ~OQ LO_Q, ^~ `Q_O = _=O_ i=}O` =Kk. =^~ ~OQ LO_Q
qQ` JO =z# =~ = _=O_ OqOK ^xx _=O_ q~} Jx K=K.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. = ^~, _=O_ i=}xH Q O|O^xfl q=iOK=. T [x`"# _=O_ \ H
P^~OQ _=O_ ~Y# w=.
[: J~O _=O_ J#Q H=O XH == H"< HiH =`" H^. L^~} XH =HH
H~ H"< HiH L#flO` =`# Jk H~Q _=O_ H^. XH ==# H<< HiH`@,
H#Q H _ LO_, "=OQ HO>< ^xx J~O _=O_ JO\~.
110 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
=HQ` _=O_ \ H
qq^ ^~ =^ =H H H#Q i=}# K^ =HQ` _=O_ \ H
^~ bII XHO\H ~A H#Q ^~x _=O_
(~II) (b@~)
12 1.0
10 1.5
8 2.0
6 2.5
4 3.0
\ H ^~ =z# =~ H~}OQ =H _=O_ =z# =~# ``#flk.
^~ `y`, _=O_ iyOk.
=HQ` _=O_ ~Y
=HQ` _=O_ \ H# Q ~O KQ =HQ` _=O_ ~Y =zOk.
_=O_ (b.)
@Ox A,B,C,D,E aO^=, qq^ ^~ =^ XH =H Zxfl H#Q K_ ``~. D
aO^=hfl HQ DD J< _=O_ ~Y =Ok. ^~, _=O_ Q q= O|OÔ H~}OQ,
D ~Y Z_= #O_ _H HOkH "`#flk.
=~\ _=O_ \ H
aO^= 'A' K# qÔQ ^~ b@~ ~.12 L#flC_ ~A _=O_ 1 b@~. ^~ b@~
XHO\H ~.10 J~#C_ aO^= 'B' K# qÔQ _=O_ 1.5 b@~ iyOk. H#H ^~
_=O_ Q q= O|OÔ =< _=O_ ~Y " Z_=#O_ _H HOkH "`#flk.
J~GO _ "\i 111

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=~\ J<H =Ok qxQ^~ LO\~. qq^ qxQ^~, == qq^ ^~ =^ XH

==# ZOÒ` i=}O H#Q K~ `^ =~\ _=O_ \ H. =HQ` _=O_ \ H
P^~OQ =~\ _=O_ \ H U~_Òk. XH L^~} =~\ A,B,C # HO@<fl~
J#OÔ. D =Qi _=O_ \ H \ H O^~K|_~.
^~ bII ~A XH H#Q ^~x
XHO\H (~II) _=O_ (b@~)
A B C
(1) (2) (3) (4)
12 1.0 0.5 0.0
10 1.5 1.0 0.5
8 2.0 1.5 1.0
6 2.5 2.0 1.5
4 3.0 2.5 2.0
=~\ _=O_ ~ Y
H#Q i=}O
2. _=O_ `xfl q=iOz, ^xH Q q#~O# ~#=. (8 =~ fl)

[: = ^~x =~, _=O_ i=}O U~~K "xfl Ô` ~O K^x<
_=O_ Ò JO\~.
qQ` i` ~OQ L#flC_, =^~ iy`, ^x _=O_ `QÒk. ^~ `y` _=O_
~QÒk. Jx _=O_ Ò è*Ok. D `xH \ H ~ q=~} =~\ _=O_ \ H
W=fiQ, =~\ _=O_ ~Y @ ~"# q=~} WOk.
_=O_ `xH Q q#~O
Hxfl O^~ _=O_ Ò =iOK^ . "\< _=O_ `xH Q q#~O JO\~
Jq -
1. Q~= KH ==
^#=O`, =*, q=O`"# H~ Hey LO_@O u+Q q~. D == #O_
O^ Q~=O "\ ^~ P^~_ LO@Ok. =* ^~ iy` WOH Z= HO\~. J< =* ^~
112 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
`y` "\ = =K u+ `QÒ^x qOz "\x `=Q HO\~. g\ q+O q= O|OÔ

HH `H O|OÔ LO@Ok. H#H Wk _=O_ `xH q#~O.
2. y< ==
19= `|O ~OO a@< ~> ^~ iy#C_ q Z= ~> H#\xfl a\+
PiH"` J~# ~|~ y< Q=xOK_. nx H~O x`=~ == ^~ iy` [ W`~` Y~
`yO Kx g\x H#Q K~ . JO> W`~ P~ == ^~ iy< g\ _=O_ `Q^ . H|\ y<
== q+O _=O_ Ò =iOK^.
3. JOK<
XH == ^~ ~Q\xfl Q=xOz# H#Q^~, q+` ^x ^~ =iO` ~Q=Kx
qOz, iy# ^~ =^ "\x Z=Q HO\~. J< XH == ^~ `QÒ>, Jk =iO` `Q=Kx
qOz ^x H#Q# "~^ "=K. JO> ^~ `y` _=O_ `QÒk. ^~ iy` _=O_
~QÒk. H#H Wk _ _=O_ `xH q#~O. g\x q#~ K O^~
_=O_ Ò =iOk.
3. _=O_# x~iOK JOq? q=iOK=.
[: W`~ i` =~#O` =~ J< Ô J~O ^~ HO_ W`~ H~H Jx Jq:
Z) == ^~ a) H#Q^~x PÔ ) Ja~ K _) O|Ok` = ^~
=^~ xH_Q LO^< "O K _=O_ D JO "xfl ijeÔ. D iu
^~ ~OQ LO_#.
Z) == ^~
XH == ^~ x =~ _=O_# qÒ K Ju =Y"# JOO. == ^~ , _=O_
=^ q= O|OÔ LO@Ok. JO>, ^~ iy` _=O_ `QÒk, ^~ `y` _=O_ ~QÒk.
a) H#Q ^~x PÔ
= ^~ ~OQ LO_Q, H#Q^~x PÔ iy` _=O_ ~QÒk. PÔ `y`
_=O_ `QÒk. JO> _=O_, P^xH `H O|OÔ LO@Ok. Hx <~HO ==
q+ O nxH a#flOQ [~QÒk. PÔ iQ Hn <~H O == # ` = Hx, "\H |^Q,
"~HO ==# H#=K. H#H <~HO == q+O PÔ iy` _=O_ `QÒk.
^~} == q+ O P^xH _=O_ ` H O|OÔ LO_Q, <~H O == q+ O
q= O|OÔ LO@Ok.
J~GO _ "\i 113

SmartPrep.in
) Ja~K
H#Q ^~x Ja~K, ^#`, Ja~K =K =~ _ _=O_# qÒ
K~. L^~} =HH #`# == @ HiH Hey<, ` == @ "A `y< _=O_
=~Òk.
_) W`~ == ^~
== =^ O|OÔ ~O_ ~H - 1. ~H O|OÔ, 2. `=fl O|OÔ
i) `=fl == ^~
XH HiH# O`$ ~K Q H ~OK qOK =#OQ LO_ == # `=fl == O\~.
L^~} HH, \ `=fl ==. `=fl == q+O XH == ^~ iy`, ^xH
`=fl O|OÔ Q == _=O_ ~QÒk. ^~ `y`, _=O_ `QÒk.
ii) ~H O|O^"# == ^~
XH HiH# O`$ ~ K \ xH XH\ HO> Z= J=~= == # ~H == JO\~.
JO> == "#O =`" HiH# O`$ ~Ok. LÎI H~. \ H~ ^~ `y` "\H
_=O_ iy, \ _ _=O_ ~QÒk. D qÔ Q ^~ HH _=O_# qÒ K "\x
W`~ JO JO\~.
^~ HH = _=O_# qÒ K "\x W`~ JO JO\~. g\ XH\ ^ Z=
JO _=O_ H#~K "xfl ije#fl_, = ^~ ~OQ LOk J< "O K=. =~
=@ Ka`, ^~ ~OQ L#fl\H, qQ` JO XH\ ^ Hxfl =i#O^= = _=O_
~Q=K, ^ `~Q=K.
4. _=O_ q~} =i _=O_ ~Q^ J#Q q=iOK=.
[: _=O_ q~} =i _=O_ ~Q^: _=O_ q~}, _=O_ ~Q^
=^ `_ LOk. _=O_ ~Q^ J#Q qQ` i` ~OQ LO_Q, ^~ `Q_O = _=O_
i=}O` =Kk. =^~ ~OQ LO_Q qQ` JO =z# =~ = _=O_ OqOK
^xx _=O_ q~} Jx K=K. @Ox _=O_ ~Y# ijeÔ.
114 J~GO _ "\i

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^~
~A XHO\H _=O_ (b@~)

^~ OP #O_ OP, `Q@O = _=O_ ~Y aO^= 'A' #O_ 'B' H U~_# HêH#
_=O_ =z# q~}Q K=K. @Ox _=O_ ~Y DD HOkH "e#C_ OqOKk _=O_
q~}. _=O_# qÒ K JO XH\ ^ JO`H<fl Z= JO =~ =z#@~`
^xx _=O_ ~Q^Q K=K.
_=O_ ~Q^# K \ H
^~ _=O_ i=}O _=O_ i=}O
(b@~ XHO\H) ~A (b@~) (_=O_ iy#C_)
(~.)
(1) (2) (3)
12 1.0 1.5
10 1.5 2.0
8 2.0 2.5
6 2.5 3.0
4 3.0 3.5
\ H *Q`Q Kkq#@~`, b@~ ^~ ~.12 =^, ~A Q _=O_ iyOk.
_=O_x D ~Q^ XH ^~ =^ OqOzOk. JO> W`~ JOx =~ eÒQ
_=O_ iyOk. \ H# @O ~O KÔ.
J~GO _ "\i 115

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Y
^~
Q _=O_ i=}O (~A b@~)

_=O_ ~Q^
116 J~GO _ "\i

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21
_=O_ "HK`fi=
[Elasticity of Demand]
21.1 iKO
^~} _=O_ Ò, W`~ i` ~ O Q L#flC _ XH == ^~ `y` _=O_ ~QÒ^h
KÒk. Wk H=O Q=<xfl zO^ ` `fixfl H^. JO>, ^~ _=O_ Q Q}`H
O|O^xfl =`" `Òk Hh, ^~x ZO` =~ _=O_x ZO` =~ îfO^
q=iOK^ . D H~}O =< =#O _=O_ "HK`fi =## ijeOK= =zOk. Wk ^~ _=O_
=^ Q i=}`H O|O^xfl q=iOk.
21.2 H
D ~O ~~# `~fi` g~ `H< JO.
l _=O_ "HK`fi O
l qq^ _=O_ "HK`fi ~H=
l ^~ _=O_ "HK`fixfl HeK qq^ ^`
l _=O_ "HK`fixfl x~~OK qq^ JO
l _=O_ "HK`fi ^#`
21.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. _=O_ "HK`fi O
[: == ^~# P == _=O_# x~~OK JO =^ Q i=}`H x+u O|O^xfl
_=O_ "HK`fiO q=iOk.
2. ^~ _=O_ "HK`fiO
[: ^~ =z# J#` =~ e ÒQ _=O_ =K J#` =~ Q O|O^xfl ^~
_=O_ "HK`fi O JO^~.
J~GO _ "\i 117

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3. ^~, _=O_ "HK` ~H=

[: ^~ _=O_ "HKÒ S^ ~H. Jq 1) i "HK _=O_, 2) i J"HK_=O_, 3)
H "HK _=O_, 4) H J"HK _=O_ =i 5) UH` "HK _=O_.
4. ^~, _=O_ "HK`x HK ^`
[: `= û, "Ò Y~ û, aO^ "HK û, P~ "HK û. D <Q ^~ _=O_
"HK`x HK ^`.
~O_ =~
1. ^~ _=O_ "HKÒ J#Q <q?
''XH == ^~ x J#` =~ e ÒQ _=O_ =K J#` =~ # Wk q=iO k.
H|\ nxx HOk qÔQ "=K.
_=O_ =z# J#` =~
^~ _=O_ "HKÒ Ep
^~ =z# J#` =~
_=O_ =~ ^~ =~

"^\ _=O_ "^\ ^~
Q P

Q P
Q P Q P
Ep ^ .
Q P PQ Q
<Q =~
1. P^ _=O_ "HK`x q=iO=.
[: qxQ^~x PÔ =z# =~ = _=O_ =z# =~ =^Q O|O^x
P^ _=O_ "HKÒ q=iOk. " ~HO == q+O Wk ^<`HOQ#, < ~HO
== q+O ~}`HOQ# LO@Ok. nxx HOk gH~}O ^~ q=iO=K.
_=O_ =z# J#` =~
Ey PÔ =z# J#` =~
118 J~GO _ "\i

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_=O_ =~ PÔ =~

_=O_ PÔ
Q Y Q Y
Ey = .
Q Y Y Q
P^ _=O_ "HK` ~H=

qxQ^~x PÔ =~ = _=O_ =_ ~H=# =~ î f~.
(i) ^< `H P^ _=O_ "HK` O (Positive Income Elasticity)
(ii) |}`H P^ _=O_ "HK` O (Negative Income Elasticity)
(iii) # P^ _=O_ "HK` O (Zero Income Elasticity)
(i) ^<`H P^ _=O_ "HKÒ :
^~}OQ " ~HO == ^< `H P^ _=O_ "HK`x Hey LO\~. JO> g\
q+O qxQ^~x PÔ iy` g\ _=O_ ~QÒk.
(ii) |}`H P^ _=O_ "HKÒ :-
<t~HO == q+ O P^ _=O_ "HKO ~}`HOQ LO@Ok. JO> qxQ^~x
PÔ iy` g\ _=O_ `QÒk.
(iii) # P^ _=O_ "HKO :-
Hx == q+O qxQ^~x PÔ =~ = _=O_ =O K^,
Wk J~^Q HxOK u WK@ "HK q= < Q LO@Ok.
2. *Ò`~ _=O_ "HK`x KiO=.
[: == Y ^~ , == X _=O_ =^ Q O|O^x *Ò`~ _=O_ q=iOk. J#Q Y
== ^~x J#` =~, ``geÒQ X == _=O_ =z# =~ =^Q O|O^x
Wk q=iOk.
nxx D HOk qÔQ "=K.
X == _=O_ =z# J#` =~
Ec
Y == ^~ =z# J#` =~
J~GO _ "\i 119

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X == _=O_ =~ Y == ^~ =~
X == _=O_ Y == ^~
QX Py

QX Py
Qx Py Qx Py
Ex = (or)
Qx Py Py Qx
*Ò`~ _=O_ "HK` ~H= -
*Ò`~ _=O_ "HK`x =_ ~H=Q qlOK=K.
(i) ^<`H *Ò`~ _=O_ "HK` O (Positive Cross Elasticity)
(ii) |}`H *Ò`~ _=O_ "HK` O (Negative Cross Elasticity)
(iii) # *Ò`~ _=O_ "HK` O (Zero Cross Elasticity)
(i) ^<`H *Ò`~ _=O_ "HKÒ :-
`= == =^ ^<`H *Ò`~ "HKÒ LO@Ok. WK@ Y == ^~x
J#` ~Q^, X == _=O_ x J#` ~Q^ î fOk.
(ii) |}`H *Ò`~ _=O_ "HKÒ :-
~H == q+O |}`H *Ò`~ _=O_ "HKÒ LO@Ok. WK@ Y ==
^~x J#` ~Q^, X == _=O_ J#` `Q^ îfOk.
(iii) # *Ò`~ _=O_ "HKÒ :-
X ==^~x J#` =~, Y == _=O_ U q^"# "h K#@~`
^xx # *Ò`~ "HKÒ JO\~. ^~}OQ ~O_ O|OÔx == =^
_=O_ "HKÒ #OQ LO@Ok.
3. _=O_ "HK`x x~~OK qq^ JO Uq?
[: XH == H _=O_ "HKÒ J<H JO P^~_ LO@Ok.
(1) H=# :- Hx |\ _=O_ "HKÒ =~Òk. ^~}OQ, HO _=O_
"HKO Z=Q#, n~HO ` =Q# LO@Ok.
(2) "Ò @O| =O J#Ò :
qxQ^~_ `# "Ò PÔ Z= QO XH == Y~ K _=O_ "HKO
120 J~GO _ "\i

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Z=Q LO@Ok. JO>, ^~x Hk\ "\ Q == q+O (LÎI Jy>, LC

"^#q) _=O_ `= "HKOQ LO@Ok.
(3) ^~ ~ :- ^~}OQ JkH ^~ ~ =^ _=O_ "HKO Z=Q LO@Ok. `=
^~ ~ =^ `=Q LO@Ok.
(4) = fi=O :- XH = fi=O _ ^x "HK`fixfl x~~Ok. == J=~ ="`
_=O_ J"HKO Z=Q#, q="` _=O_ "HKO `=Q# LO@Ok.
(5) ~H =``fi= :- ~O_ == =^Q ~H ``fi= _ "HK`fixfl x~~Ok. D
== q+O _=O_ "HK`fiO `=Q LO@Ok.
(6) `=fl == ` :- J<H `=fl == L#flC _ _=O_ "HKOQ#, ` =
`=fl L#flC_ J"HKOQ# LO@Ok.
(7) qq^ LQ - XH == J<H LQ L#fl@~` ( LÎI q^KH) ^x _=O_
Z= "HKOQ LO@Ok.
(8) "~^ J=HO :- = H#Q "~^ J=HO LO>, _=O_ "HKOQ#, "~^
J=HO H` J"HKOQ# LO@Ok.
4. _=O_ "HK`fi =# ^#`# q=iO=.
[:1. D =# XH "~xH ZO` LQHiQ LO@Ok. ^~}OQ _=O_ fi=O =
^~# x~~Ok. == J=~="`, _=O_ J"HKOQ L#flC_, J=HO^~_ Z=
^~#, _=O_ "HKOQ L#flC_ `= ^~# x~~_.
2. UHfi= =~\ ^~ x~O _ _=O_ "HK`fiO =# ^#`# Hey LO@Ok.
UHfi=^~_ ^~# x~~OK@C_ qxQ^~xH qQ O_ K_. J`_ _=O_
"HK`fixfl |\ ^~ qKH} K_.
3. PiH =OuH _ D =# ZO`Q< L Q_ Òk. P "HK _=O_ L#fl == JkH
#fl# =Ou qk~. iy# #fl ~@ #fl ~|_x OKÒk.
4. JO`~f "~O D =# HH `# +Ok. "HK _=O_ Q ==# Z=Q
ZQ=u K_O ^fi~ JkH q^j =~H ^"xfl PiO=K. H~}O ^~x Hk\ `Q^,
_=O_ Z= Ò ~Q^ îfOk.
J~GO _ "\i 121

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5. =~H x|O^# ~ @ _ _=O_ "HK` =# ^#`# He LOk. =~H `~ Q^,

ZQ=u =i kQ=` "HK` ij# J=~O.
D qÔQ _=O_ "HK` =# J~O ZO` ^#`# Hey LOk.
Zxqk =~
1. ^~ _=O_ "HKÒ J#Q <q? ^x ~H= q=iO=?
[: ''XH == ^~ x J#` =~ e ÒQ _=O_ =K J#` =~# Wk q=iO k.
H|\ nxx D HOk qÔQ "=K.
_=O_ =z# J#` =~
^~ _=O_ "HKÒ Ep
^~ =z# J#` =~
_=O_ =~ ^~ =~

"^\ _=O_ "^\ ^~
Q P

Q P
Q P Q P
Ep ^ .
Q P PQ Q
^~ _=O_ "HK` ~H= (Types of Price elasticity of demand) :

^~ "HK` q=# |\ _=O_ "HK`=# ~#=K.
1. i "HK _=O_ (Ep = )
2. i J "HK _=O_ (Ep = o)
3. H "HK _=O_ (Ep > 1)
4. H J"HK _=O_ (Ep < 1)
5. UH` "HK _=O_ (Ep = 1)
(i) i "HK _=O_ :
Wk XH qs` "# u. ^~ Hk\ =~ _=O_ J^$O H=_xH î fOk. J~`
^~ =~ #\H XHH i _=O_ ~Q=K ^ `Q=K. D i "HK _=O_ ~Y
122 J~GO _ "\i

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@O K|_Ok. D ~Y X - JHxH =O`~OQ LO@Ok.

WK@
Q P
. = Ep =
Q P
^~
_=O_
(ii) i J"HK _=O_ :-

Wk =~ qs` iu. WK@ ZO` =~ =z< _=O_ qÒ H^. WK@ "HK` q=
<Q LO@Ok. JO> ^~ iy<, `y< _=O_ =Ò ~OQ LO@Ok. i J"HK
_=O_ ~Y HOk @O K|_Ok. D ~Y Y - JHxH =O`~OQ LO@Ok. @O ^~
=~ OP #O_ OP, iy#\H _=O_ =~ H=_O Q=xO=K.
Q P
Ep = . 0
Q P
^~
(iii) H "HK _=O_ :-

^~x HkÒ =~ _=O_ Z= Ò =~ î f#@~` ^xx H "HK
_=O_ JO\~. J#Q ^~ x XH Ò =~ _=O_ 1 H< (QQ1), Z=Q LO_@O K_=K.
WK@ _=O_ ~Y U@"Q LO@Ok.
OBP1Q1 > OAPQ
Ep > 1
^~
_=O_
J~GO _ "\i 123

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(iv) H J"HK _=O_ :-

H P"HK _=O_ q+O ^~x =~ H< _=O_ =~ `=Q LO@Ok.
J#Q ^~x XH Ò =~ _=O_ XH\ H< `= Ò =~ î fOk. @O H
J"HK _=O_ ~Y K|_Ok. ^~x Z= =~ (PP1) _=O_ `= =~ (QQ1)
îfOk. WK@ _=O_ ~Y Y - JHO" =Oy LO_#.
OPBQ1 < OP1 AQ
Ep < 1
^~
_=O_
(v) UH` "HK _=O_ :-
UH` "HK _=O_ #O^ ^~x XH Ò =~, _=O_ _ XH Ò =~ î
fOk. JO>, ^~x J#` =~ _=O_ =z# J#` =~ =#OQ LO@Ok.
@O UH` "HK _=O_ ~Y# KÒk. Wk O| Ju ~=OQ LO@Ok.
Q Q
Ep = =1
Q Q
OP1 AQ = OPBQ1
Ep = 1
^~
_=O_
_=O_ "HK`x @O ~O ijeOK#_ Q~OKH=# =MOO Uq@O>,
_=O_ "HK` O =i _=O_ ~ Y " XH> H^. ~O_ "~~. XH ~ ~v"# _=O_ ~ Y
" "`xH =#OQ LO@Ok. Hh _=O_ "HK` O XH ~Y XHH aO^= =^ XHH qÔQ
LO@Ok.
124 J~GO _ "\i

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2. ^~ _=O_ "HK`x H=_xH Q qq^ ^`q?

[: ^~}OQ _=O_ "HK`x D HOk <Q ^` O` H=K.
(i) J#` ^ ` û. (Proportionate or percentage method)
(ii) "Ò Y~ û . (Total outlay method)
(iii) aO^ "HK û . (Point elasticity method)
(iv) P~ "HK û. (Arc elasticity method)
(i) J#` ^ ` û :
D û =#O ^~ =z# Ò =~ eÒQ _=O_ =K Ò =~# ije=.
^ ^~ =z# J#` =~ `èg ÒQ _=O_ =z# J#` =~ =^Q O|O^x
ijeO.
_=O_ =z# ` =~
Ep ^~ =z# ` =~
_=O_ =z# J#` =~

Ep ^~ =z# J#` =~
_=O_ =~ ^~ =~
"^\ _=O_ "^\ ^~
Q QP
Q

P
Q P Q P
^
Q P P Q
(ii) "Ò Y~ û :-
D ûx Pg_ =~ "\_. D û =#O ^~ =z# =~ ``geÒQ
qxQ^~x "Ò Y~ =z# =~ =^ Q O|O^x ijeO. =~ H~O "HK` O
=_ ~HQ LO@Ok. Jq "^\k XH\ H< Z=, ~O_=k XH\H =#O =_=k XH\H<
`=. D ûx =iO` qOQ HOk \H O` `H=K.
J~GO _ "\i 125

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(iii) aO^ "HK û :-

D ûx _ =~ "\<~. D ûx ~MQ}f û Jx _ JO\~. _=O_
~Y Q XH aO^= =^ "HK`x H=_xH nxx "_`~. Wk J=H< ` P^~_
^~, _=O_ O|O^x q=iOk.
dq dp dq p dq p
Ep = = =
q p q dp dp q
dq
WK@ dp
, XH aO^= =^ _=O_ " J=H#=
_=O_ ~Y ~~Y J~#C_ :
_=O_ ~ Y ~ ~ Y J~#C_ HOk `x "_@O ^~ "HK`x O^=K. L^~}
HOk @O ~Y ~~Y J~#_, E aO^= =^ "HK`x H"O> Ò
Ep
_=O_ ~Y kQ= QO
_=O_ ~Y ZQ= QO
EB
EA
(iv) P~ "HK û :-
XH _=O_ ~ Y Q ~O_ aO^= =^ ^~x P~Q ==i~. HOk @O aO^=
=^ ^~x P~Q K=K. ~O_ aO^= Q@# ijeOK_O ^~ "HK`x H~.
H|\, P~ û ^~ "HK`x H=_xH HOk `x "_`~.
H` _=O_ - ` _=O_ H` ^~ - ` ^~
Ep
H` _=O_ { ` _=O_ H` ^~ { ` ^~
OQ1 OQ OP1 OP

OQ1 +OQ OP1 +OP
Q P

OQ 1 + OQ OP1 + OP
Q OP1 +OP
Ep =
P OQ1 +OQ
_=O_ ~Y Q ~O_ aO^= =^ ^~O `=Q L#C_ D û LQHi. ^~ x

=~ Z=Q #C_ =`" `x LyOKe.
126 J~GO _ "\i

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22
- ^xx qÒ K JO
(What Affects Supply)
22.1 iKO
QÒ _=O_, ^xx x~~OK JO, _=O_ Ò QiOz `<fl~. ==
=~\ O HH` "\x =#O H#=. H#H = ~ ~ ^
_ =Y". D ~O
g~ - ^x J~O, ^xx qÒ K JO, Ò QiOz Ò\~.
22.2 H
D ~O=x fl# J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u
x~fiK#O
u XH == x x~~OK JO.
u ^~ =K =~ x Z qÒ K~?
u W`~ H~H x Z qÒ K#.
u =HQ` ^x J~O
u =HQ` ~Y# w@O
u =~\ - ^x J~O
u Ò# q=iOK@O
22.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1.
[: xs` HO xs` ^~ =^ XH Lù^~_ J=\xH ÔQ L#fl = i=}xfl
JO\~.
2. Ò
[: W`~ i` ~OQ L#flO` =~ == ^~ iy` ~QÒk. ^~ `y`
`Q ` Ok.
J~GO _ "\i 127

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3. =HQ` \ H
[: qq^ ^~ =^ XH J=HO^~_ ^ O J=\xH ÔQ L#fl i=}xfl K^
=HQ` \ H.
4. =~\ \ H
[: xs` HO qq^ ^~ =^ J=HO ^~Oî ^ i= # HQ =K^ =~\
\ H.
5. ~Y
[: ~Y Z_= #O_ _H H "Òk.
6. i=}O =~
[: H=O ^~ iy#O^= ~Q\xfl i=}O =~ JO\=.
7. ~Q^
[: ^~ ~OQ LO_Q iy` ^xx ~Q^ JO\=.
~O_ =~ fl
1. - q=iO=.
[. XH xs` HO, xs` ^~ =^ Lù^~_ ^ O J=\xH ÔQ L#fl = i=}xfl
JO^~. x~fiK#O Wq_ L#fl JO. (i) O ^ J=HO^~_, J=\xH
ÔQ L#fl i=}O, (ii) J=\xH W+_ ^~ (iii) xs` H==k.
2. Ò# q=iO=.
[. W`~ JO =~ #O` =~ XH == ^~ iy` ^x ~Q# ^~ `y`
`Q# Jx Ò è*Ok. JO> ^~, =^ J#=#` O|OÔ
LO@Ok. `xH =~\ ~Y @ ~ q=~} WOk. Ò H~O,
x qÒ Kk ^x ^~ Jx K=K. Ô`= ^~, H =^ O|O^=#
q=iOK#. == ^~ =~\ ~ =^ ` H O|OÔ LO@O^< q+ xfl Q~O KH"e.
JO> == ^~ ~x qÒ KOk.
<Q =~ fl
1. J< ^xH J~"q\? =~\ q=iO=.
[: XH xs` HO, xs` ^~ =^ Lù^~_ ^ O J=\xH ÔQ L#fl = i=}xfl
JO^~. x~fiK#O Wq_ L#fl JO. (i) O ^ J=HO^~_, J=\xH ÔQ
L#fl i=}O, (ii) J=\xH W+_ ^~ (iii) xs` H==k. XH == ~ JOO HOk
128 J~GO _ "\i

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q+ ^$+ @O_.
i) XH O ~. 5 =^ 500 #fl K#.
ii) XH O ~A 500 #fl ~~ K#.
iii) ~II 5 =^ O XH ~A 500 #fl ~ KOk.
=_O\ "^\ , ~O_= H@# JO~=. "^\ ^x H==kx iQ}H
fH^. ~O_= ^x #fl ^~ qiOK~. =_= ^x (i) O ~ K_xH ÔQ L#fl
i=}O (ii) ^~ =i (iii) H ==k, =_ iQ}O|_~.
=~\
^~}OQ J<H O ==# J=Ò\~. xs` HO, xs` ^~ =^, Jxfl O
H J=\xH ÔQ L#fl = i=}xfl =~\ JO\~. O x HQ =K^
=~\ .
2. XH = x qÒ K qq^ W`~ JO# Qi OQ q=iOKO_?
[: ^~}OQ i=}O ~OQ LO_^. Wk =~` LO@Ok. XH == x
x~~OK JO : J) == ^~ P) W`~ H~H. Jq
1) W`~ == ^~ 2) LùH~H ^~ 3) Lù ^~x H
4) Lù LyOK OHuH i*#O
XH == ~x x~~OK JO# ^#OQ ~O_ QQ =sHiO=K. "^\
Q H=O XH XH H~HO J#Q P == ^~ LO@Ok. ~O_= Q, <Q H~H Wq_
LO\~. g\x W`~ H~HQ ~<fl=. D qÔQ QQ K_xH H~}O, D Q
XHH H~HxH W`~ H~H fi" `_O\~. XH == ^~ =K =~ ~ K
"xfl Kk"@C_, == ~ W`~ H~HO =# qÒ H^x "O K|_#. D
"xfl 'W`~ JOhfl ~OQ LO\~. Jx JO\~. J^ qÔQ W`~ H~Hx =~
iQ}O K@C_, =#O ^~ ~ O Q LO@O^x qÔ. D " xfl '^~ ~ O Q LO@O^x TO.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. =^~ ^x x Z@ qÒ K< q=iO=?
[: XH == ^x ^~x =~ "xfl ijeOK@C_ W`~ JO ~OQ
LO\~ J< " O K=. W`~ JO ~ O Q LO_Q, ^~ Oq OK ~Q^, JkH
J=HO He, Z= K@ Lù^~x Òk. ^~ `y` `Q`~ H#H
J~GO _ "\i 129

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_ `QÒk. H|\ ^~ iy` ~QÒk, ^~ `y` `QÒk. JO> ^~,

=^ `H O|OÔ LO@Ok.
O \ H
^~ ,
i=}xH Q ` H O|OÔ P^~OQ O
\ H ~O^Òk. nx<
O \ H JO\~. \ H O H \ H W=fi|_#k.
O \ H
^~ (#fl XHO\H) ~II #fl i=}O (<)
2 100
3 150
4 200
5 250
6 300
~.2 =^ O < 100 #fl KOk. ^~ ~. 3 iy#_, i=}O
150 ~QÒk. J^ qÔQ, #fl ^~ iQ Hk i=}O _ ~QÒk. WC_
W=fi|_# \H , J#Q ~.6 =^ 300 == K |_~. ZC_` #fl ^~ ~.5 `y# C_,
i=}O _ 300 #O_ 250 `y~Ok. H|\ == ^~ i=}xH =^
`H O|OÔ LO@Ok.
O ~Y
\ H P^~OQ ~Y# w ^x " @O = Z_= #O_ _H H "Òk.
=HQ` ~Y
@O ox JHO i=}O, oy JHO ^~(~II) K|_~. ^~, Q `H
130 J~GO _ "\i

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O|OÔ H~}OQ J=HO ^~_ ~ K = i=}xfl zOK ~Y Z_= #O_ _H

H "`#flk. @O aO^= A =^ ^~ ~.2 Q LOk. J=HO ^~_ < 100 #fl ~
K_. aO^= B, ~.3 ^~ =^ 150 #fl zOk. J^ qÔQ C,D =i E aO^= 200,
250 =i 300 #fl ~x =~Q z~. D aO^=hfl HQ 'ss' ~ ~Y# =#O
O^=K.
=~\ \ H
qq^ ^~ =^ J=HO ^~Oî i=}# HQ =Kk =~\ \ H.
nxx \ H K|_Ok. aO^= A =^ ^~ 2 ~ Q# 100Q#, B =^ ^~ 3 ~, Q#
UHOQ# JO^ B =^ 6~. 300 =~\ \ H J#Q qq^ ^~ =^ =~\ K|_#
i=}=. D ~O_ O ~ \ H =~\ ~ \ H W=fi|_~
#fl ^~ (~II) OK K|_# =~\
#fl i=}O (<)
A B
1 100 0 100
2 150 50 200
3 200 100 300
4 250 150 400
5 300 200 500
D ~O_ O =HQ` ^~ =^ K# ~ i=}xfl HQ, =# =~\ ~ ~Y
aOk. \ H #Oê H" 4 #O^ Wk K|_Ok. #fl ^~ XH ~~ =^ A =i B O
K# ~ =~Q 100, <fl #fl =~\ W^~ #fl J=HO^~ LO_@O =# "Ò
=~\ ~ (100{0) J^ qÔQ W`~ ^~ =^ _ A =i B O ~ i=}
K_=K.
=~\ ~Y
\H # =K~O QiOK_O ^fi~ =K^ =~\
~ Y. Wk O
~ Y "# e
LO@Ok.nxx HOk ~Y ^fi~ K=K.
#fl ^~ (~.)
=~\ ~Y
J~GO _ "\i 131

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nxH H~}O qq^ =HQ` ~# H_O ^fi~=~\ ~ ~Y O^|_Òk. O

~ ~Y Ok# qÔQ< D =~\ ~ ~Y _ ~|@|_Òk. nxx |\ ^~ iQ Hk
=~\ ~ _ ~QÒk.
2. `=# q=iOz, ^xH Q ^# "# ~#=?
[: W`~ JO =~ #O` =~ XH == ^~ iy` ^x ~Q# ^~ `y`
`Q # Jx Ò è* O k. JO> ^~ ,
=^ J#=#` O|OÔ LO@Ok.
== ^~ =~\ ~ =^ ` H O|OÔ LO@Ok. JO> == ^~ ~ x qÒ K O k.
= x qÒ K W`~ JO
^~ x =~ ~ "xfl ijeOK@C_ W`~ JOhfl ~ O Q L<fl x TOKe.
D QO, ^~ ~OQ LO_Q, W`~ JO x Z qÒ K Ò\~. WC_
=^~ =~^ J#OÔ. HO^ ~#fl JO x qÒ K~.
i) W`~ == ^~ ii) Lù H~H ^~
iii) Lù^~x H iv) Lù LyOK OHuH i*#O
i) W`~ == ^~
XH == , P == ^~ < HH W`~ == ^~ # _ P^~_Òk. W`~
== ^~ iy`, "\x Lù K@" ^HOQ LO@Ok. H#H ^~ ~OQ L#fl ==
#O_ ^~ iy# "\" Lù ^~_ "Q K`_. H#H XH == ^~ xH_Q L#fl\H W`~
== ^~ =~@O = ^x =~ =~.
ii) Lù H~H ^~
Lù H~H =# |\ _ XH == =~Òk. Lù H~H ^~ iy`,
"\ O` Lù K == = ~Q`~, H#H Lù `y,
`Q ` Ok. J< Lù
H~H ^~ `y` = ~QÒk.
iii) Lù^~x H
^~}OQ ~ < Lù ^~x H O, H#H Qi+ # PiOKQ ~< Lù K_ .
H<fl J=H# OKH=@O J`x H O. J~` x OK=K. H#H Lù ^~x H
x qÒ K~.
132 J~GO _ "\i

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iv) Lù LyOK OHuH i*#O

OHuH u Ja=$k KO^` LO>, H` O` $+ =# Lù ^` =~ =~.
eÒQ Lù =O `y, ~QÒk. H#H ^~ ~OQ L#fl\H, OHuHa=$k =
~QÒk. # q=iOz# H~H Jxfl x qÒ K #. == ^~ ~ O Q L<fl =

D H~H =O =# `Q=K ^ ~Q=K.
# ~#fl JOhfl = ~x qÒ K q`. ^~ =~ #\H, W`~
H~H =, ~ ~Q=K ^ `Q=K.
3. i=}O =~, ~Q^ q=iOKO_?
[: J) i=}O ~Q^
~Q^ J#Q, W`~ i` ~OQ LO_Q ^~ iy# H~}OQ ~Q@O.
LÎI #fl ^~ iy` #fl ~QÒk. Z_= #O_ _H H "`#fl ~Y ^fi~
~Q^ HOk @O K|_Ok. =~ ^~ =~= [iy` Jq XH
~Y "O@ [~Q`~. JO> ~Y XH aO^= #O_ "~H aO^= HêH LO\~.
#fl ^~ (~.)
#fl
=K =~
P) ~Q^
^~ =~O_ W`~ JO =~= iy` ^xx ~Q^ JO\~. W`~
JO ^ H~} JO> Lù H~H ^~ , OHuH i*#O, "`=~}O "^Q# "\ =K
=~ qÒ K#. nxx |\ ^~=~O_ ~Q@O# ~Q^ J#=K.
nxx HOk \ H ^fi~ K=K.
J~GO _ "\i 133

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#fl^~ (~II) "= `y#

(1) (2) (3)
2 20 30
3 30 40
4 40 50
5 50 60
6 60 70
\ Hx "^\ H" ^~ iQHn _ ~Q`#fl@ Q=xOK=K. nxx
~ wz#K D HOk @O# O^Q=.
#fl ^~ (~.)
#fl (<XHO\H)
~Q^
@O SS ~fi ~Y. =z# ~Q^# S1S1 ~Y KÒk. J#Q
=z# =~# K ~Y _"H [~QÒk. ~.4 ^~ =^ i=}O 40 HQ, ^xx
SS ~Y aO^= 'A' è*Ok. J^ ^~ =^ 50 Q (JO> 10 iy#@) S1S1 ~Y
K`#flk. ~Q^# K~Y _" [~QÒk.
^~ ~Q^ H~}OQ ~ i=}O =K =~# ~ q~} JO\~. J^ ^~
=^, W`~ JO =~ = ~ =i#@~` ^xx ~ ~Q^ JO\~. @O q=~}
KO>, J^ ~ ~ Y T~fi =YO =~ q~ }
H` ~ ~Y ZQ= " U~_` ~Q^
îfOk.
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23
Lù ÔÒ
[Production Theory]
23.1 iKO
Lù J<k J~O XH =Y H~H=O.Lù K_xH Hxfl L`^H J=~O. Lù
^~_ D L`^H # LyOz =#= J=~ O`$iK qÔQ ==# Lù K_.
XH L`^HO Lù H _`< Jk Lù H~HO J=Òk. LùH ^Ô K Lù H~H#
q, =, =^#O, ==# Jx <Q q^Q =sHiOK=K.
D ~OO g~ Lù J~xfl, ^x x~fiK<xfl, Lù O =O\ JO` @, fi
HO#, =i n~HO# Lù H~H# =~_O ^fi~ Lùx Z\ K=K< J^#O
K~ .
23.2 H
l Lù J~xfl, ^x x~fiK<xfl q=iOKQ~.
l Lù xfl q=iOKQ~.
l H= H} u Ô`xfl, ^x` O|OÔ L#fl W`~ JO# q=iOKQ~.
l Lù H~H H}# J~O KHQ~.
l Lù `~ =K u # 1 iQ u , 1. ~ u 3. H} u J<
=_ ^Q =sHiOKQ~.
l Lù O =i i= Ja=$k KO^_O = =K JO`~`, |~` P^# q=iOKQ~.
23.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. Lù
[: Lù JO> =#= [< $+. g\H =~H q= LO@Ok.
2. Lù O
[: XH<H =O, J= L#fl OHuH i*#O ^$ uH LùH, L`^H =^
L#fl e``H O|O^xfl Lù OQ x~fizOK=K. Lù xfl W\ ~#=K
J~GO _ "\i 135

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Lù O = f(a, b, c, d). Lù H ^Ô K qq^ Lù H~H a, b, c, d.

3. L^=^~_ J#Q Z=~?
[: Lù H~HxflO\x ~# x+u "# ~z Lù H#yOK =Hx L^=^~_x
JO\~.
4. K~#`= Ò Uq\?
[: fi HO W`~ Lù H~H# ~OQ LOz, XH H~Hxfl =`" =i, Lùx
OK=K. nx< H} u ÔÒ ^ K~#` Ò è*Ok.
5. `~##iOz u Ò# ~#O_.
[: n~HO Jhfl Lù H~H# =i Lùx OK=K. nxx `~ ##iOz u
ÔÒ è* O k.
6. "Ò Lù J#Q<q?
[: Lù H~H# qq^ x@ LyOz#O^ [iy# Lùx "Ò Lù JO\~.
^ U ^ =^##fl J\ =~ xqOK|_# Lù H~H=# U~_# Lù "Ò.
7. Q@ Lù J#Q<q?
[: XH K~H~HO H x\ Lù x Q@ Lù JO\~. "Ò Lùx, K~ Lù H~HO
x@ OYK y Q@ Lù aOk.
8. LO` Lù J#Q<q?
[: Lù H~HO J^# x\ x=HO = "Ò Lù =K ~Q^# LO` Lù
JO\~.
9. Lù J#Q<q?
[: Lù JO> qq^ ~H [<# $+OK_O. Jq ~[#O, # [#O, H
[#O =i " [#O.
10. JO`~` P^# ~#O_.
[: O Lù i=}xfl Oz` =K P^# JO`~` P^x JO\~. Jq OHuH, x~fi}
=~\OQ, ^= O|O^"#, #xfl iOK P^, qHO|O^"# P^. "II q.
136 J~GO _ "\i

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11. |~` P^# ~#O_.

[: i= Ja=$k KOk` =K P^# |~` PÔ\~. i=x Jhfl O =~.
~O_ =~ fl
1. Lù O ~#O_.
[: ''XH<H =O, J= L#fl OHuH i*#O ^$ uH L`^H, LùH =^
L#fl e``H O|O^xfl Lù O Q x~fizOK=K. D O|O^xfl gH~} ~O HOk
qÔQ ~#=K.
Q = f (a,b,c,d) ^ Q = f (x1, x2)
2. q J#Q<q?
[: ^~} i+ q JO> < ^ LiÒ Jx J~O . Hx J~ O q ^x g^ L#fl
h~, "`=~}O, Yx*, WO^#O =O\ LùH ^Ô K [ =#~hflO\x q Q<
iQ}~.
3. = J#Q<q?
[: ^~}OQ uH ~O JOkOK =# =`" =Q q~. Hx J~O u
xfl PtOz s~HOQ, =#HOQ, Lù H JOkOK =# =Q ~O\~.
4. =^#OQ J#Q<q?
[: ^~}OQ ''=^#O JO> ^=OQ q~. Hx J~O ''Lù H `__ =#=
xi`"# O`, O` iH~, =< =O\ "\xflO\x ''=^#O JO\~.
5. ==# J#Q<q?
[: Lù H x~fi} ^`# K =Hx ==_ ^ L^= ^~_x ^~}OQ
JO\~. Hx J~O ''Z=~` Lù H~HxflO\x "# iz, Lù K, "~O
Q #+ xfl Jxt``fixfl i_, J`_ L^=^~_x JO\~.
6. JO`~` #+^H Uq?
[: ^ `~ P^ x~O`~OQ ~=. XH iqu `~fi` O ^ i= i=}O iy`
JO`~`, |~` PÔ |^, JO`~` #+ ^H, |~` P^ |^ |~` #+
^H =~. H|\ O `~ OK_xH XH iqu JO@ LOk. |~`, JO`~` #
= Q@ =O ~QÒk.
J~GO _ "\i 137

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7. |~` # Uq?
[: i= Ja+} ~ ^\ qi, |~` P^ |^, |~` # =~. i=
Z=Q XH OÒ HOnHiOK|__O = ~ # =~.
O XH OÒ H OnHiOK|_` O Lù H~H H~` U~_Òk. O =^ \
= qH "`<, =_ ^~ ^~ =O\q ~Q`~. `èÒQ `Q`~.
<Q =~ fl
1. JO`~` P^# Qi è*O_.
[: XH O `# Lù i=}xfl Oz#C_ P O =K P^# JO`~` P^ JO\~. Wq
P O =`" =~. g\x OHuH, x~fi }, =~\OQ, ^= ~" # , i^# , qH O|O^" #
P^Q =sHi~. g\x q=~OQ ijeÔ.
1. OHuH P^ (Technical Economies) :
^ O Z= =~ O Hey# ^ O`#, J^ <`# OHuH i*<xfl L yOKQ =.
JO` QO_ QÒ U~@ K# Jq[ O` J#H =~xfl iQ Ly~.
D q^"# OuH ~"# [< Lù =xfl `y~.
2. x~fi} P^ (Marginal Economies) :
O Lù i=}xfl Oz#C_ x~fi} P^ =~. ` H < }O Q x~fi# ^
O =`" xqOKQ =. g~ Lù =Oz x~ # fHQ~. giH JkH" ` < # KeO K_O
= Lù H# JÒ` =~=OÒQ ~"HOKQ~. `èÒQ qH L`^H` ~QÒk.
3. =~\OQ P^ Marketing Economies) :
==# JkH "Ò H#Q, J=H [~_O = ^ O =~@ ~"# P^
=~. ^ O JkH "Ò =_ ^~# `= Y~` H#Q=. Q O =~` Q
=~\OQ x}# xqOKH=_O = H=# =O J=~"# =_ ^~# ~"#
^~ H#Q K~ . JkH Lù H~}OQ == J=HO ~"} Y~ He =~. K~,
H@# =O _ `QÒk. D q^"# =~\OQ P^ O Lù =xfl `y~.
4. q` O|O^"# P^ (Financial Economies) :
z#fl O HO> ^ O ^= ~" # P^ Z=, ^ O ^= =~\ L#fl =Oz
~, u+ = `= =_ ~@ Z= "Ò ~}# O^Q=. JO`QH ~ O
138 J~GO _ "\i

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[#fl #=HO = +~, _OK~ # *s K_O ^fi~ ^ "Ò = ^<xfl =~HQ=.

5. #xfl iOK P^ (Risk bearing Economies) :
^ O q $` ik J<H ~H ==# Lù K_O = "~ #xfl Hx+ ~H
`yOKQ=. XH == #+O "\e#\H, ^xx W`~ == O` s KQ=. J^qÔQ
^ O Ôx qq^ =~\ `= ==# qH~O\~. XH =~\ #+O "\e< =~
=~\ =K PÔ P #xfl iKHQ=.
6. qH O|O^"# P^ (Labour Economies) :
^ O x}# q# Z= OY xqOKH=_" QH, Lù = q[#,
`HH~} "_Òk. `èÒQ qH L`^H` iy, Q@ =O `QÒk.
7. i^#, Ja=$k O|O^"# P^ (Research and Development) :
^ O =`" i^#, Ja=$k =O\ "\ H@k ~# =O KQ=.
`` e ÒQ OHuH i*#O =$k KOk, == <}` ~QÒk. Wk _ Q@ =xfl `y O k.
D qÔQ ^ O, z#fl O HO> Lù i=}xfl Oz#O^= Hxfl [<#
O^`~. J~` ~ [< _ XH ~ =~H =~. Lù XH ~H qOz#C_ Hxfl
# U~_`~. nx = Q@ =O iy P^ H}~.
2. |~` P^# Qi è*O_.
[: i= Ja=$k KOk#C_, P i=x OxflO\H =KP^# |~` P^x JO^~.
JO> XH ~H" # == # Lù K O hfl XH OÒ O z#_ aOK P^ |~` P^.
|~` P^# HOk qÔQ =sHiOK=K.
1. HOnH~} P^ (Economies of localisation) :
J<H O XH K@ HOnH$Ò H=_O = OxflO\H Hxfl [< a~. Jq.
(Z) tH} Ok# <}OQ q a~.
(a) ~"} H~ P OÒ Ja=$k KO^#.
() O =O\ W`~ ^= O `= Y# JH_ <He, `= =_H =^#O
=~~.
(_) q^KH ^#, q^` ~ HeOKQ^.
(W) =_ ^~#, O` iH~#, J#|O^ == # K Q Hxfl O U~_`~.
() Hi~ O, ~"} K O =O\ `H = JOkOK O U~_`~.
J~GO _ "\i 139

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2. =K~ O|O^"# P^ (Economies of Information) :

i= Ja=$k KOk#C_, P i=x Ohfl "~xH O|OkOz# K~}H
=xfl q+Q i OKQ =. =~\ O|OkOz# =K~xfl ^, q^#Oz Ju ` = =O
Ohfl O^Q=. D =K~O P^~OQ *f, JO`~f "~ q^< =#fl =~#
|\, P O J#iOK=# =# ` ~ K HQ=. ~ P^hfl O Lù =xfl
`y ~.
3. q[# O|O^"# P^ (Economies of disintegration) :
qq^ Lù H# P^~ ~fiHOQ O} K#fl@~` nxx P^~ |O^"# q[#
JO\~. L^~} = Lù q+O Hxfl O u #O_ ^~O =_HqQ#, Hxfl O
= `~ K qÔQ#, WOHxfl O = _*< \ OQ K qÔQ LO\~. D Ohfl
~~ P^~OQ xK~. D qÔQ O XH ~H"# Lù H `HH~} kOK_O =
Q@ =O `QÒk. O Jxfl qq^ ~H ==# Lù KO_, u O U^ XH ~H"#
=ùx K_Òk. nx< =O`~ q[# JO\~. nx `HH~} kOK_O ^fi~ O Q@
=xfl `yOKO\~. LÎI Hxfl O +iOQ =xfl, Hxfl O p~#, WOHxfl O
^@# `~ K_O `HH~} k~.
4. L ^~ O|OkOz# P^ (Economies of by product) :
^ i=x O L ^~# kfixQO K HQ=. L ^~#, =_ ^~Q
LyOKHx Hxfl O Ja=$k KO^`~. LÎI OK^~# Lù K Ohfl XH K@
HOnHiOK|_`, ^x L^~# LyOKHx i\, "<, ~~ =O\ "\x `~ K
O ^x gO< U~_Q=.
5. i^< P^ (Economies of research and Development) :
i=x Jhfl O He i^# =O K, H` ==#, #`# OHuH i*<xfl
H#H=_O = O H = `Q ` ~. =HQ ` O Q =O K x O , q+Q He =O
K_O = JÒ` Ys^# i^< # `= Y~ O^Q=.
6. OH= ~"# P^ (Economics) of Welfare) :
i= Ja=$k KO^_O=, Jxfl O He `= =O` OH= H~H=# K@Q=.
140 J~GO _ "\i

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L^~} q Q$=u, q^ ^, "^ =i P^H~OQ Q__xH

P@, J=l"O@ "^Q "\x U~@ KQ=. W=hfl qH =~xfl qÒ K
Lù ~Q_xH ^Ô K~.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. K~#`= `xfl @O O` q=iO=.
[: D Ô`xfl "=OQ a\+ PiH "`# \.P~ =<, _q_ iH~, =i *. q
=O\ "~ ukOK~. Hx #= O^ PiH "`Q =_ P_ =~ Ku q+OK|_,
i fi~xfl OìOK#flk. P `~fi` < ", Q ~ =O\ PiH "` nx Hxfl =~# "
\~. ''H} u ÔÒ #`# ~" ''K~#` Ò. Lù ^~_ Lù
H~H# =~_O ^fi~, Lù i=}xfl =~ KQ_. J~` fi HO O`, O`
iH~, =< =O\ "\x =~_OÔ H^. K~H~H# =`" =~ K_O ^fi~ Lù
OKQO.
=~ H} u Ò ==~OQxH =`" =iO^x qOK_. Hx P^xH PiH
"` ~ Ò ==~OQxHQH. i= =O\ W`~ ~OQxflO\H =iO^x ~<fl~.
=~ JaO ''== ^` =~ O_ XH xs` q =#, =^<xfl
OK`#fl@~` ^~}OQ O@ `= J#Ò ~QÒk. W^ H} u ÔÒ. D
ÔÒ H JO`~` =O Uq@O> qx ~ O Q LOz, =^< xfl, q# OK`#fl@~ `
XH ^ `~fi` Lù H}Ok.
" (Assumptions) :
1. K~ Lù H~HO H x@ *f.
2. OHuH ^` Z@=O\ =~ ^.
3. Lù H~H# ~OQ LOz XH H~Hxfl =`" =~=#.
4. Lù H~H "<xfl =~ K=K.
5. D ÔÒ fiHxH =`" =iOk.
6. D H} u XH ^ ^\# `~fi` =`" =~.
D Ô`xfl DHOk \ H, @O ^fi~ q=iOK_"#k.
J~GO _ "\i 141

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\ H : K~#` Ò
qOY "Ò Lù LO`Lù Q@
Lù ^
(TP) (MP) (AP)
0 0 0 0 I= ^
1 5 5 5
2 12 7 6
3 18 6 6 II = ^
4 20 2 5
5 20 0 4
6 18 -2 3 III = ^
7 14 -4 2
WH_ =#O W`~ Lù H~H ~ O Q L<fl x, = # =`" K~H ~HO Q " O KO.
\ H x "^\ =~ q# OK`#fl@ è*#flk. qye# =_ =~ =_ ~H
L`` # JO> "Ò Lù (TP) Q@ Lù (AP) LO` L``( MP)# è* < fl~. q#
qq^ x@ xqOK_O = kOz# Lùx "Ò Lù (TP) è*#flk.
\ H K#@ q# OKO@ `, "Ò Lù, LO` Lù, Q@ L``
"^\ ~Q`<fl~. D ^< iQ u ^ JO\~. q*` Q L^=^~_ D ^ Lùx
P_. XH ^ `~fi` "Ò Lù Qi+", P `~fi` H}Ok. D H "^@ LO` Lù,
`~fi` Q@
Lù, z=~ "Ò Lù _ `Q_ xfl Q=xOK=K. LO` Lù 2= qx =~
iy P `~fi` H} 5= qx =^ #", P =@ ~}`H"#k. nxx q=~OQ @O
=# qnHiOK_"Ok.
142 J~GO _ "\i

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"Ò Lù Q@, LO> L`` II = ^ III

=
^

^
I=
"`
Lù MPC
@O OX JHO K~ Lù H~HO q#, OY JHO Lùx KOKO.@O Lù

=_ ^ =~_xfl K_=K. ~ Y "Ò Lù x è* # flk. "^\ ^ D ~ Y Z= ~ @
~Q`#flk. nx` @ Q@, (APC) =i (MPC) LO` L`` _ ~Q_xfl K_=K.
3 = qx =^ Q@ , LO` L`` ~ O_ =#"# O^#, MPC ~ Y APC ~ Y# YO_OKK#flk.
WO`=~ Wk "^\ ^.
~O_= ^ "Ò Lù `Q`#fl ~@ ~QÒ_Q, ^x` @ Q@, LO` L``
H=OQ H}<fl~. #= qx =^ "Ò Lù Qi+O HQ, LO` Lù #OQ#, Q@
Lù `Q <~OaOK_xfl K_=K. `|^_# Lù^~_ D ^ `~fi` Lù K_.
=_= ^ J^#OQ q# xqOK Hk "Ò Lù H}Ok. LO` Lù
~}`HO J=Òk. U Lù ^~_ _ D ^ Lù K_. nxx @O 6 = qx `~fi`
#Oz Q=xOK=K. nx< H} u ^ JO\~. H|\ `|^_ # L^=^~_ ~ O_= ^ =~
Lùx H#y_.
J~GO _ "\i 143

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24
O} ÔÒ
(Theory of Distribution)
24.1 iKO
Lù H~H# q, =, =^#O, ==# q+ H$+ e`" Lù. O^# Lù
K_xH ~ <Q Lù H~H q+ Q x K~. JO^K` ~ H~H Lù H~ `=
=#OkOz#O^ Q# "\H u# KeOKe# J=~O LOk. D H~}OQ O} =
Z^~=Òk. O} JO> Lù H HiOz# qq^ Lù H~H Jq Lù K# O^
Qfi= H=_O =# "\H uO# KeOK=#. D H~H Ok# "`" *f^
==Òk. nxx |\ Ô fi=, q, @|_ ^~, ==< qq^ =~ =^
*fÔ U qÔQ O} J=Ò^ _ `H=K.
24.2 H
D fl J^#O ^fi~ g~
* "HH O}, q^##iOz O} =^Q `_# J~O KHQ~.
* LO` L`^H O} Ô`xfl q=iOKQ~.
* @HxH O|OkOz# qq^ =## J~O KHQ~.
* "`<xH O|OkOz# qq^ =## J~O KHQ~.
* qq^ =_ Ô`# q=iOKQ~.
* qq^ Ô`# q=iOKQ~.
24.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. O} J#Q<q?
[: O} JO> Lù H HiOz# qq^ Lù H~H Jq Lù K# O^ Qfi=
H=_O =# "\H uO# KeOK_O. LùH ^Ô K# Lù H~H, Lù K#
O^ Qfi= H=_" O}.
144 J~GO _ "\i

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2. *fÔ J#Q<q?
[: XH O=`~ HO Lù H~H Ok# P^ "`" *fÔ.
3. q^##iOz O}?
[: Lù H , Lù H~H =#OkOz#O^ Q# Jq U qÔ Q u # Ok<
q^ ##iOz [iQ O} è*Ok.
4. "HH O} J#Q<q?
[: = ZO` P^xfl Ok<~ "HH O} è*Ok.
5. LO` Lù J#Q<q?
[: J^#OQ XH Lù H~Hxfl Oz#O^= J^#OQ =~ Lùx LO` Lù JO\~.
6. PiH @HO J#Q<q?
[: Lù H~HOQ q JOkOz# = KeOK ^~ PiH @HO.
7. LO` q J#Q<q?
[: @HO x qx LO` q JO\~.
8. H$u= @HO J#Q<q?
[: fiHO =#= xi`" # = <, O` =O\ Lù H~H PiOK qQ P^#
H$u= @HO JO\~.
9. "qH "`#O J#Q<q?
[: ^= "`#O H H#Q Hx "qH "`#O JO\~.
10. =_ J#Q<q?
[: ~}Q`, ~}^` KeOK "Ò =_x =_ JO\~.
11. O J#Q<q?
[: x~fi_Q L^=^~_ K = u OQ O^k O.
~O_ =~ fl
1. q^##iOz P^ O} J#Q<q?
[: J~O ''O} J< ^xfl q^ ##iOz [iQ O} J< J~O< "_`~. Lù
H #fl Lù H~H =#OkOz#O^ Q#, u # Z\ O^_O [iyO^
q^##iOz# O} ÔÒ è*Ok. =~H qÔQ KO> [ ^ Lù
J~GO _ "\i 145

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H~H [=# XH<H H ==k `= = ^fi~ Lù H `H"# q^

x~fiOz#O^ u OQ *fÔ Ok# "\# q^##iOz O}
è* O k.
2. "HH O}x q=iOKO_.
[: Wk H PiH =#, = =^ [iQ *f^ O}< "HH O} JO\~.
OOx = PiH H$+ ^fi~ Ok# P^#, O^# "HH O} è*Ok.
^~}OQ = J<H q^Q P^# Ok~. JO^K` WH_ =#O = U
qÔQ P^# OkOK~. U ~ OkOK~< q+O< ^#OQ ^$+x
HOnHiOz, KiOK_O [~QÒk. JO` HO_ P^ O^# = =^Q `_#,
PiH J=#`î f H~}# "HH O} ÔÒ è*Ok.
3. HO\H @HO ( XO^ @HO)# ~#O_.
[: U^x == # XH xs` HxH L yOK#flO^ KeO K "}[ O|O^" # J^# HO\
@HO JO^~. JO> =xflH xK ==# q, W, O`, H~, sflK~ "^Q "\
=# XH xs` HxH ( < ^ O=`~O) LyOK#flO^ =O^ x~~OK#fl
XOÔ "~ KeOK ^~# XO^ @HO ^ HO\ @HO JO^~. JO^K` WO\ J^,
H~ J^, qH KeOK J^, q..P~ =O\ ZHxH == KeOK J^ =O\ =hfl HO\
@HOQ iQ}~.
4. PiH @HO J#Q<q?
[: J~ O @HO JO> ''PiH @HO. Wk "q ^ qQ. iH~ JaO H~O LO` H
`= ~=O`"# = HO> Z= ~=O`"# = =K qQ PiH @HO.
O^ PiH "` JaO PiH @HO J<k qH =`" =iOk. Hx P^xH
PiH "` JaO @HO J<k J"HK Q U Lù H~H"# PiOK PÔ.
5. H~` @HO J#Q<q?
[: P^xH PiH "` H~` @H Ô`xfl =iO` #`#OQ, "= i` J#Q}OQ
è*~. gi JaO @HO x~~OK_xH XH `H ÔÒ J=~O ^. W`~
Lù H~H =O ( ^~ ) x~~OK qÔQ< @H x~xfl _ _=O_,
ÔÒ ukHQ x~~OK=K#x ~<fl~. JO^K`< P^xH @H Ô`xfl _=O_
ÔÒQ iQ}OK=K.
146 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
6. H$u= @HO J#Q<q?

[: H$u= @HO J< =## "^@ J~ O " \O k PK~ P_ =~. gi JaO
=#=_ Lù K# Lù H~H# O`, O` iH~, =<, F_, z=iH
=#=H =~ =O\ "\ HO ~OQ (J"HKO) L#O^#, Jq
HO PiOK qQ H$u= @HO. Hx n~ HO "\ "HKOQ LO@Ok.
7. |kb O^## q=iOKO_.
[: N=u *< ~a<< ''|kb P~# ^ ~|_ O^# J< =## " \Ok. PiH @Hx
J=H = ^$ q=iOK_O [iyOk.
~a<< JaO ''XH Lù H~HO XH i= LO_@@ K _xH W==# J=~" #
Hh ^~ |kb O^#. ^~}OQ Lù H~HxH J<H L QO\~. XH<H L QO
^x LO_@@ K=#O> ^xH J=H=# =~H LQO OkOK ^xH =#OQ
=O KeOKe. nxx P H~HO H J=H =O ^ |kb O^#Q ~#=K.
8. "qH "`#O J#Q<q?
[: ^= ~O Hi_ O^ ^= "`#O H H#Q Hx "qH "`#O JO\~. Wk
^ #OQ ^~ ~ P^~_ LO@Ok. JO^K` qx P q= x["# H=#OQ
"qH "`<x ~#=K.
9. r=<^~"` # ÔÒ# q=iOKO_.
[: D Ô`x < ^xH KOk# uH "^ è*~. P `~` J~ `=_#
P_"` Ja=$k ~K_. D ÔÒ H~O n~H O qH "`< "i r=<^~ ~H
~_, `= @O# +OKH=_xH =`" i_ qÔQ LO\~. JO^K`< D
Ô`x '"`# Hi# Ô`=x, 'PHi# Ô`=x JO\~.
10. "`# xk ÔÒ# q=iOKO_.
[: P_"` PK< q^< P^~_ *. q J< PiH "` "`# xk Ô`x Ja=$k
~K_. gi JaO "`< q# xqOK_xH H \~OK |_# "`# xk P^~_
LO\~. qH "`<, "`# xkH q= O|OÔ LO@Ok. q OY `=Q LO><
"`< Z=Q LO\~.
"`#O "`# xk
q OY
J~GO _ "\i 147

SmartPrep.in
11. xsH} =_ ÔÒ# q=iOKO_.

[: < x~ J< PiH "` xsH} =_ Ô`xfl ukOK_. gi JaO H~O `
qxQxfl `lOz K# ^ #O_ =^#O U~_Òk. nx `QO Wq_ LO@Ok.
H|\ ''` qxQxfl `QO K#O^ KeOK u" =_ Jx x~ JO\_.
12. ^=`fia~z =_ ÔÒ# ~#O_.
[: D Ô`xfl *.". H< ukOK_. H< LÔ =_ J<k ^= O|O^"# q+O.
^"xfl ^Q~ LOKH"< H~# ^=`fia~ z JO\~. J@=O\ ''^=`fia~ zx q_<_#O^
KeOK u" =_ Jx x~fizOK_.
13. |}`H x^ =_ ÔÒ# q=iOKO_.
[: #\ qH, ~|~ < =O\ PiH "` ~}`H x^ =_ Ô`xfl ukOK~. nx< #=
O^ "^ =_ ÔÒ Jx _ JO\~. gi JaO ''|}`H x^#
LyOK#flO^ KeOK ^~ =_. ~}`H xÔ> ^, QOQ ^z LOz# ^#O,
=^# HO, O ~} "II q. |}`H x^ =i _=O_ He =_ ~@#
x~~ ~.
14. =_ J#Q<q?
[: ~} Q`, ~}^` KeOK "Ò =_x =_ JO\~. =_ HOk ~#fl JO
Ki LO\~.
15. xH~=_ J#Q<q?
[: H=O =^#" = WK uxfl xH~=_ JO\~. nx HOk JO Wq_ LO\~.
Z. #+xH KeOK =O
a. JH~xH KeO
. ~}^` H = Q# =O
_. ^= q= =K =~ KeOK i~O.
=_ xH~=_ { #+ xH KeOK =O { |}^` H = uO { ^=
q= =K =~ KeOK i~O
16. O J#Q<q? q=iOKO_.
[: ^~} i+ 'O JO> " . Lù O "Ò ~|_H, "Ò =xH =^ Q
`_ O. ''|=Y"# "~ ==~O. x~fiOK#O^ Q#, ==_ O^ ^~
''O. O HOk JO He LO\~.
148 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
(a) "~ x~fi} W=fi=# "`#O =i `~Q^ Ks =O\ JO`~` =.

( b) ==x fiO` Lù H~H W=fi=# u .
(c) Qe @ P^, Q`k` =O\ ==H`~
( d) xH~O
(e) ^~}
17. xH~O J#Q<q? q=iOKO_.
[: ==# Lù ~"# = =`" =K u xfl xH~ O JO\~. xH~O
HOk JO Ki LO\~.
(a) x~fi} q^
(b) =~\OQ =
(c) #=H# uO
(d) Oq^#O
18. =# # ~#O_.
[: ==_ i= H#Q`, [=# q^ x~fiOK_xH O^=# Hh xfl
=# O JO\~.
19. JkH # ~#O_.
[: Lù O J =O H<fl ~|_ JkHOQ = =K # JkH ^ Qi+
x JO\~. Wk +Oz# qQ, ==xH =K PiH @H=x PiH "` ~<fl~.
20. #=H # ÔÒ# q=iOKO_.
[: J"iH ^xH KOk# * O@~ J< PiH "` ~ Ô`xfl u kOK_. gi
JaO H~O L^=^~x ^ # qk Lù H #=H## " @_O , #=H#
q[=O`" # @~` Lù =xH, == ^~ =^ `_ =z == _ <i_ .
H` ==# Lù K_O, H` Lù ^`# \Q LyOK_O, H` =~\#
H#Q#_O, H` =_ ^~# H#Qx, "\x Lù LyOK_O, [=# ^`
=~ " @_O g\#xflO\x #=H#x JO\~. O@~ JaO ''L^=^~_
O #=H#< `H qkx x~fi#flO^ WK u " O.
J~GO _ "\i 149

SmartPrep.in
<Q =~ fl
1. "qH "`<xfl x~~OK JOq?
[: ^= ~O Hi_ O^ ^= "`#O H H#Q Hx "qH "`#O JO\~. Wk
^ #OQ ^~ ~ P^~_ LO@Ok. JO^K` qx P q= x["# H=#OQ
"qH "`<xfl ~#=K.
"qH "`<xfl x~~OK JO :
D HOk ~#fl J<H JO "qH "`<xfl qÒ K~.
1. ^= H#Q H :
^= H#Q HH, ^~ ~H =^ q= O|OÔ LO@Ok. ^~ ~ iy` ^=
H#Q H ` =Q LO@Ok. J^qÔ Q ^~ ~ ` =Q LO> ^= H#Q H J^#OQ
LO@Ok.
2. J^# ^ :
^= "`# O` @, q_ J^# ^ O^`#fl@~ ` J`x "q H "`# O Z=Q
LO_#. L^~} =Oz Q$ =u, a_` _# [#O, q^, "^ H~ "II q.
3. L^Q ~`fiO :
^= "`#O `=Q L<fl qx L^QO i<O@ J J=HO L#fl@~` "qH "`#O
Z=. J^ qÔQ L^QO `èH"#^`, ^="`<xfl JkHOQ O^`#fl\H "qH
"`#O `=Q qOKe.
4. x fi=O :
q_ K x =^H~"#kQ#, Z= i _#fl@~` "qH "`#O `=Q
qOKe. LÎI q_ K x Z= i` _#flk. JO^K` qx "qH "`#O
` =.
5. q+` J=H :
q_ K L^QO# q+` L#fl`~H K~Q "+< J=H L#fl@~` J`x
"qH "`#O JkH=x K=K.
6. x i` :
x iÒ> xQO@, fiH =i P^H~OQ Q_=O "IIq. q_ x K
Ô Qe, "`~, LO_ JH_ "`=~}O P^H~OQ L#fl@~` J`x "qH "`#O
JkH=x qOKe.
150 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
7. HO "`< :
q_ O^ "`# O H=O ` O_ xs`" # ~A O^Ò> J`x "qH "`# O Z=Q
qOK=K.
8. OH u+ :
Hxfl L^Q OO Q~= u+#QQ*~. P H~}OQ ^= "`#O `=Q L<fl,
"q H "`# O Z=. LÎI XH S "`# O, P x K ~ JO \ "`< xH =#O.
J~` S H "qH "`#O Z=Q qOK=K.
Zxqk =~ fl
1. LO` L`^H` O} Ô`xfl q=iOKO_.
[: LO` L`^H O} ÔÒ ^~} O} ÔÒ. "^\ = uOQ "`#O
x~~OK_xH ~ Ô`xfl ~OkOK~. P `~fi` Jhfl Lù H~H ^~# (u#)
x~~OKO^ ^~} ÔÒQ Ly<fl~.
D ÔÒ H~O u Lù H~HO H ^~ ^ uO ^x LO` L`^H`# |\
x~~OK|_Òk. ^~}OQ u Lù^~x =Y H O Qi+ PiOK_O. JO^K` Lù
H~H# xqOz = =# Lù K_. Lù H~H# xqOK Hk H~H L`^H`
~Q` LO@Ok. Hx LO` L`^H` H}Ok. LO` L`^H` JO> J^#OQ XH Lù
H~Hxfl LyOK_O = J^#OQ =K Lù. =~H qÔQ K=#O> J^#OQ XH Lù
H~Hxfl LyOK_O = "Ò Lù =K ~Q^ LO` Lù J=Òk. Lù H~H
*f=x, XH H~HxH |^ =~H H~Hxfl u# K gO@O^x ~ ÔÒ "O
KOk. JO^K` Lù ^~_ Jhfl Lù H~H LO` L`^H` =#= =~ XH ^xH
|^ =~H Lù H~Hxfl u# K LO\_.
L^~} =xfl `~ K XH O =Q~ q He 30 g@~ =xfl `~
K~#OÔ. <= qx xqOz#O^# "Ò Lù 40 g@~ iyOk. "Ò =
Lù =z# J^# ~Q^ 40 - 30 10 g@~. nx< LO` Lù JO\~. XH g@~
=xfl =~\ ~II 10 KC# qH~Oz#C_ LO` qx Lù q= 1010 ~. 100.
JO^K` O [=x LO` q# 100 ~~ qOKO_ "`#O KeOKe.
WH_ Lù H~HO H LO` L`^H`# W\ H~.
MPnth = TPn - TPn - 1
TPn H~H "Ò Lù
J~GO _ "\i 151

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TPn 1 (n 1) x@ H~H "Ò Lù

MP (LO` Lù) 40 - 30 10 g@~.
D Ô`xfl ~M @O O` q=iOK_"Ok.
q LO` L`^H`
q OY
@O q OY# OX JHO g^, q LO` L`^H`# OY JHO g^
KOK=. q# xqOK Hn LO` L`^H` H}Ok. JO^K` MP ~Y Z_= #Oz
_H HOkH "Òk. @O OW "`#O =^ O [=x ON x@ i=}O q#
xqOK_. WH_ q LO` L`^H` =#OQ "iH KeOK =O ("`#O) LOk.
i~ \ L#fl qH =~@ q "`< "i LO` L`^H` =#OQ LO_@"
HH, Jk uiy qH _=O_# x~~Ok.
"
LO` L`^H O} ÔÒ HOk ~#fl " P^~ _ LOk.
1. = =i H~H =~\ i~ \ LO@Ok.
2. Jhfl Lù H~H *f.
3. Jhfl Lù H~H XH ^xH |^ =~H\ i `=fl.
4. OHuH i*#O Z@=O\ =~ LO_^.
5. O H =Y H O Qi+ # PiOK_O.
6. Lù H~H i Q=#j` LO@Ok.
7. Lù H~H, ^~# x~~OK_O `fi *HO LO_^.
8. O~ L^y` LO@O^< "O.
9. H} u Ò =iOk.
152 J~GO _ "\i

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2. @HO J#Q<q? iH~ @H Ô`xfl q=iO=.

[: J~ O @HO JO> ''PiH @HO. Wk "q ^ qQ. iH~ JaO H~O LO` H
`= ~=O`"# = HO> Z= ~=O`"# = =K qQ PiH @HO.
O^ PiH "` JaO PiH @HO J<k qH =`" =iOk. Hx P^xH
PiH "` JaO @HO J<k J"HK Q U Lù H~H"# PiOK PÔ.
iH~ @H ÔÒ
O^ PiH "` ~xflHQ#fl _q_ iH~ `# M` QO^"# ''x P e\H
ZH#q JO_ \H+< @H Ô`xfl è *_. iH~ @HO Z\ x~ ==Ò^
è*^. Hx ~ L#fl `_ = @HO Z\ L`#fl ==Ò^ q=iOK_.
''q H J#fi~"# [ # LyOK#flO^ fiqH KeOK Ox
Q" @HO iH~ x~fizOK_. D x~fiK<xfl |\ iH~ ÔÒx =MO# HOk qÔQ
~#=K.
1. q#yOK #flO^ KeOK u " @HO.
2. H$u O_ a`fiQ}xfl @HO q=iOk
3. @HO qQ KeO
4. @HO "q^ qQ
5. H} u
6. @HO fiK"# PiH qQ
7. @HO Lù =O QO H^
@H x~O
~ LO_ `_ = @HO Z L`#fl==Ò^ iH~ XH L^~} O`
q=iOK_. XH H` ^xH x"O HO HO` =Ok [ qq^ [@Q = `<fl~< L^~}
` iH~ `# Ô`xfl ~OaOK_.
Ôx q H ~xfl |\ Z,a =i J<H~HQ qlOK_"#k. "^@ XH
^xH "o# HOnj "^@ JkH ~=O`"# Z Q_ qx Q K~. = =i
=^#O ~O ~. 500 @|_Q \ 30 | ^<xfl Lù K~x qÔ. "@ "^\
O@# J=Q =K ~|_ Lù =xH =#OQ L#flO^# Y~ # qQ JO@ LO_^.
JO^K` 'Z 'Q_ q @HO ^.
HO`HxH [< ~Q_ O , =iO`=Ok HOnj #`# ^xH =~=_O` P~ ^<
_=O_ ~QÒk. == P~ ^< _=O_ ~QÒk. == ~OQO H} u
H~}OQ, 'a Q_ qx Q K~. WH_ 500 @|_ \ `= ~=O`"# a Q_ q 25
| ^#O =`" O_OK~#OÔ. A Q_ q` e` a Q_ q Lù =O Z=
H~}OQ Z Q_ q Lù ~OQ =K qQ 30 - 25 5 |. W^ 'Z Q_ q
J~GO _ "\i 153

SmartPrep.in
L`#fl=~# PiH @HO.

HO =iO` Q_K Hn, [< ~Q_O =_= [@ HOnj =~=_O` qH _=O_
=iO` iy, `= ~=O`"# ' Q_ qx Q K= =Ok. WH_ ~. 500 @|_Q
\#O^# 15 | =`" O_OK_O [iyOk. iH~ JaO =~@ O@ ^~ '' Q_
q Lù =xH =#OQ LO@Ok. JO^K` ' Q_ q Y~ # qQ #O^#
@HO L`#flO H^. D q< LO` q JO\~. J~` 'Z Q_ q iy# qQ
30 - 15 15 | Q#, a Q_ q L`#fl"# qQ 25 - 15 10 |Q ~#=K.
D qÔQ ~O LO_ `_ =# @H L`#fl==Òk. nxx XH L^~} O`
@H =i @O K_O [iyOk.
\ H
q Lù Lù @H
Q_ =O ~II (|) (uH ~O)
Z 500 30 15
a 500 25 10
500 15 -
12345678901
30 12345678901
12345678901
12345678901
12345678901
123456789
25 12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
Lù (|)
12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
20 12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
15 12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
12345678901
123456789
12345678901
10
123456789
No Rent
5
Land
X
A B C
= Q_
@O OX JHO# qq^ Q_ =#, OY JHO g^ "\ L``# KOK=.
@Ox n~ K`~, qq^ Q_ = O@ kQ|_# è*~. Q_ q LO`
q, H|\ ~ q @HO ^. qye# Jhfl = n~ K`~ K# +__ Ui
H~O Lù Y~ # qQ ( @HO) =Ok.
154 J~GO _ "\i

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25
^~ x~O
(Price Determination)
25.1 iKO
XH PHH~"# JOO, ==H _=O_ =i XH == ^~# x~~OK#.
_=O_, U qÔQ ^~# x~~OK< D ~O= q=iOK#. JO` HO_ ,
_=O_ =K =~ =# ^~ U qÔQ =~Ò^ _ nx `H=K.
25.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u = , _=O_ ^x ^~# Z x~~~?
u =` ^~ - J~O
u JkH _=O_, JkH =#
u =^~ JkH _=O_, =O
u =^~ _=O_, x =~ =O
25.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. =` ^~
[: _=O_, =#O J~# K@ =` ^~ x~~OK|_Òk.
2. JkH _=O_ J#Q<q?
[: xs` ^~ =^ H<fl _=O_ Z=Q LO_\xfl JkH _=O_ JO\~.
3. JkH J#Q<q?
[: xs` ^~ =^ _=O_ H<fl Z= LO_\xfl JkH JO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 155

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~O_ =~ fl
1. =`^~ J#Q<q?
[: H#Q^~ ` = ^~ =^ Z= i=}O == # _=O_ K~ , iy# ^~ =^ ` =
_=O_ K~, nxH a#flOQ Lù ^~ iy# ^~ =^ Z= , ^~ `y#C_ `=
KO\~. J=HO^~, H#Q^~ D =~# _=O_ =i ` ^fi~
q=iOK|_#k. XH<H ^~ =^ J=HO =i H#Q i=} =#O J=`~. P
^~< =`^~ JO\~.
2. ^~ _=O_ ~Q^ =O
[: XH ^~ =^ == JkH _=O_ L#fl@~` ^xx _=O_ ~Q^ JO\~. \ H
~OQ L#flC_ _=O_ =K ~Q^ =` ^~# OKÒk.
3. ^~ `Q^ =O
[: `y#O^= ~Y Z_= " [~QÒk. _=O_ ~OQ LO_Q `y` ^~
~QÒk.
<Q =~ fl
1. JkH _=O_ J#Q<q? ^~ JkH _=O_ "xfl ^~}=Q q=iO=.
[: U^< ^~ =^ i=}O H<fl _=O_ qOz LO> P iux JkH _=O_ JO\~.
L^~} ~2 ^~ =^ |OQÔ 10 H HQ, _=O_ 30 H L#flk. JO>
~ 2 ^~ =^ JkH _=O_ H^.
^~, _=O_, JkH _=O_ =O kQ= ~# =~ îfOk.
i) H#Q ^~ =^ \ = == ^~ ~Q#.
ii) ^~ ~Q<~Oa, H#Q ^~ _=O_ `QÒk.
iii) ^~ ~Q@O =, J=HO^~ J=H# OK`~.
vi) = ^~ ~Q^, _=O_ `Q^, q~} îf, z=~ _=O_,
=#= ^~ U~_Òk.
v) D =` ^~, =` Lùx _ x~~Ok. D qÔQ z=iH JkH _=O_
`yÒk. @O ^fi~ JkH _=O_ =# =i, Jk Z `yÒ^
`H=K. |OQÔ _=O_, i=}O
156 J~GO _ "\i

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|OQÔ ^~ (~.)
D/S
@O 2 ~II ^~ =^ _=O_ 30 H HQ 10 H. J#Q 20 H JkH_=O_

H^. H#Q ^~ D ^ Z= H#_xH \ _`~. nx ^fi~ ^~ ~Q`~. ^~ 3
~ iy#C_ 15 H (TE) =i _=O_ 25 H (TF), ^~ ~Q`#flC_
_=O_,
~ Y Q=<<fl Q=xOKO_.
~Q^# ~ Y K=K. B #Oz E =~ J^
=O _=O_ C #O_ F iyOk. J~< _=O_ 10 H JkHOQ LOk. (EF) nx= ^~
=iO` iy 4 ~ K~Ok. D ^ _=O_, =i A aO^= =^ 20 H
=#OQ (QA) L<fl~. 4 ~ ^~ =^ _=O_ =i =#O. H 4 ~. H=#
Wk =`^~. 20 H J<k =` i=}O.
2. JkH J#Q<q? ^~ JkH "xfl @O O` q=iO=.
[: xs` ^~ =^ _=O_ H<fl J=H i=}O JkHOQ LO> P iux JkH JO\~.
^~, _=O_ JkH =O
== JkHOQ LO> kQ= ~#fl =~ K@ KO\~.
i) U^< ^~ =^ JkH U~_` J=HO^~ `= Lùx J=H~. eÒQ "i =^
\ U~_ ^x= ^~ `QÒk.
ii) ^~ _`#flC_ _=O_ ~Q^, OHKO HQ`~. eÒQ JkH
`Q ` Ok.
iii) _=O_, =#O J ~H K~ =~ ^~ _=@O, _=O_ ~Q@O,
OHzK@O J< =~ H#Q`< LO\~.
iv) =` ^~ , Lù x~
=H, JkH
`yÒk. JkH
iu x @O ^fi~
K=K.
J~GO _ "\i 157

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|OQÔ ^~ (~.)
X
_=O_ /
@O ~ 6 ^~ =^, 30 H ^ (TF) J~` _=O_ 10 H. WH_ 20 H
JkH LOk H#H J=HO^~ =^ \ U~_ ^~ 5 ~. `QÒk. ^~ 6 ~ #Oz 5 ~.
`y#C_ _=O_ (E #O_ B) H ~Q_O, (F #Oz C) `y# q+xfl @O Q=xOK=K.
H 5 ~ ^~ =^ _ WOH 10 H J^#OQ LOk (BC). nx = ^~ =iO`
`QÒk. _=O_ =i A aO^= =^ YO_OK<fl~. 'A' aO^= =^ U~_^ =`
^~. D ^~ =^ =` i=}= (20 H)# zOk.
3. =q_ O_ Q =~\ _=O_ =i =~\ kQ= \ H ^fi~ K|_~.
^~ _=O_ i=}O i=}O
(H XHO\H) (~A, H) (~A, H)
9 4 14
7 6 11
5 8 8
3 10 5
1 12 3
\ H P^~OQ HOk fl =^#= "=.
i) =q_ O_ =`^~ Uk? : 5
ii) =`^~ =^ _=O_, i=} ZO`? 8
iii) "=^~ =` ^~ H<fl JkHOQ LO> UO [~QÒk?
=~\ _=O_ =i =~\ =Ò
iv) "=^~ =`^~ H<fl `=Q LO> UU =~ Oq~?
i=}O JkHO
158 J~GO _ "\i

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Zxqk =~ fl
1. _=O_ ~Y, ~Y ^fi~ =`^~ Z@ x~~O|_< @O O` q=iOK=.
[: J=HO^~, H#Q^~ XHi L^ =~HiH è=. =~qÔQ Ka` J=HO^~
`= == Q =~\ _=O_ \ H è^. JQ H#Q ^~ =~\ \ H è^.
J=HO^~, H#Q^~ fiÒ` x~ _=O_ i=} P^~_ LO_#. =~\
XH J=HO^~_ x~~Oz# ^~ =^ J=H [iy` J x~~OK|_#k =`^~. Hx W
[~Q@O H=O ^$zHO.
L^~} =~\ J=HO^~ x~~Oz# ^~ Z=x qOz H#Q ^~ `=
==# _=O_ K~#OÔ. J\ O^~O J=HO^~ ^~# `y~. JO^= _=O_
~QÒk. ^~ `Q@O = _=O_ ~Q@O, `Q@O J< H _=O_, =#O
J =~ H#Q`~. JC_ =` ^~ U~_Òk. nxx \ H q=iOK@O [iyOk.
^~ H =~\ _=O_ (~A) =~\ (~A)
XHO\H (H) (H)
~II
(1) (2) (3)
6 10 30
5 15 25
4 20 20
3 25 15
2 30 10
\ H 1= H" |OQÔ ^~, 2= H" =~\ _=O_, 3= H" =~\
K|_~. # Wz# \ H# *Q`Q Q=x |OQ Ô ^~ H 6 ~. L#flC_ ^x
30 H. Hx _=O_ 10 H. ^~ HH 6 ~ #Oz 2 ~ _~#C_
_=O_ iy _Ò^x Q=xOK=K. XH" J=HO ^~ H ^~ 6 ~Q
x~~Oz#C_, 30 H. _=O_ 10 H. JO> 10 H |OQ Ô =`"
J=_xH J=HO LOk. _=O_ ` =, Z= L#fl H~}OQ |OQÔ ^~ `Q J=HO
LOk. |OQ Ô ^~ H 5 ~ _~#C_ _=O_ 10 H #O_ 15 H iy
30 H #Oz 25 H `QÒk. J~#\H _=O_ HO> Z=Q LOk. H|\
J~GO _ "\i 159

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^~ WOH `y H 4 ~ K~#fl ^ _=O_ ~O_# =#=x Q=xOK=K.

D ^~=^ J=HO^~ 4 ~ 20 H H J=_xH H#Q^~ 20 H H#_xH
^"<~. W^ =`^~.
_=O_ ~M, ~M ^fi~ =`^~ x~<fl @O q=iOK|_Ok.
Y
|OQÔ ^~ (~.)
_=O_ /
|OQÔ , _=O_ i=}
@O K# qÔQ DD _=O_ ~Y, SS ~Y, _=O_ ~Y Z_= " #Oz _ "
"e#k. |OQÔ ^~, _=O_ =^ Wk q= O|O^xfl zOk. ~Y Z_= #Oz
_H H "e J#= O|O^xfl zOk. |OQÔ ^~, =^ D ~Y `H
O|O^xfl zOk. 'A' =^ D _=O_, ~Y YO_OK<fl~. aO^= 'A' =^, ^~ H 4
~ =^, _=O_ 20 H, 20 H. WC_ _=O_ =i =#O. _=O_
=#"# @=O\ U~_#@~` P ^~ # =`^~ JO\~. (H|\ _=O_ i=}O, =i
i=}O =#OQ L#fl ^~ =^ Q i=}xfl =ì=}O JO\~.)
@O DD _=O_ ~Y, SS ~Y D ~O_ ~Y =u~H k x aO^= 'A' =^
~~O YO_OK<fl~. aO^= 'A' =^ ^~ ~.4 HQ _=O_, ~O_ 20 Hr. ,
_=O_ =#`fiO = ^~ x~~OK|_#k.
160 J~GO _ "\i

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26
=O (Cost)
26.1 iKO
H J~GO LyOK '=O ^ Lù =xH O|OkOz# qq^ JO# fl
=^# ~O D ~O #O^ Ò\~.
26.2 H
D fl# J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u H J~GO#, "~O# '=O "_|_Òk. g\ =^ `_ q=iOK@O.
u H J~GO "_|_ qq^ = =#
u ~, K~ = - g\ =^ Q `_
u LO` =O, Q@ = ^fi~ "Ò =xfl ~|@_O Z?
u "Ò ~=O, "Ò K~=O, Q@ ~ =O, Q@ K~ =O, Q@ =O LO`
=# `H=@O.
26.3 fl =^<
XH =~ fl
1. "Ò =O J#Q<q?
[: "Ò ~=xfl, "Ò K~ =xfl HQ =K^ "Ò =O.
2. Q@ =O J#Q<q?
[: "Ò =xfl "Ò Lù` y Q@ =O =~# =K#.
3. Q@ ~ =O J#Q<q?
[: "Ò ~ =xfl "Ò Lù` y Q@ ~=O =K#.
4. Q@ K~ =O J#Q<q?
[: "Ò K~=xfl "Ò Lù` y K~=O =K#.
5. LO` =O
[: J^# x\# Lù K@ J =" J^# =O LO` =O.
J~GO _ "\i 161

SmartPrep.in
6. ^= =O
[: O J^ `z# ^ H#Q K# Lù H~H KeOz# "Ò.
7. J+ =O
[: Lù ^~x O` ^< ~=# "`. Wq `HOQ HxOK=.
8. ^~} O
[: = Lù K#O^ O PtOK Hh O.
~O_ =~ fl
1. ^==
[: qq^ Lù H~H ^= ~O KeOz# "Ò# ^== JO^~. WO^ qH
KeOz# @HO, q "`<, =^<xH =_, ==# LO_#. J^
qÔQ =_^~ Y~, q^KH a "IIq _ LO\~. W=hfl Lù ^~xH J
^= KeO ^ H\ ` = JO^~. ^~}OQ "~O D ^= =# =`"
'=OQ q~.
2. J+ = / JH\ ` =
[: W`~ =^ #O_ Ok# H~H KeO z# ^~ # JH\ ` = JO\~. LÎI Lù^~_
`# fiO` _|# @|_Q @=K. J`x @O| qQ xK=K. D
q^" # fiO` ^< H Ug KeO K_ . Hh D ^< KeO K=# "`, = HO^H
=~. g\< JH\ ` ^ J+= JO\~. H J~GO, +"# =` @
D JH\ ` =# _ Lù =O` QOQ q~. J= L#fl =~\ ^~
P^~OQ D =# JOK< " e. D =# ''JH\ ` = JO^~. (^==
a#fl"#q) D = XH L^ : fiO` =<xfl "~ xqÒ "_` =K JH\ ` J^. Wk
"=OQ KeOK|_# J^ =#O. J^ qÔQ J+^ JH\ ` =_ =i r`#
H#Q#=K.
3. ~ = J#Q<q?
[: Lù i=}O` @ =~ KO^x =# ~= JO\~. =<xH KeOK J^,
|} =_, |OkH "`<, r`, `fixH KeOK=# #fl "II#q ~=.
fiHO Lùx `yO z<, xe< O D =# i OKeO^. g\< ==< =
Jx _ JO\~.
162 J~GO _ "\i

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4. K~== J#Q<q?
[: Lù i=}O` @ =~ =# K~ = JO\~. =_ ~ HO K# Y~,
`èH q "`<, ~"} Y~, WO^# Y~ nxH L^~}. Lù [iy`< Wq
LO\~. Lù xe" D = LO_=. g\x ^qH = Jx_ JO^~. O
Lùx `y Y~ `QÒk. Lùx P Y~ @#H~^.
5. "Ò =O (Total Cost) J#Q<q?
[: XH O J~# ^= =, J+ =, ^~} # HQ =K^ "Ò =O.
J#Q "Ò K~ =O (TVC) { "Ò ~ =O (TFC) = "Ò =O TC. <H|_# XH
O WOH Lù [~QH` P O "Ò =O, ^x "Ò ~ =xH =#O. Lù
~OO HQ< K~ =O _ K@ KH=@O` "Ò =O =~Òk. Lù iQHn
"Ò =O ~QÒk.
6. Q@ ~ =O (AFC) J#Q<q?
[: "Ò ~ =xfl "Ò Lù` yOKQ Q@ ~ =O =Ok.
"Ò ~ =O (TFC)
AFC =
Lù
x~fiK#O H~O Lù i=}O ZO` L#fl \H ~ =O =~^ . JO> Lù iQHn "Ò
~ =O Z= == qlO|_Òk H#H Q@ ~ =O `QÒk.
7. Q@ K~=O (AVC) J#Q<q?
[: "Ò K~ =xfl "Ò Lù` y Q@ K~ =O =Ok.
"Ò K~ =O (TVC)
AVC =
Lù
L^~} 1 x\ #fl Lù =^ TVC ~.60, J~` AVC ~.60 (601) 2 x@
Lù =^ TVC ~. 100 J~` AVC ~. 50 (~.1002) (c) Q@ "Ò =O ATC "Ò
=xfl "Ò Lù` y ATC =Ok.
8. Q@ =O ?
[: "Ò =xfl "Ò Lù` y Q@ =O aOk ^ Q@ ~ =xfl Q@ K~
=xfl He` Q@ =O aOk.
J~GO _ "\i 163

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"Ò =O
AC = TC/Q =
Lù i=}O
AC = AFC + AVC
Q@ =O Q@ ~=O + Q@ K~=O
9. LO` =O J#Q<q?
[. J~O LO` =O J< =# K =Y` H^. LO` J#Q J^# Jx J~O.
J^# x\# Lù K _xH J J^# =" LO` =O ^ XH J^# x\
Lù K_O = "Ò =O =K ~Q^< LO` =O JO\~.
TC
MC =
Q
<Q =~ fl
1. J+ = J#Q<q? ^= = Jq U qÔQ a#fl"#q?
[: W`~ =^ #O_ Ok# H~H KeOz# ^~# JH\ ` = JO\~. LÎI
Lù^~_ `# fiO` _|# @|_Q @=K. J`x @O| qQ xK =K. D
q^"# fiO` ^<H Ug KeOK_. Hh D ^< KeOK=# "`, = HO^H
=~. g\< JH\ ` ^ J+= JO\~. H J~GO, +"# =` @ D
JH\ ` =# _ Lù =O` QOQ q~.
J^ qÔQ "~H "~xH `# _|# @|_Q \#@~`, HO`=_ ^ _q_O_#
O^"_. J< `# "~H HsH "<[~Q ==i rÒ OkOK"_. `# fiO` "~xH
g\x "_`<fl_ H#H (= <xH J^, `# _| =_, `# = r`#) D u # O^_ .
fiO` ^<# "_#O^ J`xH #+i~O aOKe. =~ qÔQ Ka`, fi ^<# fiO`
"~O xqOz#O^#, g\x "~H LQO "_ P^xfl O^ J=Hxfl H`<fl_.
H#H Wk Lù ^~xH =OQ< qOKe. J= L#fl =~\ ^~ P^~OQ D =#
JOK< "e. D =# ''JH\ `= JO^~. (^== a#fl"#q) D =
=Y"#q. fiO` =<xfl "~ xqÒ "_` =K JH\ ` J^. Wk "=OQ KeOK|_# J^
=#O. J^ qÔQ J+^ JH\ ` =_ =i r`# H#Q#=K.
2. LùH, "Ò =xH Q O|O^xfl q=iO=.
[: XH O J~# ^= =, J+ =, ^~} # HQ =K^ "Ò
=O. J#Q "Ò K~ =O (TVC) { "Ò ~ =O (TFC) = "Ò =O (TC)
<H|_# XH O WOH Lù [~QH ` P O "Ò =O, ^x "Ò ~ =xH
164 J~GO _ "\i

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=#O. Lù ~OO HQ< K~ =O _ K@ KH=@O` "Ò =O =~Òk. Lù

iQHn "Ò =O ~QÒk. "Ò =O =K =~ "Ò K~ =O =K =~
=#O. Jxfl Lù ~ =^ ~ =O ~OQ LO_@" nxH H~}O. K~=O =z# =~
=< "Ò =O =~ =~. K~ =Ox =~ =< ~=O =~Òk.
#fl Lù^~x =\H
#fl Lù "Ò =O "Ò K~ =O "Ò =O TC
x@ TFC TVC (TFC + TVC)
(1 x\100#fl) (~II) (~II) (~II)
0 60 0 60
1 60 60 120
2 60 100 160
3 60 150 210
4 60 260 320
5 60 390 450
\H H~O qq^ Lù ~ =^ ~=O ~.60 Wk Jxfl Lù ~ ~OQ
LO_#. Lù iQ Hn "Ò K~= O "Ò ~ =OHQ =K^ "Ò =O. "Ò =O
Lù i=}O` @ =iOk.
3. kQ= W=fi|_# =#, ^= =O, J+ =Q qlOK=.
[: i) ~` `# O_Oz# ^<xfl == xqÒ "_@O : J+
ii) ~` "_# ~xH Z~= : ^ =
iii) fiO` \H~# LyOK@ : J +
iv) fiO` qx Ô xqÒ "_@O : J+
v) == xqÒ @O| = Q# Ug KeOKH=@O : J+
vi) ~"} = : ^ =
vii) JC / |} =_ : ^ =
viii) KeO K|_ "`< : ^ =
ix) Lù HO fiO` =< "_HO : J+
x) ZH* OH : ^ =
J~GO _ "\i 165

SmartPrep.in
4. HOk =# ~, K~ =Q =sHiO=.
[: i) Hs =#O J^ : ~
ii) "K=< rÒ : ~
iii) Hs OQ}xH KeOK O=ìH # A : ~
iv) =_ ^~ : K ~
v) ^ qH KeOKe# @HO : K ~
vi) q`< : K ~
vii) Z~= : K ~
vii) |} =_ : K ~
ix) ZH * OH : ~
x) ~"} Y~ : K ~
Zxqk =~ fl
1. H; J~GO qq^ =# q=iOKO_.
[: H J~G H~O Lù =O =_ QO\~.
J) `H =O / +"# =O
P) J`H =O / J+"# =O
W) ^~} O
u "~O ^==# =`" =OQ iQ}~.
XH ~` J "Ò =xH XH L^ II ijeÔ. ^<xfl Lù K@ ~` q,
== q, x=@, h~, q`<, \H~, WO^#O "II#q H=#. WO^ Hxfl fiO`
^< H=K, =iHxfl =~x LO_=K.
~` H = Q *a`
"Ò Lù =O (^#O)
^==O { J+= O { ^~}O
1) Z~= 1) fiO` q O@ O_Oz#O^
2) ~Q =O^ 2) ^xH fiO` q ~` ~=# Hh
3) == b 3) fiO` q`< uO
166 J~GO _ "\i

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KeO 4) `#, `#@O|

4) H` =i_ =
O` J^
5) O@ c=
W#~< KeO
6) `fixH
KeO Ke# #fl
7) ~~Y O@
J q^` Y~
2.. HOk =K~O P^~OQ "Ò =O, "Ò Q@ =O, Q@ ~ = O, Q@ K~= O
=i LO` =# H#Q#=.
[: Lù TFC TVC
(x@) "Ò ~ =O "Ò K~ =O
0 60 0
1 60 50
2 60 90
3 60 180
4 60 300
"Ò =O Q@ ~=O Q@
K~ "Ò Q@ LO`~
(~II) AFC =O AVC =O ATC =O MC
"Ò
~ = O{"Ò
K~=O
TFC +TVC
60 - - - -
110 60 50 110 50
150 30 45 75 40
240 20 60 80 90
360 15 75 90 120
J~GO _ "\i 167

SmartPrep.in
3. "Ò ~=O ~II 120 J~` HOk \ H P^~OQ

O ii) LO` =# H#Q#=
i) " ` O = O =i " ` O K ~ =
[: Lù (x@) Q@ "Ò =O (~II)
1 240
2 160
3 140
4 160
5 180
. Lù ATC TC TFC TVC MC
(x@)
1 240 240 120 120 120
2 160 320 120 200 80
3 140 420 120 300 100
4 160 640 120 520 220
5 180 900 120 780 260
4. kQ= \ H# iO=
[: L` u " ` O " ` O Q@ "Ò LO` Q@ ~
(x@) ~ =O =O =O =O =O
0 8 - 8
1 12
2 10
3 8
4 6
5 5
Lù "Ò "Ò LO`~ "Ò Q@

(x@) ~ =O =O =O Q@ =O ~ =O
0 8 8 - - -
1 8 20 12 20 8
2 8 30 10 15 4
3 8 38 8 12.66 2.66
4 8 44 6 11.00 2.00
5 8 49 5 9.80 1.60
168 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
27
~|_ (Revenue)
27.1 iKO
D JÔ =#O ~|_ H qq^ =## <~ HOÔ. H J~ =# ~|_,
=i =xfl P^~OKx xfl Q}= Jx =~Hi Q~KOÔ. Lù^~x H
=MÔ Qi+ ~#. D ~OO Q}# `H ` =OK ~|_# ijeÔ.
27.2 H
D ~OOx fl, ["| J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
u ~|_ J#Q<q\ Ò\O.
u "Ò ~|_, Q@ ~|_, LO` ~|_ =## J~OKHQQÒ.
u xH, ~|_H L#fl `_# _ Ò\O.
27.3 fl =^<
TR2 TR1
XH =~ fl
1. "Ò ~|_ Ò ?
[: "Ò ~|_ "Ò Lù P == H ^~ or TR = Q P
2. Q@ ~|_ Ò?
[: Q@ ~|_ "Ò ~|_ "Ò Lù or AR = TR Q
3. LO` ~|_ Ò?
[: J^#OQ XH x\ Lù K@ =# "Ò Lù =z# =~. MR =
~O_ =~ fl
1. "Ò ~|_ ( TR) x q=iO=.
[: XH O H "Ò ~|_ U=#Q, P O Lù K, Jq# ==#Oz =z# uO.
Lù K Jq# == OM# "\ O|Ok` ^~` K"Q =K#k "Ò ~|_.
J~GO _ "\i 169

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TR (Q P)
TR "Ò
~|_ (Total Revenue)
Q Lù K Jq# == OY
P ^~
2. Q@ ~|_ ( AR) # q=iO=.
[: XH OH Q@ ~|_ U=#Q, P O Lù K Jq# == #Oz =z# Q@
uO. "Ò ~|_ (TR)x "Ò Lù (Q)K yOKQ =K#k Q@ ~|_.
AR = TR/Q
3. LO` ~|_ (MR)

[: LO` = =# =# iz`". LO` ~|_ _ J^qÔQ x~fizO|_Òk.
J^#OQ Lù K# / Jq# XH x\ =# "Ò ~|_x =~ LO` ~|_ JQ#.
MR = TR
Q
<Q =~ fl
1. D HOk \ Hx ^Ò=# P^~OQ KHx LO` ~|_x Q}# KO_.
[: L` u Q@ ~|_ "Ò ~|_ LO` ~|_
x@ AR (Rs) TR (Rs) MR (Rs)
1 25
2 23
3 21
4 19
5 18
6 15
170 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
Lù x@ Q@ ~|_ "Ò ~|_ LO` ~|_

AR (Rs) TR (Rs) MR (Rs)
1 25 25 25
2 23 46 21
3 21 63 17
4 19 76 13
5 18 90 14
6 15 90 0
Zxqk =~ fl
1. qq^ Lù ~ =^, ^~ ~=Q L#flk J#Hx, "Ò ~|_, Q@ ~|_, J^# ~|_x
è T \ H# `~ KO_?
[: "Ò ~|_ #Oz Q@ ~|_ ^ ^~# Q}OK@ : "Ò ~|_x LùK yOz# ^~ ^
Q@ ~|_ =K#. D ûx, HOk \ H P^~OQ ÒÔ
Lù "Ò ~|_ Q@ ~|_ ^ ^~ "Ò ~|_/Lù
x@ (TR) Rs. TR/Q
1 11 11
2 16 8
3 21 7
4 24 6
LO` ~|_ #Oz "Ò ~|_ Q}# K@ `î x@ H LO` ~|_x He
Lù x@ LO` ~|_ MR "Ò ~|_ TR
1 7 7
2 5 12 (7{5)
3 3 15 (7{5{3)
4 2 17 (7{5{3{2)
5 1 18 (7{5{3{2{1)
6 -1 17 (7{5{3{2{1-1)
J~GO _ "\i 171

SmartPrep.in
2. D HOk \ H# iOKO_.
[: Lù x@ ^~ Rs "Ò ~|_ Q@ ~|_ LO` ~|_
1 5
2 4
3 3
4 2
Lù x@ ^~ "Ò ~|_ Q@ ~|_ LO` ~|_
Rs TR (Rs) AR (Rs) MR (Rs)
1 5 5 5 5
2 4 8 4 3
3 3 9 3 1
4 2 8 2 -1
3. ~Q`#fl Lù, `Q^~`, "Ò ~|_, Q@ ~|_, J^# ~|_x è T \H#

` ~ K O_.
[: ~|_H O|OkOz# qq^ =# / JO=# D HOk ~M @= ^fi~ ÒÔ. ^~
~OQ L#fl, `Q` L#fl =~\ ~|_ =#x `_# ~M @= ^fi~ OQ
J~O K OÔ.
Z) iQ Lù / J=H - ~"# ^~
Lù x@ ^~ "Ò ~|_ Q@ ~|_ LO` ~|_
1 200 200 200 200
2 200 400 200 200
3 200 600 200 200
4 200 800 200 200
5 200 1000 200 200
172 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
# Wz# ^Ò=# P^~OQ "Ò ~|_ (TR) Q@ ~|_ (AR), LO` ~|_ (MR),
~Y# ijeÔ. Lùx 'X' JHO, ~|_x 'Y' JHO fOÔ.
TR,AR and MR ~
Y
~M @= ^fi~ =#= `H# #^=#Q
(i) "Ò ~|_ (TR) Z_= #Oz _H H ` LO@Ok. J#Q Wk x~O`~OQ ~Q`
LO@Ok.
(ii) Q@ ~|_ (AR) JH=# =O`~OQ, Jxfl Lù ~ =^ ^~ ~OQ LO_@=#
~OQ LOk.
(iii) LO` ~|_ ~Y (MR) _ 'X' JH=# =O`~=Q, Jxfl Lù ~ =^ ^~
~OQ LO_@ =# ~OQ LOk.
(iv) LO` ~|_ ~Y (MR), Q@ ~|_ ~Y (AR) Jxfl Luu ~ =^ =#O.
Q@ ~|_, LO` ~|_, "Ò ~|_ f~, # q+OK|_# q^=Q LO_@ H~}=
~"# ^~ LO_@ "@ LO> =~\ x~}O. =~\ x~}O "~H ~H=Q LO_@ =#,
Z= Lù ^ J=HO ` = ^~ =^ =`" ^ O J~# _ "Ò ~|_, Q@
~|_, LO`
~|_ ~Y q^=Q HO_ "~H ~H=Q LO_#.
a) `Q`#fl ^~ ~Q`#fl Lù
Lù x@ ^~ "Ò ~|_ Q@ ~|_ LO` ~|_
1 100 100 100 100
2 90 180 90 80
3 80 240 80 60
4 70 280 70 40
5 60 300 60 20
6 50 300 50 0
7 40 280 40 -20
J~GO _ "\i 173

SmartPrep.in
# Wz# ^Ò= P^~OQ `Q ` # ^~, ~Q`# Lù` "Ò ~|_ TR Q@ ~|_

AR =i LO` ~|_ MR ~Y Z LO\ ijeÔ.
TR, AR, MR
~M @= ^~ =#= `H##^=#Q
(i) "Ò ~|_ 5 x@ =~ `Q`# ~@ ~Q` LOk. 5-6 x@ =^ ~OQ
LOk, P`~"` `Q` LOk.
(ii) Q@ ~|_ ~Y x~O`~OQ `QÒk.
(iii) LO` ~|_ ~Y x~O`~OQ `y, 6 x@ =^ '0 J~Ok. P `~"` 'X' JHOH<
HO^ =z |}`HO J~Ok.
174 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
28
Qi+H~} (Profit Maximisation)
28.1 iKO
Lù ^~ ^# Ô Qi+~#. JO^=# Lù^~x Qi+ ux ijeOKe.
H#H D P^, ==# P^~O` Lù^~x Qi+H~} ijeOK=K#.
28.2 H
D ~OOx , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
"~==~ O J< =# Ly` `HO\~.
=#O J<k =O JO`~gQO J< JOO `HO\~.
Qi+ O J< =# J~O `HO\~.
Qi+ x~~OK _xH "Ò ~|_, "Ò =O, (TR, TC) ZO` J=~" LO`
~|_, LO` =O (MR, MC) H_ JO` J=~=x `HO\~.
28.3 =^<
XH =~
1. J#Q<q?
[: "Ò =xH qOz# ~|_x JO\~. (^= = { JH\` = { =#
)
2. Qi+ J#Q<q?
[: "Ò ~|_ "Ò =O H< JkH=Q LO> O Qi+ # ^ J^~} #
O^Òk.
3. =# O J#Q<q?
[: XH Lù ^~_ Lùx H#yOK_xH J=~"# Hh PÔ. nxx ==# ^~ Jx
H_ JO\~. nxx O^_xH TR = TC J~ LO_=#.
J~GO _ "\i 175

SmartPrep.in
~O_ =~
1. =# O J#Q<q?
[: "Ò =xH qOz# ~|_ O JO\~. XH " "Ò ~|_ "Ò =xH =#"`
O #==Òk. nx< =# u Jx H_ K=K#.
<Q =~
1. J#Q <q ? =# xH Qi+ xH =^ Ô q=iOKO_?
[: (i) =# O
"Ò =xH qOz# ~|_ O JO\~. XH " "Ò ~|_ "Ò =xH
=#"` O #==Òk. nx< =# u Jx H_ K =K#. ZO^HO> =#O
J<k "Ò =O XH QO. JO^= Z_` Lù^~_ TR = TC u LO\_ J_
Lù^~_ `# Lù K# "Ò =x uiyO^_O ` @ `# PtOz# Hh P^x JO>
=# x H_ O^`<_. D qÔQ H J~O =# O ^ # O XH
qÔQ LO\~.
(ii) J^~}
"Ò =O H< "Ò ~|_ JkHOQ LO> (i.e., TR > TC) ==H _ J^~}
^ Qi+ O^`_. D O^~gO ~ #O H< ZH= Jx K=K#. JO>
Lù^~x H J^~} # è*Ok.
2. XH Lù ^~_ MR, MC P^~O` Qi+ U qÔQ O^`_ q=iOKO_?
[: LO` ~|_, LO` = ^Ò P^~OQ H_ Qi+H~} x~~OK =K#.
LO` ~|_ J#Q J^#OQ XH x\ =~tx qH~OK_O ^~ =z# J^# ~|_ ^ "Ò
~|_ ~Q^ Jx J~O. LO` =O J#Q J^#OQ XH x\ ==# Lù K_xH
J~# J^# =O ^ "Ò =O ~Q^ Jx K=K#.
J^# x\ Lù J=~=, H^, x~~OK@O
XH Lù ^~_ J^#OQ XH x\ ==# `~K qH~OK@_ P x\ #Oz
O^ x H_ sA "HO\_. D O^~g= LO` ~|_, LO` =# e
KHO\_. D i` Lù ^~_ =_ ~H x~H H@|_ LO\_.
i) LO` ~|_ ZH=, LO` =O `H= (MR > MC) J~#_
LO` ~|_ LO` =O H< ZH=Q LO> Lù ^~_ J^# x\ #O_ x
O^`_. H#H J^# =ùx H#y_. JO^K` MR > MC Q L#O` HO =ùx
OKHO@ `_. ==^~ `yOz, =ùx qH~OK_O =# H" LO` ~|_ H_
176 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
`Q` Ok. JO^=# =` u ~t ~Q`# Hn, "Ò ~|_ ~Q^ ~@ H=OQ `Q Òk.
=ù ~t XH ^ ^\# `~"` LO` = H_ Q}hOQ ~Q`~.
ii) LO` ~|_ LO` =xH =#"#_ (MR = MC)
# K#@ LO` =xH H< LO` ~|_ ZH=Q L#_ Lù^~_ J^~}
J#q LÒQ Lùx H#y_. XH ^ LO` ~|_ H}Oz, LO` =O
~Q_O "^=Òk. eÒQ MR, MC =^ =Ò `QÒk. MR H=OQ `Q_O MC
H=OQ ~Q_O ^~ XH ^ MR = MCQ =~Òk. D q+O @O 20.3 K_=K#.
iii) LO` ~|_ `H=, LO` =O ZH= (MR < MC) J~#_
Lù^~_ MR = MC u H_ Lùx OKHO@ ` LO`~ =O H=OQ iy
LO` ~|_ H=OQ `y # =`_. U Lù^~_ # H~H#_. H|\ =ùx MR
= MC =^ ~OQ LOKx q_.
Zxqk =~
1. XH Lù ^~_ TR, TC P^~O` Qi+ UqÔQ O^`_ q=iOKO_?
[: XH Lù^~_ Lù K qH~OK_xH XH ==# Z#H<_#HOÔ. W_ P ==
ZO` i=}O Lù K qH~ Qi+ O^`_ ijeÔ. nxH O|OkOz qq^
Lù ~ =^ "Ò =O, "Ò ~|_# Q=xOK= LO@Ok. "^@ Lù^~_
XH ^~ =^ ZO` =~t<< qH~OK_xH ÔQ L<_x, ~O_=k `H= ^~ =^ =`"
ZH= =~tx Lù^~_ J=Q` <_x KO. Qi+ x~xH D ~ O_ i`
U^< fH#=K#.
TR, TC =i \H
Lù ^~ TR TC = (TR,TC)
x@ ~ ~ ~ ~
1 2 3 4 5
1 50 50 40 10
2 45 90 70 20
3 40 120 90 30
4 35 140 120 20
5 30 150 160 -10
Qi+ x~O =Ò XH qÔQ LO@Ok. WH_ =ù ~t ~Q` LO>, "Ò
~|_ TR ~Q` LO@Ok. D ~Q^ XH H=|^"# `Q^ HxOk. ZO^=#O>,
=~t J^# x@# `H= ^~H qH~OK_O =# D iu U~_Òk. =ù ~t
x@ J^#OQ ~Q`# Hn, Q@ =O ~OO H=OQ H}Oz XH ^ ^\# `~"`
J~GO _ "\i 177

SmartPrep.in
H=OQ ~Q`LO@Ok. D qÔQ =ù ~t ~Q` L#_ "@"^@ H}O Kk, `~ "`
iQn Q@ =O =`".
160 ~|_
140 =O
TR & TC
120
100
80
60
40
1 2 Lù (3x@) 4 5
"Ò ~|_ =i "Ò =O
@O KH x n~K ` ~ P^ ~x, KH L# n~ K` ~ = ~x z< ~.
D ~O_ n~ K`~ qq^ Lù ~ =^ L# iux q=i<~. @O Lù ~t 4
x@ =~H KH x n~K` ~ ^q Q#, KH L# n~ K`~ z#qQ# L#q. Hh,
5 x@ =^ =Ò KH L# n~K`~O ^kQ# (TC) KH x n~ K`~O (TR)
`H=Q# L#k.
35 -
30 -
25 -
20 -
O (~.)
15 -
10 -
5 -
0 -
-5 - 1 2 3 4 5
-10 - Lù (x@)
-15 -

178 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
@O f n~K`~O =# ux èK#k. Hh 5= K`~O JHxH

kQ= QO LO_ ## z#k. Lù ^~x JOu= Ô Qi+ ~# JO^=# J`#
U n~K`~O Qi+ z JHxH QO LO@O^ ^xx =Ò ZOH KHO\_.
nx H~O @= 3 x@ Lù =^ Qi+ O ~.30/- O^`<_. WkHHO_ U W`~
Lù ~ ZOH KH< J`# O^ ~.30/- H< `H=Q< LO@Ok.
2. MR = MC J#_ Qi+ O^=K#x TOK=K< ? ~O_ H~} KO_?
[: OM ~"# T[x` \H ^~ Qi+ ux ije^=.
Lù J^# J^# Qi+ MR,MC Lù^~x
(x@) ~|_ =O `<`H uO^#
(~II) (~II) (~II) ij#
1. 50 45 5 M R > MC
2. 49 40 9 MR > MC
3. 47 42 5 MR > MC (=Ò)
4. 45 45 0 MR = MC
5. 40 50 -10 MR < MC JkHùH
q=Y`
i) MC = MR J=~"# x|O^#
J^#OQ Lù K|_# f == "Ò ~|_ `H= ~Q^# zOk. nxx
\H 2= =~ K_=K#. 2= x\ Lù K#_ LO` ~|_ ~.50/- #Oz
~.49/- H _~Ok. 3= x\ Lù K#_ Wk ~. 47/-H `y~Ok. D qÔQ
Lù ~Q`# Hn, "^@ MC `y `~"` H=OQ ~QK#k.
XH" Lù^~_ XH x\# =Ò Lù K LO` ~|_ ~.50/- LO` =O
~.45/- J#Q MR > MC H#H Lù ^~_ O^`# O ~. 5/-. D xH ~}Q
JkHù K_`_. WH 2= x\ Lù K#_ ~.9/- x Pi<_. J#Q uiy
JkHùH ~} O^`_. 3= x\ Lù H_ MR > MC Q L#k. H#H Lù x
H#y_. 4= x\ Lù K#_ MR = MC J=Òk. WH_ Lù ^~_ Ok# O
#O. JO^K 4= x\ =^ Lù Qi+OQ K\ =ù LO\_. XH" 5= x\
Lù K MC > MR J~ # `_. JO^K Lù^~_ 4 x@ Lùx H~HO\_.
J~GO _ "\i 179

SmartPrep.in
4 x@ H< `H= Lù K =^H= =Ok. 4 x@ ^\ Lù K #

KqK_= =Ok. H|\, `Qx, # ~x u 4 x@ LùQ x~~OK =K#. D
qÔQ ZH_` MR = MC J=Ò^ JH_ Qi+ , Qi+ Lù ^_`~. H#H< Wk XH
J=~" # x|O^#Q ~#|_Ok.
OQ KO> Lù^~_ Qi+ Lù, Qi+ O^_xH D HO^ è# ~O_
x= J=~O.
1. LO` ~|_ LO` =xH =#OQ LO_e (MR = MC)
2. U Lù ~ =^ MR = MC J=Ò^ P~ H< ZH= ~ =^ Lù LO> MR
H< MC ZH=Q LO@Ok. U Lù ~ =^ MR = MC J=Ò^ P ~ H<
`H= ~ =^ Lù LO> MC H< MR ZH=Q LO@Ok.
180 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
29
` |_\ ~H#
(The Government Budgeting)
29.1 iKO
u O=`~O |=i < Ò |_@# ~"O@ #O^ "@@ QiOz g
`. |_\ JO>< ## OK@ ^ `yO K@ J< H Q qOK|_`#k. ""xH, |_\
=#O J#< ^x H< q$`"#k. #~@ =~` @ |_\ Ò K=# =xH
`y# =#~ H\~O, =#~ H~} `y# }oH# ~OkOKk. D ~O ` |_\
x~}O, ^x ~H# =# qq^ ^, H# QiOz q=iOK|_#k.
29.2 H
D ~OOx , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
` |_\ - J~ q=~}
|_\ Wq_=# JO
~"# ~|_ =i =^# ~|_ q=~}
=^# =O =i =^# ~|_ =^Q ^ QiO
}oH =O =i }oH`~ = =^ `_ QiO
|_@s @ =i H@ =^`_ q=~}
H@ s =~
|_\ q^#O H J~O =i H q=~}
29.3 =^<
XH =~
1. ` |_\
[: XH O=`~ HO Ò K=# qq^ =, ^xH H=# ^= =#~ \H
` |_\.
J~GO _ "\i 181

SmartPrep.in
2. ~q# ~|_
[: ~"# ~|_ # ~|_, <`~ ~|_ H=. =_, _q_O_, ` O PiOK
, q^j QO@ <`~ ~|_H L^~}
3. =^# ~|_
[: =^# ~|_ JC,|} =, +~ J=H (` ~OQ O "\)
4. =^# =O
[: Ò P U~@ xqÒ J^ =^# =O.
5. ~q# =O
[: ~"# =O = ZO\ O^ $+OK|_^. Wq r` KeO xqÒ J Y~.
6. }oH =O
[: OK=~ }oH [iy# H\~O KeOK= =# =x }oH =OQ
iQ}=.
7. }oH`~ =O
[: O=`~O ` < ==~ xqÒ Ju ^~} =x ''}oH`~ =OQ
==i=.
8. |_\ @
[: "Ò |_\ =O "Ò |_\ ~|_ H< Z= J~#C_ '|_\ @ U~_#.
9. H @
[: JC q#~OKQ =# "Ò |_\ ~|_ H< |_\ =O Z= J~#_ 'H@
U~_#. Wk Ò H "Ò ~} P=H`# `#.
10. |_\ q^#O
[: ` q^<, H~H= `y# qÔQ UU JO =O ZO` "Ò Ke
=i ^xH H=# ~|_# Z =~H"< x~# '|_\ q^#O Q
==i~.
182 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
~O_ =~
1. ` |_\ J#Q<q?
[: XH PiH O=`~O `xH ~= PÔ =i Ò K =# K
\H # ` |_\ Q ==i~ . D H # PiH O=`~O ~OO HH ~" K_ `~.
` |_\ #O^ Ò K=# Jx ~H =O =i ^xH H=# ~|_ =~
O^~K| _#.
2. ~"# ~|_ J#Q<q?
[: `xH Ju p#HO #O_ =# ~|_ =#~ #. ` HO `xH W`~
J^ =~ U~_<~. Lù H #@O ^~, ` ~OQ O # =
P^ O^`<~. ~ , *fO K# O, \ >_OQ H~~+<, U~~ WO_,
WO_< U~~ <, "II ` ~OQ O L^~}. ` ~OQ O PiOK
`xH =K =~ PiH =#~. ~O_ HH W`~ ^ #O_ ` QO@
~O =#~# O^#. g@xO\x =#O ~"# ~|_Q ==i=.
3. <`~ ~|_ =#~
[: # HO_ W`~ =~ ^~ Ò# =K ~|_x <`~ ~|_ JO^~. ~`^ O
HO^Ò# =K <`~ ~|_.
i) =_ ~} ~|_
ii) _q_O_ =i
iii) q^j QO@
4. =^# ~|_ J#Q<q?

[: HO^ `xH =_ ^#"# =^# ~|_ =~ H=. Jq :
a) |}
b) JC# "#H fH#@
c) ` ~OQ O +~# J=@O
5. }oH =i }oH`~ =#
# q=iO=.
[: ~`Ô PiHa=$k H~ }oH q^#O K\, OK=~ }oH# J= K@O
[~QÒk. }oH W=|_# H ^# J=~"# H\~O H=# =x
''}oH =OQ ==i=. |_\ WO\ H\~O# }oH=O JO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 183

SmartPrep.in
nxH `_, ^ i# H=# Y~ H \~OK =x }oH`~ =OQ ~#=K#.

ZO\ }oH O_ `xiQ K=# =O JO` }oH`~ =OQ iQ}OK
=K#.
6. @ |_\#
# q=iO=.
[: D =# "Ò ~|_ =i "Ò =O# KOk#k. '@|_\ JO> |_\ =O |_\
~|_ H< Z=Q =O_@
^
|_\ @ "Ò |_\ =O - "Ò |_\ ~|_
7. H@#
# q=iO=.
[: H@ =# Jx ~H ~|_# iQ}#xH fH#^. JC# q#~Oz# `~"`
~|_# H OK#. H @ J#Q Jx ~H = "Ò ~|_ JC# q#~OKQ
=# ~|_# qOz =O> HQ @# HOK#.
^
H@ "Ò |_\ =O - ~} f"Q =K "Ò |_\ ~|_
<Q =~
1. ~"# ~|_ Uq?
[: `xH Ju p#HO #O_ =# ~|_ =#~ #. ` HO `xH W`~
J^ =~ U~_<~. Lù H #@O ^~, ` ~OQ O # = P^
O^`<~. ~ , *fO K# O, \ >_OQ H~~+<, U~~ WO_, WO_< U~~
<, "II ` ~OQ O L^~}.
` ~OQ O PiOK `xH =K =~ PiH =#~. ~O_ HH W`~ ^
#O_ ` QO@ ~O =#~# O^#. g@xO\x =#O ~ "# ~|_Q ==i=.
~"# ~|_# D HOk qÔQ =sHiO=K#.
J) # ~|_
P) <`~ ~|_
J) # ~|_
Ò K` qkOK|_ < =`"# x~O^" # KeO # '#Q ~#=K#. P^
#, J=H #, ZH OHO "II#q. == H qH J=H # qkOK|_#.
== `s ZH* OHO qkOK|_#. Wq HH O^#, |=` #, kQ=u OH
H=.
184 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
P) <`~ ~|_ =#~

# HO_ W`~ =~ ^~ Ò# =K ~|_x < `~ ~|_ JO^~. ~`^ O
HO^Ò# =K <`~ ~|_.
i) =_ ~} ~|_
HO^Ò J<H Y ~} =OE~KOk. Jq uiy [ |}Q W=|_`~.
HO^Ò WK ~} =K ~|_x ''=_~~|_Q ~#=K#.
ii) _q_O@ =i
HO^ Ò <~Q Lù x~} H O@Ok. "\< ' `~OQ O JO\~.
Wq "@ O= ==# =i =# JOkOK#. L^ II ~, U~~ WO_, =#Q~
>e< xQ" , *fO K |_# O "IIq. H O^ Ò H~H H~ \# @|_
_q_O_ ~O#, ~O# PÔ O^Òk.
iv) q^j QO@
H O^ Ò# PiH O q^j ` #O_ _<+# , |=` "^# ~
=K#.
2. `H# Vs ~H# J< =## q=iO=.
[: # ~O q+O P^ # =i J=H # =^ `_ Q^.
`H # J~# P^ # # KeO ^~, # ~x "~. # ~x
W`~ |^~O K*~. J@=O\ ## '`H# JO\~.
J~`, J=H # q+O # ~x H#Q^~ J#q< ~. JO> # ~O
H#Q^~ |^~O [~QÒk. W@=O\ # ''~H # JO\~. = Lù qkOK|_
Jx ~H # ~H#. ZO^HO> Lù^~ # "`x H#Q^~ #O_ uiy
O^`~.
# ~O_ ~HQ =sHiOK|_~. (J) `H # (P) ~H #. LÎI
`H #
1. H~~+< # : HOh =K qkOK #.
2. P^ # : = P^ #
3. =_ # : =_ ~O =K PÔ qkOK #
4. = # : == Y~ K#_ qkOK #
5. O^ # : = P / O^ qkOK #
6. |=u # : |=` WK#_ qkOK #
J~GO _ "\i 185

SmartPrep.in
~H #
1. H" OH : ZQ=` / kQ=` qkOK OH
2. x< ZH* OH : HO^ Ò == `s qkOK OH.
3. "# : =# JOkOK@ qkOK #
4. J=HO # : J=HO qkOK #
3. =^# ~|_Uq ?
[: HO^ `xH =_ ^#"# =^# ~|_ =~ H=. Jq :
a) |}
b) JC# "#H fH#@
c) ` ~OQ O +~# J=@O
a) |}
HO^ Ò ~O_ ^` ^~ |}# O^#.
J) ^j |}
Ô #O_ |}# O^@ ^j |}. HO^ Ò i\ =i
>[s a# *s K#. qq^ _l\ ^H# aH q_O\ O_, z# "` ^ ^H ,
WOk~ qH `, H< qH `, <+# qOQ O ~O [ #O_ Ò ~}
HiOk.
D ^H '[= J~# "Ò `xH |}".
P) q^j O
Wq q^ #O_ O^ ~}.
b) JC iH=s
~, xH O =OE~ K# ~}# uiy "#H fH#@ ^~ HO^Ò
=^# ~|_# O^#. D ~}# iH=s K@< |_\ =^# ~|_Q ==i~.
c) ` ~OQ O +~ uiy J=@
P^xH HO `xH ~|_ ` ~OQ O "\# uiy J=@O ^~ =Ok.
W\=~ HO^ ` ~OQ O 100 Ò =^#O Ò He =Ok. J~` 1991 HO^
Ò "\H~}# " @@ ^~ ` ~OQ Ox `= =^# "\# "@
= , PiH O , [ <~ Q J=@ ^~ ~|_# O^Òk. nx< '@|_ LO ~}
JO^~.
4. }oH =O =i }oH`~ = =Y `_ Uq?
[: ~`Ô PiHa=$k H~ }oH q^#O K\, OK=~ }oH# J= K@O
186 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
[~QÒk. }oH W=|_# H ^# J=~"# H \~O H=# =x ''}oH

=OQ ==i=. |_\ WO\ H\~O# }oH=O JO\~.
nxH `_, ^ i# H=# Y~ H \~OK =x }oH`~ =OQ ~#=K#.
ZO\ }oH O_ `xiQ K=# =O JO> }oH`~ =OQ iQ}OK =K#.
` i# xqÒ = J<H q^Q K= =Ok. }oH ^ }oH`~
= u `xH `xi. [ "i P O~H} ` Hh H~=O. Ou
^`# H_@ b ==, < < x~} =O K= =Ok. q^j^_ #O_
^~H} H=# #O, ^ =yH ` =O KH`^. qq^ ` Y# #
x~}O, *Q H~H=, =Ozh\ ~~, iÔ "II "\H =O K=#.
H~H= x~} "zOK Y~# =#O '}oH`~ =OQ =.
5. |_\@, H@# q=iO=?
[: |_\ "Ò =O H< ~|_ ` =Q =O> '@ Q iQ}=. |_\ #O^ qq^
~H '@ H=.
1. |_\ @
2. H@
@ |_\
D =# "Ò ~|_ =i "Ò =O# KOk#k. '@|_\ JO> |_\ =O
|_\ ~|_ H< Z=Q =O_@
^
|_\ @ "Ò |_\ =O - "Ò |_\ ~|_
H=#O "Ò ~"# =i =^# ~|_, ~"# =O =i =^#
=# fH#@ [iyOk.
H@
H@ =# Jx ~H ~|_# iQ}#xH fH#^. JC# q#~Oz# `~"`
~|_# HOK#. H @ J#Q Jx ~H = "Ò ~|_ JC# q#~OKQ
=# ~|_# qOz =O> HQ @# HOK#.
H@ H=#O Z "~Q#k?
|_\ @` Q H@ H=#O [#H~" # kQ ~#=K#. nxH ~ O_ H~}:
1. `# = J=~ ZO` ~}x HiOK Wk zOk.
2. H@ = q +` =#O uiy KeO K=# =_ =i ~} "Ò ZO` Ò k.
6. H@ s K@ =~# q=iO=?
[: H@# sK@ `xH =_ =~ H=. Jq :
J~GO _ "\i 187

SmartPrep.in
i) [ #O_ ~}# fH#@ =i q^ #O_ ~} O^@.

ii) i[~O =^ =OK|_# ` #Q^ x# fH#@
iii) i[~O =^ ~}O fH#@
"\ Ò ^#`# ^xH WO k? i[~O =^## ` #Q^ x#
uiy Ok# ^ i[~O =^ ~}O fH# Jk ^= ~x qÒ KOk. [ #O_
~} fH# ZO\ =O ^= ~ HQ^. ` ~} H~} = [ =^ ## #Q^
x Ò# |kb JQ#. ^x= Ôx ^= ~ ZO\ =O HQ^.
J~`, [ #O_ JC HiOK@ = ZO\ =O HQ^x J~O * H~^. Ò
O^ ~} uiy q+` `H KeOK= =O@Ok. ~O_=k, ~} =_x uiy J`
@Q KeOKe. J~`, ^~}OQ ` [ #O_ QOK ~}` PiOK PiH =#~
#O_ J =i =_# KeOKÒk.
Zxqk =~
1. ` |_\ J#Q <q? ` |_\ #=<# ~OkOK=?
XH PiH O=`~O `xH ~= PÔ =i Ò K =# K
\H# ` |_\Q ==i~. D H# PiH O=`~O ~OO HH ~" K_`~.
` |_\ #O^ Ò K=# Jx ~H =O =i ^xH H=# ~|_ =~
O^~K| _#.
HO^, ~R, xH ` ~ |_\ x~}O [~Q#. [ `~# Ò x~#
fHO@Ok. JO^=, [ Jk ^` =Ok. ~"O@, # ~O Ò
["|^sQ =O@Ok. *OH = " ^ #^ OQ Ò |_\ # ~OkO k. [ H=#
Hh H~ H#, Lùx OOkOK@, x~^y`# `yOK@, ^~ ~Q^# JiH@@,
O^ =i P^ J=#`# `yOK@ "^Q#q ` |_\ H ^#H.
Ò |_\# ~OkOK@ H# ^$+ =OKH##. ` |_\# J= K@
J#iOK q^#=# H q^#O ^ |_@ q^#O JO\~.
XH=@ KO>, ` |_\ x =MO.
1. '~= PÔ =i K = q=~ K \H |_\.
2. Wk XH PiH O=`~xH O|OkOz#k.
3. x~tOK|_# ` H J#Q}OQ ~|_ =~, == =O\~.
188 J~GO _ "\i

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` |_\x JO
|_\ x~}O
Jx ~ ~O^ ` |_\ ~`# He =O@Ok. J~`, K=# =O
^, ^#` W=|_# JO, =#~ =~H< q^#O =` H=. D qQO
HO^ ` |_\ ~H# Qi# q=~} W=|_#k. Wk 1995-96 O=`~O <\ |_\.
1. ~"# ~|_
i) # (xH~O ) 74
ii) <`~ ~|_ 27
"Ò (i + ii) 101
2. =^# ~|_
i) JC = 7
ii) W`~ ~|_ 7
iii) JC =i W`~= 52
"Ò i { ii { iii 66
3. "Ò ~|_ (1{2) 167
=O (Expenditure)
4. ~"# =O
i) }oH`~ 107
ii) }oH 29
"Ò i { ii 136
5. =^# =O
i) }oH`~ 17
ii) }oH 19
"Ò i { ii 36
6. "Ò =O (4{5) 172
7. |_\ @ ( 6-3) 5
|_\ #O^ ~O_ qQ H=. Jq :
`xH ~|_ ~O_ ~HQ =Ok. 1) ~"# ~|_ 2) =^# ~|_.
~"# ~|_ J#Q ` HO =K P^=. nx #, ` ~OQ O
PiOK , QO@ "II#q H=. ~q# ~|_H =^# ~|_H =^ =Y"# `_
H^. ~q# ~|_ ^~ =~# "`x Ò q+` uiy KeOK< x=O ^.
=^# ~|_ JC H#H, uiy q+` #O^ "\x =_` `H KeOK= =Ok. Jx
J~GO _ "\i 189

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=^# ~|_ ~} H#H ` P# `y~.

= = Ò _ =x `# PÔ` iHx Y~ K= LO@Ok. =H
Y~ Ò PÔ # |_ =O_e. XH" `# PÔ# qOz = J=~ =O> `H
JC K= =Ok. H#H, =H< Y~ K@ Q P^=~ ~O_. XH\ `
PÔ, ~O_ JC. J^ qÔQ Ò _ `# =x ~O_ ^` ^~ _HO@Ok.
J~`, =H =O^Q `# PÔ JOK< "Hx ^xH J#Q}OQ =x K_. Hh, Ò
=O^Q `# =x JOK< " Hx ^xH H=# PiH =#~ H~ }oH# ~OkOKH##.
2. '|_\ q^#O H =Y H# q=iO=?
[: XH PiH O=`~O# O|OkOz# ` ~|_ =i =O x"kH# '|_\ Q ==i~ .
HO^, PiH =Ou |_\ ~OkOK@ ~O_ ^#"# JO# ^$+ O^ =OKH= =Ok.
UU ^ Ò =O *= =Ok? P =x K@ H=# PiH =#~# Z
Oê? Ò `# H J#Q}OQ UU JO ^#`# W"< JOO P^~_
x~~OK|_#. qq^ JO HxO\x ZOH*Hx ^xH x^# H\~OK@O, =xH `y#
PiH =#~# HiOK@ "^Q Jx JO, ` q^<, H~H= "^Q Jx JO
=~" ''` |_\ q^#O.
|_\ H ^# H
1. =~=O`"# i## JOkOK@
i# H=# b, #O, #, H~, ` H~ "^Q J<H
Y x~} H=# =#~# |_\ H \~Oz =~= O`" # # [ JOkOK@ ^ O
J=Òk. H#H, |_\ H ^# HO =~=O`"# i#.
2. J=< H~ H#
qÔ U~@, x~}, P~QO, iÔ, =Ozh~, q^KgH ~~, ~"} H~,
Òu ` H~, H=xH+< = H#, ~_, ~, =O`# x~}O "^Q J=<
H~ H# Ò |_\ H\~O *=#.
3. Lk J=H H#
[ Lk H# *@ Ò J<H H~H=# x~OK= =Ok. ` ~OQ
O# <H@, "@ O a_# W=@O, z#`~ i=#, \~ i=#
ÒK@ "\H # q#~O# W=@O. "\H H=# ~} =OE~K @O. Ò
*## K@_O, ~_ x~}O, =O`# U~@, ` =# x~} H~H= "^Q"\
= Lk H# [~Q#.
190 J~GO _ "\i

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4. ^~ sH~}O
x`=~ == ^~ ~QO_ sH~} H~ Ò H$+ K= =Ok. KH ^~
Hx ^#"# x`=~ ==# ~` =^ <~Q H#Q K, x= =Oz, [ `"
<~Q ~~ K=#. WO^ KH ^~ ^H} U~@ *@O, "\ ^~ [ H=#
x`=~ ==# O} K= =Ok.
5. P^ J=#` `yO
Ò ^x Z= # qkOz, ^ [ H~ H# Z= "Ò =O
K@ ^~ [ =^=# P^ J=#`# `yOK kQ |_\# ~OkOKe.
6. PiH=$kx ÒK@
PiH=$kx OOkOK@ Ò HH ^ =eH i=# , HqH, Z~=,
O` x~}O "^Q "\ Z=Q @|_# \= =Ok. JO^= Ò g\ #
@|_# =i, "\x x~OKe.
7. q^j "}[@# s K@
q^ ~|_ H< KeO Z=Q =#@~` q^j "}[@ U~_Òk. nxH Q
H~}O ZQ=` H< kQ=` JkHO H~}O.q^j "}[O =# @# `yOK@ kQ=`#
x~`~ @ "\ Z= "Ò Ò JkH # qkOK=K. ZQ=`# ÒK@
a_ W=@O, # ^ `H HeOK=K.
J~GO _ "\i 191

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30
^= ~~ xO`}
(Money Supply and It's Regulation)
30.1 iKO
^=O Z _ Z=Q H~< == . =# ^=O J<k J=~O . ZO^HO> nx` ==#
H#QO. =# u XH~ HO` ^"x JO^@ =OKO\~. ~HO Q JO^@ LOK#
^"x H_O ^~ XH^=x "Ò ^=x =# XH PK# =Ok. XH Ôx Hx
ZOH K# ^= ~ ~ O #O_ ^= ~~ J< =#=Ok. D ~O D =## q=iOK_"
QO_ ^= ~~# ZOK=K H `yOK=K q=iOk.
30.2 H
D ~O=x , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
^= J=~O =i ^x qq^ ~# q=i~.
^= KeO# =#O Z K" q=i~.
XH Ô H~h <@# =i <}# Z=~ *s K~ KQO.
"}[ O ~} q`~}# H~H=# q=iOK@.
Ô H ^= x =i ^=~~ JO# q=iOK@O.
^= ~~ ~"H} P=H`# q=iOK@O.
30.3 =^<
XH =~
1. *f ^= x
[: *f ^= x 1) [ =^ =# Hy` ^=O =i <}= 2) O =^ =#
H~h <@ =i <}= 3) HO^ O =^ =# "}[ O _l@ 4) "}[
O ## _=O_ _l@ He LO\~.
192 J~GO _ "\i

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2. *f ^=
[: *f ^=
1) [ =^ =# H~h <@ =i <}= 2) "}[ O =^ ##
_=O_ _l@# Hey LO@Ok.
~O_ =~
1. *f ^= x J#<q?
[: XH^ PiH ==x "`= ^= x <Q Q=Q LO@Ok.
1) [ =^ =# H~h <@ =i <}= (O =#q H=)
2) "}[ Ox H~h <@ =i <}=
3) HO^ O =# "}[ O _l@
4) "}[ O _=O_ _l@
2. *f ^= JO> Uq\?
[: ^= J# =# XH XH x~K#O ^. ^= H ^~} x~K#"=#Q "
^g == H#Q =i J=H=# =i W`~ KeO K@ "==Q
LQ_ JO=# Wk Hey O_@. WO^ # W=|_# <Q Q= ~O_
L#q.
1) [ =^ =# H~h <@ =i <}= (O =#q HH)
2) "}[ Ox _=O_ _l@
3. K@|^ x x+ux q=iO=..
=.
[: K@|^ x x+u Z"# Hk |} ~u =~O `QÒk. K@|^ x x+u J##k
HO^ O Ku =# XH ` H ^#O. HOÔ Ô ^=
x `yO Kx H~`#
_ Jk K@|^ x x+ux OKÒk. Wk |} =~O# xO`} KOk. nx
eÒQ O _l@ $+ =~= `QÒk.
4. |~OQ =~\ "~ "^g (K~)J#Q<
J#Q<q?
[: O |}q`~} =~= ^ _l\ $+ =~ = _l\ ^~ =~= _ J^
K =K. _l\ ^~ `=O`@ `" O ` = #Q^ # [= K @ PH KH =K#.
Hh HOÔ "}[ O _l@# `yOK_xH _l\ ^~# ~OK x|O^##
$+OK=K. H OÔ i\# J=Òk. D i\# H#_xH [ "i _l@
#O_ #Q^# "#H fH=_O Qx, HOÔ ~ g^ K# *s K_O K~. D
J~GO _ "\i 193

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=~O "Ò _l@ `yOK|_ #Q^ HO^ O =Oz O} HO_ LO@Ok.

HOÔ ^~ ^= ~~# xOuOK <}=# OuH+ '|~OQ =~\
"^g JO\~. WH_ |~OQ =~\ J##k |~OQ =~\ HOÔ i\
J=HO =i H#Q J< H~H# zOk.
<Q =~
1. ^= J=~O Uq\?
[: ^=O H~ ^"x H~O\~? ^ J<k nxH =^#O. ^=O# `H LQO
LO_^. Wk qxQxH xH~^.L`^# ^=O =# `= LQO _ ^. x["#
Lù H ^== XH ==Q Qx, ^ OÒQ Qx LyOKO. Hh ^"x =#O
qxQO H~ Qx ^ L`^# LyOK@ H~ Qx J=~"# ==# H#Q
K@ Ly=. rq` `"=#Q ^=O H" ^"x H~HO.
^=O ==# O^_xH H=# Hx WOk. JkH ^=O Hey# =H JkH ==#
O^ H Qey=O\_. JO^K` =# J< ^=O "O@ ~Q_`~.
=#O ^"x `HOQ qxyOK#_ ^ `HOQ ==# Lù K#_
"Ò =*xH ^= LQ"q\? =[O JkH H~h<@ ^ <} L#O` =`# Jk
^xH =[O H^. =[O Z= = =# Hey#_ =`" Jk ^xH =[==Òk.
x*xH H#Q, J=HO J~=`KH=_O =i W=_=< H~H = H~ "^\
^=O H#Q#|_Ok.
^=O H D qkx qx= =^=O Jx ~. p# =[O XH == H
^~# W`~ == i=}O è~K"~. XH ==# =~H ==# qx=O K û
K JH~"#k. ^= "O` u == ^ = ^~# ^=x@ KQO. H|\
=*xH "~ H~H= xH ^=O J=~O.
2. =#= ^= KeO# K =~=# q=iO=?
[: H= " J=HO^~_ ^=~O K~. XH HO ^~ ~.100 J#O^=.
~.100 q=Q Hy` H~h fHx J=HO ^~# Ke~. Wk XH ~H"# KeO q^#O.
H J=HO ^~_ D H~h <@# JOwHiOK@ H~}= U=#Q D H~h <@# P H
K~} H~ KeOz#@~` J`_ O`+=Q JOwHi_< #=HO LO_@. D #=HO H
qH^~_H D ~H"# #=HO HQ_xH P ^= H K@" H~}=. K@ H~= U XH~
== HO H~h<@ ~=x KeO# u~iOK~^. K@ =`"# U ^=O <## bQ
194 J~GO _ "\i

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>O_~ ^=O J=Òk. D ^=O P^ K@ikH |_ LO@Ok.L^~} ~`Ô ~~

H~h <@ bQ >O_~ ^=O. W`~ ^ H~h U =HH< KeO K` `# K@|^"#
^~ P KeO# u~iOK=K. ~`^= a\+ O_, J"iH _~, H< ~
"^#q bQ >O_~ ^=O H=. a\+ O_ P^=# bQ >O_~ ^===Òk. H<
~~ P^=# bQ >O_~ ^===Òk. D qÔQ U ^ ^== P ^xH bQ >O_~
^===Òk.
#Q^ KeOHO> _=O_ _l@ ^~ KeO<q K J#"# KeO q^#=.
^~}=Q z# "` KeO# ^=~O KeOK@ ^#`x~. J#Q H~h<@ ^
<}= ^~ Ke~. ^ ^ "` #Q^ KeO ^~}OQ K ~= [~Q#.
3. Ô H~h <@# =i <}= # Z=~ *s K~ `=?
[: OHOQ i+ RBI J##k =# ^= H HOÔ. Wk J`#` (Apex) O.
nxx O@ O Jx =\xH H~}= Wk OHOQ == ^# "#k. ~.100 <@#
i[~ O P WO_ Jx =kOz O@Ok. <@ HO^ Q= i[~ O P WO_
Q=~~ O`H= K =O@Ok. # K# 100 ~ H~h <@# i[~ OH P WO_ "~
*s K~. ~.2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, ~.500 =i ~.1000 q=Q Jx H~ h<@# i[~
OH P WO_"~ *s K~.
XH ~~ H~h <@ ~` Ò Jx =kOK|_ =O@Ok. H~h <@ HO^ Q=
~` ` PiH =Ou` Y H~î K` O`H= K|_ =O@Ok. XH ~~ H~h <@#
~` Ò *s KOk. Jx ~H= q=Q <}=# _ ~` Ò *s KOk.
4. HO^ O |} xO`} ZO^ Ke?
[: "}[ O xO`} x |} ~u ~O_ ~H #+=# HQ K=K#. "^\k
D q^#= M`^~ [#=# x HeyOk. ~O_=k, Wk ^=x "`= _l@#
Z=Q OK=K. _=O_ _l@ ^= H ^= x XH Q=. D q^=Q J^x
|} ~u ^= H ^= x= H J^ x ~Q^ î f=K. Wk ^~ ~Q^
H~}==Òk.
O WO\ H` _l@# HiOz#_ "~ JO^ HO` QO# K@ |^ xQ
=OKHx qye# ^"x |}OQ W=QQÒk. "~ |}OQ Wz#@~` _l@ WOH ~Q@
HO_ Ô H ^= x _ ~QÒk. JO^=#< XHHi "}[ O# #Q^
`s^~Q =i~. nx=# ^~ ~Q#.
J~GO _ "\i 195

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H`Q K# _l@ #Oz O Hh= XH ~~ _ |}OQ W=H` H`

_l@ ZO` =`= LO_=. O _l\ HO` "`=# |}OQ Wz#@~` D |}
"`xH i_#O` H` _l@ $+OK|_ |}=Q Wz#O` ^=O O uiy =Ok.
nx=# ^~ `Q#.
"}[ O |} ~ u =~= H _l@ $+ H ^=$+ H K@|^ x P=H`
P^~_ LO@Ok. K@|^ x x+u iQ Hn O |} ~u =~O H ^=$+H
`Q ` Ok. K@ |^ x x+u H O^ O (RBI) ^~ x~~ OK|_Òk. i[~O nxx Oz#@~`
O |}~ u H `Q ` Ok. i[~O D x+ux `yO z#@~` |}~ u =~ O ~QÒk.
D qÔQ K@|^ xx+u i[~ O Ku XH ^#=Q =O_ ^=x ^= x xO`}
`__Òk.
5. *f ^= x J#<q?
[: XH^ PiH ==x "`= ^= x <Q Q=Q LO@Ok.
1) [ =^ =# H~h <@ =i <}= (O =#q H=)
2) "}[ Ox H~h <@ =i <}=
3) HO^ O =# "}[ O _l@
4) "}[ O _=O_ _l@
"\ "^\ =_O\ "Ò Ôx "`= ^=x J=Òk. nxx Hy` ^=O Jx
_ K|`~. "\x ~O_= =i =_= Q= "Ò "}[ Ox "Ò
^===Òk. D "Ò HO^ O "}[ O qkOz# K@|^ x J=~xH ` = QO_
LO_e. "^\ QO =#=Q [ =^ =# ^=O. <= JOOx ^=O K KeO H~
_=O_ _l@ ~= L# ^=O. nxx O ^=O Jx _ K|`~.
6. ^= x LOK=# J=~O# q=iO=?
[: O |@ H~ h <@ =i Ox _=O_ _l@ ^= He LO\~.
H~h <@, <}= =i _=O_ _l@ uH}O `H"# =, "~ O "^#
"\ Pn#O `xiQ LO\~. = =i = g^ ^==# xO`} LO@Ok. Z=
^==# _ Z= xO`} LO@Ok. ^==# LOKHx ^xx Y~ @HO_ =O_ =H
= = == K_O =# J`# O^QeQ O`$x `# `< H^##@=Òk. P
~H= Q =H H "~ O Ok# "Ò ^=O# JO\@H#@ W+_~. =#OQ u=H
XH =O HO` ^=O# LOKH#@ W+_`_. ZO` "Ò ^=O# JO\@ H#=##
J<k "i O^ PÔ =i ~A"s "^g P^~_ =HH =HH =^ Ô LO@Ok. JkH
196 J~GO _ "\i

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PÔ Q"~ ^ ~A"s H#Q J=HO ^~ Z= [i"~ JkH ^=O# JO^@

LOKO\~. D H~}=Q =#x u XH~ HO` ^=O# ^ _=O_ _l@# LOK<
J"@# K HO\~.
XH =H `# ^Q~ L# ^=O `# =OKH#@ W+_# ^xHO> Z"#_ J`# Z=Q
L# ^"x = =i = Y~ K#H=K. J`_ ^=O# qxQO Y~ K_O Hx
^ ^xx @|_ Y~ @_O Qx K_. H#H Ô ^= iy#_ =i [ =^
qQ Z=Q L#C_ "~ qxQ= ^ @|_ == K@ W+_`~. Wk =
= _=O_# Oz PiH == ^~} ^~ ~x OK#.
^= `Q_O ^~ [^Q~ ## ^=O `y#@~` [ "i ^= q=# ^~}
^~ ~H OKH#@ "~ Ok# ^=O# =O KO_ PQ`~. Wk = = y~Hx
`yOz `^~ ^~ _=_xH î fOk. H#H ^= ~~# `yOK_O ^~ `<xH î
fOk. JkH ~ ^~ K, `Q x~O`~ ~Q^ ^ x~O`~ `#= XH PiH ==
=Oz i}=O H^. ^= =~ ^~# qÒ K~. H#H RBI ^= x
LOK_O ^~ JkH ~ ^~ U~_ K `Q# PQQÒk.
Zxqk =~
1. HOÔ J#iOK ~u xO`}# q=iO=?
[: O ""xH ZO` "Ò |}OQ W<k ~O_ H~}= P^~_ LO@Ok.
JO^ XH\ Jq HiOK _l@. ` = ^=O [= J~` "^@Q ` = |} ~ u ^ ==Òk.
~O_=k HO^ O qkOK K@|^ x J=~O.
Z) K@|^ x x+u
K@|^ x x+u Z"# Hk |} ~u =~O `Q` Ok. K@|^ x x+u J##k
HO^ O Ku =# XH `H ^#O. H OÔ Ô ^=
x `yO Kx H~`# _
Jk K@|^ x x+ux OKÒk. Wk |} =~O# xO`} KOk. nx eÒQ O
_l@ $+ =~= `QÒk.
a) |~OQ =~\ "~ "^g (K~)
O |}q`~} =~= ^ _l\ $+ =~ = _l\ ^~ =~= _ J^
K=K. _l\ ^~ `=O`@ `" O ` = #Q^# [= K @ PH KH=K#.
Hh H OÔ "}[ O _l@# `yO K_xH _l\ ^~# ~ OK x|O^# # $+O K=K.
HOÔ i\# J=Òk. D i\# H#_xH [ "i _l@ #O_ #Q^#
"#H fH=_O Qx, HOÔ ~ g^ K# *s K _O K~ . D =~O "Ò _l@
J~GO _ "\i 197

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`yOK|_ #Q^ HO^ O =Oz O} HO_ LO@Ok. _l@ `~Q^ |} =~x

`yO k. J^ qÔQ HOÔ ^= ~ ~ # OK=##H#K Jk [ #O_ i\# Hx
H#Q ^~ `~# K "_O ^~ KeO K@@ KOk. [ D ^=O# O
[= K~. O _l\ iy `^~ O |} =~O =i _l@ $+ =~O
J<H~ @ ~QÒk. HOÔ ^~ ^= ~~ # xOuOK < }=# OuH + '|~OQ
=~\ "^g JO\~. WH_ |~OQ =~\ J##k |~OQ =~\ HOÔ i\
J=HO =i H#Q J< H~H# zOk.
) O ~@
"~ O ^=O J=~"#_ "}[ O #O_ Jq |}# `KO\~.
"}[ O ^=O J=~" #_ Jq H OÔ #O_ |}O `K HO\~. H OÔ g\
=_x = KOk. D qÔQ = K# =_ ~@# O i+ O ~@ Jx ~.
H#H O ~@ J##k P=HOQ "}[OHK |} H OÔ O^ =_~@ J=Òk.
W_ "}[O HOÔ |}xK =i "}[ O [ |}xz#@~`
Jq "}[ O = K =_~@.
HOÔ "~ "}[ O `= |}e"##@~` Jk "}[O #O_
= K =_ ~ @# J#Q O ~ @# OKÒk. (HOÔ [ |}e=~x Q~O KHO_).
Wk "}[ O "i |} =_~@# OKH<@@ Xu_x HQ *Ok. |}O f< "iH
WC_ Z= =_x KeOK= LO@Ok. Wk "i |}O Y~# OK_O ^~ "~ `= ^~O
fH<@@ KOk. Wk "}[ O |}# `yOk. ~=#OQ Wk ^= `yOk.
W^ =ki, HOÔ O ~ @# `yO z#@~` "}[ O _ =_ ~@# `y~. J_
|} iy ^= _ ~QÒk.
198 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
31
}oH J=H`
(Need for Planning in India)
31.1 iKO
g~ WO`=~ J~O LyOK qq^ =#, PiH q+} ^`, ^< "\
PK~} "^# JO U == QiOz qOKO_ J^ #O K<~. D JÔ ~` PiH
== QiOz, PiH=$k P=H` QiOz, PiHa=$k, "QOQ kOK_xH J#i# q^< QiOz
Ò\~.
31.2 H
D ~O=x , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO
Ò`^= =O ~` PiH == ^~u.
PiHa=$k P=H`
PiHa=$k H=<
PiH }oH J~q=~}
~`Ôx }oH H
31.3 =^<
XH =~
1. PiH =$k
[: n~HO@ x[ì PÔ ~Q^# PiH=$k JO\~.
2. PiHa=$k
[: PiHa=$k, PiH=$k H< q$`"Ok. Wk == ~Q^` @, P^ J=#`
`Q^, îH x~# _ zOk.
3. ~` }oH ^
[: ~` }oH ^# ^ PiH=$k, P^ J=#` x~#, =O|#,
P^hH~}, x~^Q x~#, =# Ofa=$k.
J~GO _ "\i 199

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<Q =~
1. PiH =$kH PiHa=$kH `_# q=iOKO_.
[: Ò`^ = =O i` J=Q# K # =@ =#^xH Uk J=~" #~K#
Ke. Ô [ P^ ~x r=# =} ~x îH x~## K@ =# P=H`
LOk. PiHa=$k K@_O ^~ g\x kOK=K#. n~ H O@ x[` i P^ O
~Q^# PiH=$k JO\~. x[ PÔ J#Q = = ~O LO_ PÔ Jx J~=. "Ò
P^x "Ò [<` yOKQ =O k, ì PÔ H|\ n~HO@ == ~O
QKiOK ì PÔ ~Q^# PiH =$k JO\~.
PiHa=$k, PiH=$k H< q$`"Ok. Wk == ~Q^` @, P^ J=#`
`Q^, îH x~# _ zOk. ~` ~[ x~` Ô PiHa=$k KO^x PtOK~.
nxx kOK_xH ^*fù x~O`~OQ ~Q_O` @ [ #O_ J# O^# ~"e.
PiH == =~ t ~QO>, Lù ~Qe. Ôx =#~ qxQO iy` Lù ~QÒk.
O`, O` iH~, =y `~ K_xH qH H J=~O. O`#, iH~#
=^# @|_ JO\~. W@=O\ @|_ PiH == J=~O.
Ô =ù ~Q^ ^ [< ~Q^ ~@ H< JkHOQ L#_ ì P^
~ ~QÒk. [ r=# =} ~ ~QÒk. ^xH, ^ =~ =^ =Ò _
`Q ` Ok. J=#` =`~. XHi PiHa=$k "^~` W`~ Ja+} =~ "@O`@"
K@ K O\~. OHuHa=$k [~QÒk. L`^H` ~QÒk. iqHOQ HH ` =O k.
XH" L`^H` =~, OHuH Qu @} =`" iq` =~` ^xx PiHa=$k
J#=.
D qÔQ PiHa=$k ì P^ ~Q^# P^ J=#` `Q^# "~Q#
r=# i`# zOk. Ô aOK qq^ == `, <}`# |\ r=# =}O
q`==Òk. D qÔ Q `Qh\ H~, JH~ ` ~Q^, ` H~, ~_ ^
"^~#q Jh PiHa=$k ^~ q`" [ "~Q# r=# q^<x He~.
2. }oH P=H`# q=iO=.
[: Ò`^= =O ~`Ô PiHa=$k K J=~O Jx QiOK=. Ô
PiHa=$k` @ P^ J=#` `yO, r=# =} ~Q^ _ J=~". "~
q^< =~\ _=O_, x~~~. =~=#O =Oz_=O_ Q ===Ò
Lù K|_`~. Ô ^xH =~ =Ò H#Q =~t Lù K|_Òk. Hh, J=<
H~ H# =Ò [~Q^. g\ Ja=$kH s @|_ J=~O. g\ u "O@< ~=.
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n~HO _Òk. uO_ `=Q LO@Ok. H|\ "Ò PiH H~H Kg =~\
=ke" "Ò Lù iy PiH =$k [~QÒk. Hh, PiHa=$k =Ò [~Q^.
PiHa=$k H *=Q ~OO H=_xH "^@ ` *HO Ò K J=~O.
Ò `# x|O^# ^~ Ôx =#~# =^ `~Qu, |_Q =~ [ J=~ `y# =
= LùH `~eOK=K#. J=< H~ _ Ò @|_ @=K#. J=#`
x~eOK=K#. H|\ Jx # K =~\ =ke"_O =zÒ H^. H~ }
=# Ò PiHa=$k kOK_xH PiH }oH ^#OQ Z#H=_O [iyOk. }oH |^"#
H$+ ^~ ^= =#~ Q=#j`, H\~O, qxQO Ja+}OQ#, J`kH Ò
[ P"^QOQ#, ^HOQ# LO@Ok.
Zxqk =~
1. Ò` =O ~` PiH == f~`# q=iOKO_.
1) =H îHO
[: ~` Ò`^= =O (1950-51) ~fx ì PÔ, J\ ^~ H~O
O=`~xH ~.238. J#Q ~AH ì PÔ 65 =`". (~.238/365) WO`H< Z=
PÔ, `= PÔ O^`# "~ _ L<~. Hh, `= PÔ O^`# "i Ò
Z=Q LO_, =H îHO` rqOK"~.
2) P~Q ^ H~`
Ô H= i` Z=Q LO_q. t =~} ~@ JkHOQ LO_k. JO@"^
OQ LO_q.
3) [< ~Q^ ~@
[#< ~@ JkHOQ LO_, [< ~Q^ "QOQ LO_k.
4) `= JH~`
Ô JH~` `=. x~H~` Z=. 1951 Ô JH~ 16.7 Ò =`".

5) J iqHa=$k
^= 50 Ò Q =ù == ~OQ" =~ LO_k. Ô 70 Ò [
==~OQO< x @ Hey LO_"~. iqHa=$k =Ò JOQ#, <==ÒQ#
LO_k.
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6) ~`# Lù ^`
Ô Jx ~OQ Lù ^` K "#H|_ O^|ÔQ LO_q. JO^K`
L`^H` JOQ LO_k.
7) p# PK~ O^
Ô [ p# PK~ O^` H@k@OQ, #`#Ò @ q=Y`` LO_"~.
ukH =[O qlO|_, =$` "s Q=#j` P@OHOQ LO_k. [ P~
J"@ O^ Ô Q LO_q. #`# =~# U=yOK< =#Ò` LO_"~. D H~}h
=[O îHxH ^^HiQ#, Ja=$kH P@OHQ# LO_q.
8) ^ q[#, OH, PiH =
^ q[# eÒQ J<H OH, PiH = ``~. P~O +OQ O_ O`
Hx H< K~_ O =# ~` P~ = U~_Ok. W^qÔ Q [#= O_ O` (|OQ^)
H< H, [#<~ i= ~`xH =z<~. ^ q[# eÒQ ~=~ _
z<a<=~<~. ~}~ =, #~" HO^ U~@ = `Z`~. D qÔQ ^
q[# J<H [\ = îfOk.
9) `= ì PÔ
W`~ ^` e K#_, ~`^ PiHi` x~[#HOQ LO_q. J"iH ì
PÔ` e K#_ ~` ì PÔ 1/30 =O`H< ` =. ~` [ ì PÔ,
r=#=}O, W`~^# [<, WOQO_, <, [~h, Pe, #lO_ H< K `=.
10) Ò`#O`~ iu
~`Ô ÒÒ Ok# `~"` [ P" iQ~. a\+ x PiH ==
û ~^=_O` ~` [ ^h u =i, îHO `y, r=# =} ~Q Q=x TOK_O
[iyOk. nxHO ^ *fù ^ [< ~Q^H< JkHOQ LO_=# J=~"~_Ok.
Zxqk =~
1. ~` PiH }oH ^# q=iOKO_.
[: Ò OK=~ }oH K@ _ O ` ~ PiHa=$k kOK_xH, Kg"~Ox |#`
JkQq OK_xH, J=~" # xO`}# K@ _ xH Jx `<O. Ò`^= HO =#Ô
Z^~# = JkQqOK_xH _ }oH K@|_<~. Hx n~H ^ kOK_xH
_ }oH ~OkOK|_<~.
~` }oH H# D HOk q^=Q ~#=K#.
Z) `~ PiH=$k kOK@O
~`^ ì PÔ `=. JO^=# Ô Lù ~Q^, [< ~Q^ ~@
202 J~GO _ "\i

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H< JkHOQ LO_e. ~ 20 OII~ x[ ì PÔ ~O_O` LO_@@ =$k ~@

LO_x qOz<~.
a) PiH J=#` `yOK@
~` PiH == [ P^ `=. P^ O} J=#` Z=. ~A ~AH
^#=O` =s ^#=O`Q =~` LO>, ^"~ Hh J=~ _ f~Hx n#u
x~^Q =~`<~. JO^=# =# OK=~ }oH ^ P^ Ja=$kH f=OQ H$+
K<~. H#H <_ =# }oH ^ # ^ O ''=#`` _# =$k Jx K=K#.
) =O|#
=# OK=~ }oH =~ =Y ^ O =O|#. =# Ô x Yx*, =#~, =_~
q^ ZQ=u KO_ "\x Ô< kxQ ~z H=# ==^# =#"
OQ ` ~ K H=_x =O|# JO\~. nx =# =#Ô iqHa= $k
^==Òk. q^j kQ=` `Q`~. q^j =~H^=O P^ J=Òk.
_) =# Of Ja=$k
=# }oH H =~H\ =# Of Ja=$k kOK@O. Ô Hx O`
iqHOQ Ja=$k KOk LO> =iHx O` "#H|_ L<~. L^~} =~+. Q[~`
~ Ja=$k KOk LO_Q, H< L# =^^, Xi ~ "#H|_ L<~. "#H|_#
O` iqHa=$kH H=# J=< H~ Ja=$k K_O K J=~O. nxHO
}oH |^"# H$+ K\e.
W) P^hH~}
<`# O^ PiH ==# P^hH~} K_O =# }oH H XH\. #`#
i= x~}O, #`# Lù ^` " @_O PiH =$kH J=~" # O x~} "^~#
H~H= Ò K@= LOk. q^j i= \H `@H< qÔQ Ôx i=#
P^hH~} K=# ^` `xH LOk. D P^hH~} [ P~ J"@#, PK<
q^## _ =~ f=z `~ PiHa=$kH J# i` HeOk.
Z) x~^Q x~#
PiH =$k L^Q H# ^^_Ò^x }oH x~` qOz<~. PiH =$k P^
~Q^` @ x~^Q =` L^Q J=H OKÒ^x, `^~ x~^Q x~#
^_Ò^x TOz<~.
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32
OK=~ }oH - kOz# Ja=$k
(Achievements of Planning in India)
32.1 iKO
~`Ô OK=~ }oH ^~ }oH H kOK|_`<~. D JÔ
g~ =# }oH kOz# q[ Ò\~. nx` @ ì PÔ ~Q^,
==a=$k "^~# H` q+ _ <~O\~. =# }oH U U q+
J[ Z^~#= =zO^ ^x "#H L# H~} Uq\ Ò\~.
32.2 H
D ~OOx , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
[ ì PÔ ` ^~` =i xH_Q L# ^~` e K__O.
~` PiH == kOz# PiH=$k JOK< "@O.
== ~OQO#, iqH ~OQO#, OHuH Qu#, =# }oH kOz#
Ja=$k QiOK_O.
PiH=$k =O^H_Q LO_\xH H~}.
=# }oH OQ kOz# q[ gH.
32.3 =^<
XH =~
1. OK=~ }oH H=?
[: ~` PiH }oH HO S^ O=`~Q ~OkOK~.
2. }oH q~=O L# O=`~?
[: 1966 - 69 O=`~ =^ "iH }oH# J= [i~. "iH }oH Hx }oH
q~=O JO\~.
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3. "^\ }oH HO?

[: P~ ^< Lù OK_O, ~O_= OK Ô = Z^~# J=` i`# =`
uH f~=_O.
4. ~O_= }oH HO?
[: =eH =i s i= ^#` x, iqHH~}# "Q=OÒ K_O.
5. =_= }oH HO?
[: P~ ^~ q+O =O|#, O =$k kOK_O, L^Q J=H# Q}hOQ
OK_O .
6. <Q= }oH HO?
[: PiH, ~Ò, P~ ^~ q+O =O|#, "#H |_# =~ "iH Lk HeOK_O
^~ OH, PiH <x HeOK_O =i Of =#`x kOK_O.
7. S^= }oH HO?
[: îHx `yOK_O, L^Q=H# q$` ~K_O, PiH =lH J=#`# `yO K_O,
ZQ=` q~}, kQ=` `= == Lùx ÒK_O.
8. P~= }oH HO?
[: x~^y`# `yOK_O , L^y`# OK_O , ^"i r=# =}# OK_O , =eH J=~#
HeOK_O. P^xH O^ =^ =Ò `yOK_O, PiH, OHuH ~OQ =O|#
kOK_O .
9. U_= }oH HO?
[: =~x, Lùx OK_O, îHx, x~^y`#, Of J=#`# `yOK_O.
10. Zxq^= }oH HO?
[: O~ L^y` kOK_xH J=~"# L^Q J=H# HeOK_O, =#= =#~ Ja=$kH
H$+ K_O.
11. `q^= }oH HO?
[: =lH <O, =#Ò kOK_xH PiH =$k.
J~GO _ "\i 205

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12. ^= =~ }oH HO?

[: =#Ò, OH <O, =#= =#~ <}O O^.
13. ^HO_= }oH HO?
[: gH$` PiHa=$k.
Ò`xH ~" }oH O|OkOz# ` [iQ~.
u }oH ^^ XH\ ^ JO` HO> Z= H ^#`x JO^ i_
=x U~@ KOk.
~O_ =~
1. PiH }oH J#Q<q?
[: =O^Q Ò x~~Oz# PiH H# XH ^#` H=O, XH =O H~O XH
xs` H ==k kOK_xH ~H# K# ^H" PiH }oH. W@=O\ }oH ^~
PiHa=$kH H$+ K PiH ==# }oH|^"# PiH == JO\~. D<_ ^^Q Jh
^ U^ XH ~O }oH q^<x J= K<~.
2. }oH OO
[: ~` Ò 1950 =i }oH Ox U~@ KOk. }oH OxH ^#=Ou
J^ Q LO\~. D OO ÒÒQ xK HO^ `xH ^~Q ==iOk.
^xH =Y H~ x~}kHiQ L^_O\_. ` }oH O L^_Q =O>H
OQ J" e ==i< ~. ^#`# |\ ~+ ` `= }oH# ~Ok~.
g\x ukHQ KHx *f ^#`, =#~ `# |\ }oH OO Ô
"`xH O|OkOz# OK=~ }oH# ~OkOOk.
<Q =~
1. ~` }oH ^~} Hq?
[: ~`Ô OK=~ }oH ^~ HOk H# kOKx x~~OK~. g\ Hx
^~} H, n~H H L<~.
1. Lù OK_O ^~ JkH =$k ~@ kOK_O
2. P^ O^ =^ J=#è `yOK_O.
3. îHx `yOK_O
4. O~ L^y`# kOK_O.
206 J~GO _ "\i

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5. Of =#`x kOK_O.
6. O =$k, O +HÒ kOK_O.
2. 11= OK=~ }oH H# q=iO=.
[: *fa=$k =O_e ijeOz `~ K# }oH ux }oH OO [#=i 2006
" \Ok. }oH OO ''"Q=O`" # qo` =$k ^# HOQ 11 = }oH JOu= ux
`~ KOk. 2006 [iy# }oH OO ="O D ux *fa=$k =O_e P"Ô
HO Ox UHw=OQ x~zOz#k.
*fa=$k =O_e 9 _O|~ 2006 [iy# `# ="O JOu=OQ 11= }oH#
P"kOzOk.
}oH H (Targets of the 11th plan)
(i) =[Ox Jx =~ "iH [< qiOK_O HO qo` =$kx kOK< Hx
=O^Q ZOK<~.
(ii) ^j Lù 9 Ò =$k =O_e.
(iii) == ~OQO 4 Ò =$k kOKx x~~OK~.
(iv) q^=O` x~^y`# 5 Ò =O_x x~~OK~.
(v) uH J=# H~ JO^@H ~"x, J^ qÔQ q^ P~Q = JOîH
JO^@H ~"e.
(vi) 2009 <\H JOîH q^` H JO^@H f ~"x x~~OK~.
(vii) 2009 <\H JOîH K"g # =Ozh~ JOkOKx x~~OK~.
(viii) 70 qe# #`# L^Q J=H# HxOKe.
(ix) D }oH JO`xH îHx 15 Ò HO> `=Q LO_@@Q K_@O.
(x) iqH =$k ~@ O=`~xH 10 Ò LO_@@ K_@O
(xi) t =~} ~@ u 1000 [#< 28 ~H `yO Ke. J^ qÔ Q u =~} ~@ XH
`xH qOKO_ K_e.
(xii) "Ò O`# ~@ 2.1 Ò LO_@@Q K_e.
(xiii) 2007 <\H Ô Jh Q= >e< =# U~@ Ke.
(xiv) , ~+ x+u ^"#O` `~Q "~Q ~Ke.
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Zxqk =~
1. }oH kOz# q[# q=iOKO_.
[: 1. PiH =$k
PiH= $k J#Q x[ ì P^ ~Q^ Jx J~O. =# }oH ^ XH =Y^ O
PiH =$k. D PiH =$k ^ [ P^ ~ OK_O` @ OKO Ja=$k KOk# ^
=~ =# ^x x@_xH ^^_Òk.
2. P^ J=#` `yOK@
P^ J=#` `yOK@O OK=~ }oH H$+ O`$H~OQ ^. P^ O}H
O|OkOz# =K~O iqÒQ aOz#\H, }oH e` ^=~ [ O~OQ
JO^_O ^. r=# =} q+O ^xH, ^ =~ =^ =Ò <<\H iyÒk. ^x
q == HO ZQÒ>, ^ J# = HO J=\<~. D P^ J=#`
H=_xH =_ H=< L<~.
3. == Lù ~Q^
~O ~`Ô q^ #O_ P~ == kQ=u KO@ LO_k. Hh }oH
K\#\ #O_ ~`^" ''xH~ P~ ^< ZQ=u ^~Q L#k.
4. iqH L`` ~Q^
}oH eÒQ Ô iqH L`` iy<~. QÒ ~`Ô q^ #O_
H , H~, @, ~ WO[#, ^ =O\q kQ=u KHO@ LO_k. Ò =# H=#
iqH == =#" Lù KHQQK<=. Hx iqH == =#" q^
ZQ=u K<=. 1950 - 51 =i 1995 - 96 O=`~ =^ L Lù 21 ~@ q^`KgH
Lù 76 ~@, JqxO Lù 125 ~@, H Lù 100 ~@, H~ Lù 40 ~@ iy<~.
D qÔQ }oH HO =# iqH ~OQO Q}hOQ iyOk.
5. J^<`# OHuH Qu
OHuH ~OQO _ =#Ô ^ ^ J_Q " =O^ "oOk. LQ xiOK Q
| Hk ^ ~` XH\. J}H Lù KQ H =~ =# ^xH L<~. ^~H}
=y, HO@~, W`~ J^<`# OHuH iH~ `~K_O =#Ô XH "\ ÔQ
~Ok#k. OK=~ }oH ^~ kOz# == Ja=$k, iqHa=$k, qâ=$k D
u P^~O.
208 J~GO _ "\i

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6. J^<`# PiH ==
=# }oH ^~ OHuH ~OQ" HO_ PiH == _ J^<`#O OìOKOk.
Q= Q= O qiOz<~. [ PK#, ^$H^, OHuH i*#O =i<~.
OH H@@ H=H=OQ ~mH$`==K<~. q^ " ~QÒk. Q` \O
_ H=H=OQ _`<~. D =~xO\H =# }oH |^"# Ja=$^ P^~=.
7. PiH == ~`=Ma=$k
=# OK=~ }oH kOz# Ja=$k |=Y"# k. Ô iqHOQ#, OHuHOQ#,
O~OQ# Ja=$k KOk#k. == ~OQO H= i` x"iOK QeyOk. 1950 -51
Ô O, c= O "\ *f PÔ 1 Ò LO_Q }oH K\#\ #O_
g\ "\ 7 `xH iyOk. D qÔQ ~` |=Ma=$kH }oH =O Kx
K=K.
2. }oH - J[ q=iOKO_.
[: ~` PiH == }oH ^~ ZO`=~ Ja=$k KOkO^ Q` ~O `<=. Hh
D Ja=$k i^. x~~Oz# ^# |\ K, =# }oH q=x K=K.
}oH KqK# Hx J[# ije^=.
1. `~ PiHa=$k Ô <~"~^.
=# }oH `~ PiHa=$k kOKx x~~OK~. [ r=# =} OKx
x~~OK~. iqHOQ Ja=$k KOk# Hx ^` =#~ Ja=$k O^< Hx
x~~OK<~. ^ *fÔ ~Q^ ~@ 8 H 10 Ò x~~OK~. Hx kOzOk 4
Ò =`". Ô [< b< 2 Ò KC# ~Q_O =# ì PÔ ~Q^ _
PtOz#O`Q ^.
2. PiH J=#` HO <~"~^
Ô Q` 45 O=`~= #O_ }oH|ÔQ H$+ [~Q`#\H îHO, P^
J=#` XH "Q qye<~. 1993 - 94 H H~O <\H 36 Ò [ îH w`
J_QQO x=t<~. =#= Ja=$k zH H~O 1994 OKO 175 ^ ~`
#O 138. nxx |\ =# }oH PtOz#O` Ja=$kx kOKH x K=K#.
3. =O|# HO <~"~^
=#Ô OK=~ }oH ^~ =O|# K~H"e J< HO <~"~^. Ò =#O
J~GO _ "\i 209

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=#H H=# P~ == =Ò O_OKHQK<=. =#^ iqHa=$k WOH q^j

|}O < P^~_ L#k. =_` @ q^j |}O ~O K Z=Q LO@Ok. H|\
=#Ô kQ=uH J=~"# q^j =^#O OKO@, q^j |}# f~ =O|# uH
K~H=_O g q+` ^_ q+O H^.
4. J L^y`
=# OK=~ }oH x~^Q =` L^Q=H= HeOK H~<~. 1992 <\H
Ô 2 H@ =Ok x~^Q<~. K=Ok [ KbKx PÔ` <==` L^Q
K<~. g~ fs L#` L^QO HO Z^~K J=H HO P~@_`<~. Ô
x~@OQ ~Q`# [<=$k, JyH P[O #@, x~^y`# =iO` L^$` ~K#k.
[< iy#O`Q L^Q=H $+O|_@O ^ . e ÒQ, x~^y`, J P^ ~H `=
= =# PiH ==# \_<~.
5. =# Ofa=$k kOK|_^
=# }oH Ô qq^ ~ =^, qq^ O` =^ =#` kOKH ~<~.
}oH e ` Z=Q @} O` [ J#q < ~. Qg} O` x~^~} QiJ~<~.
Q= a# "Ô, P~QO, =K~O, q^, O "^# ^, @}` e
K#C_ K `= Jx K=K#.
nxx |\ =# }oH kOK Qey#O` Ja=$kx kOKH ~<x K=K#. PiH
=$k "Qx OAH^. P^ J=#`, îHO `Q^ . [ "~Q# r=# q^#O aOK@
^ . q^j |} O HO <\H Z^~K< =. x~^y` x~eOK|_^ . Of J=#`
=^. nxx |\ =# OK=~ }oH q[ H<, J[ Z=Q Hx<~.
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33
#`# PiH O~} - }oH `
(New Economic Reforms and the Role of Planning)
33.1 iKO
~` PiH == Ki` 1991 O=`~O =~~x @O. P O=`~O PiH == QÒ
Z#_ x qÔQ PiH OHO ~~Ok. D OHO =# =# OK=~ }oH LxH
~H"Ok. WO`=~ Ò J#iOz# q^< =~ f~=# J=~O U~_Ok.
eÒQ ~` PiH == qk q^< #`# ^~} K@ K<~. D #`# ^~} #`#
O~} ~O "QH =z<~. D JÔ =#O "\x ije^=.
33.2 H
D ~O=x , =^< J^#O K# `~"` g~ `H# =MO.
1991 PiH OHxH =Y H~} ij#
PiH q^< =z# s =~
1991 O~} ~ "
#`# PiH O~} <Ô q+` }oH `.
33.3 =^<
XH =~
1. 1991 PiH OHO
[: 1991 OHxH =H~}O ZQ=` H< kQ=` Z=Q LO_@, Qg Ô , ~[H
J~Ò, ~# W`~ S~ ^# PiH q^< =~.
2. q^j =~H ^= OHO
[: q^j =~H ^= OHxH H~}O Ô x ^"g} i`, iqH L`` OK_xH,
iqHH~} "Q=OÒ K_xH Ò xO`}# `yOzOk. Ò `# `#
`yOKH#k. q^j =~H ^= POH Zu"Ok. H q^#O H\OzOk.
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~O_ =~
1. 1991 PiH OHO# q=iO=..
=.
[: WO_ 1991 ~OO f="# q^j =~H ^= H~` Z^~Ok. q^j =~H^"xH
_=O_ iy H~` U~_Ok. "\ =i W~H ^ =^ 1991 [iy# Ô eÒQ
\ L`` H~` U~_Ok. \ ^~ iy<~. D =~O ^~ =K q^j =~H
^"xH J_O U~_<~. D ~O_ ^ xK ~f `= P^x ~f
^=O =~H=_xH J#=u W=|_^ . JO`HO_ J<H =Ok " ~f Ô
H~}OQ ^xH uiy =K~.
~`Ô ~[H ~` ^. HOÔ "<i\ Ò #_Ok. q^j @|_ ^~
`= @|_# LO iOKH=_O "^ \~. eÒQ q^j =~H^=O H~` =iO`
f= =Q =iOk.
2. iqH q^#O O~}.
[: i) i= < q^#O ~^
ii) q^j OHuH i*#O kQ=u

iii) q^j @|_
iv) ^ i= xO`} _eO

v) ` i= "@ ~OQxH JyOK@
3. q^j =~H^= q^#O O~}# q=iO=..
[: i) kQ=u OH q#~O
ii) kQ=u < ~mH~}
iii) q^j =~H^=O POH Zu"`
4. H q^#O O~}# q=iO=.
[: Hq^#O _ Ò J<H =~ f=zOk.
i) ZH~* OH `yOK@
ii) `H # ~@ `yOK@
iii) ` =O `yOK@
iv) ` =^# P qHO

212 J~GO _ "\i

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<Q =~
1. 1991 O~} =~h=? KiOKO_?
[: WO_ 1991 ~OO f="# q^j =~H ^= H~` Z^~Ok. JkHiHOQ x~~Oz#
q^j =~H ~@, "=OQ =~\ H#Q`# =~H ~@ =^ K =Ò U~_Ok.
=~\ x~~ O|_# =~H ~@ JkHO Q LO_@" HO_ H=OQ ~Q^ _ QKiOzOk.
eÒQ q^j =~H^"xH _=O_ iy H~` U~_Ok.
"\ =i W~H ^ =^ 1991 [iy# Ô eÒQ \ L`` H~`
U~_Ok. \ ^~ iy<~. D =~O ^~ =K q^j =~H ^"xH J_O U~_<~. D
~ O_ ^ xK ~f `= P^x ~f ^=O =~H=_xH J#=u W=|_^ .
JO`HO_ J<H =Ok " ~f Ô H~}OQ ^xH uiy =K~.
~`Ô ~[H ~` ^. HOÔ "<i\ Ò #_Ok. q^j @|_ ^~
`= @|_# LOiOKH=_O "^ \~. eÒQ q^j =~H^=O H~` =iO` f=
=Q =iOk.
W@=O\ H+ i` Ò g~z`" # x~O fH=# iu U~_Ok. ^ J=~
HO i[~OH `# =^## |OQ~ x q^j =~H ^=O HO `#M \Ok. ~` Ò
JO`~f ^=xk #O_ |} HiOzOk. Ô _ i` =~# H~O@<~.
^j i= q^j \x `@H< qÔQ H =~ #~îOKH=# J=~O =zOk.
q^j ZQ=` WK a_ `xH #~=Q =~~.
H~} =# `= PiH q^< q"`H =~ NH~O K\Ok. iqH
q^< #g#` K@ KOk. q^j=~H ^= xO`} s =~ =z<~. PiH
== `` iq`"Ok.
Zxqk =~
1. 1991 PiH OHxH H~} "O_?
[: }oH ^~ PiH=$k HO` ~Q^ ~@ kOz#\H, D ~Q^ ~@ TOz#
^x H< `=. PiH J=#` Q` HO KCH^y# `Q^ ^. îHO x~@OHOQ
H#Q` =_= =O` [ îH ~Y kQ=QO rq<~. [ r=# q^#O =~
O`$H~OQ ^. iqHa=$k, P^hH~}, OHuH Ja=$k =Ò HO`=~ O`$H~OQ
J~GO _ "\i 213

SmartPrep.in
L<~. D ~OQ WOH Z= Ja=$k kOK J=H H=. Ô OH, PiH J=<
H# =Ò O`$H~OQ L<~.
=
19= ^|O ~OO ~` Z^~# Hx =Y = D HOk qÔQ K=K#.
1. ^"} Xu_
~` PiH == |"# ^"} i` Z^~#= =zOk. x`=~ == ^~
"QOQ iQ~. eÒQ =^ `~Qu [ r=# =O iy, r` iy i= Lù =O
~Q^ îfOk. =#~ ^~ ~Q_O =# iqH =ù = iy<~. ^~
qsÒQ ~Q_O =# ^, q^j "~ O# U~_Ok.
2. ^= =#~ H~`
iqHH~} PiH== ^==#~ H~` U~_Ok. ~"}, =K~ ~OQ _
=#~ H~` U~_Ok. eÒQ iqHa=$k J}Q`H|_Ok.
3. q^j =~H^= H~`
Ju =Y"# H~` q^j=~H^=O XH\. ~` q^ == ZQ=u Kk Hx
kQ=` =Ò Z=Q LO_q. JO^=# kQ=` HO Z= q^j ^=O J=~" #k.
eÒQ H~` U~_Ok.
4. x~^QO
Ô iqHa=$k [~QK#\H L^Q=H =Ò TOz#O`Q ~Q^.
5. OK "~O H}OK@
O K "~O ~`^ "\ H=OQ H}OK_O [iyOk. =# OK=~ }oH ~OO
q^j "~O ~` "\ 2 Ò LO_k. Hx 20 ^|O ~OO <\H D "\ 0.5 `xH
`yOk.
6. W`~ ^ QKiOK =$k ~@
W`~ Ja=$k KO^` L# ^# ^H} Hi, e<, OQHOQ, OQ~, =+,
WO_<+, K< ^ PiH =$k, iqHa=$k Q}hOQ [iyOk.
214 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
= =H~}# q^<
` ~` P~H = =H~} QÒ J#iOz# q^< Jx K=K#. "\x
D HO^ OQ q=iOK_"#k.
1. # q^<
# q^#O ^~ Ò qq^ i= Ja=$kx, "x x~kOK_O [iyOk.
2. Hx i= ` Pn#O LO_@
J<H HH s i= #, Ja=$k, Ò `# K` LOKOk. L^~} q^KgH
Lù, ~"}, =K~O, Q#, s O` x~}O "^#q.
3. q^j OHuH q*#O POH
q^j OHuH q*#O kQ=u Ò J<H POH qkOzOk. ` J#=u O_ U
i= q^j i*#O kQ=u KH~^x x= x|O^## qkOzOk.
4. q^j @|_ POH
~f i= q^j @|_ ^~ J<H POH qkOK_O [iyOk. "~ "Ò =^#O
~f i= 25 Ò qOz @|_ @_^x POH qkOzOk. ~` ~~H q^j
=~H^=O` =~ q= x~~OzOk. g\x JkHiH qx= ~ @ JO\~. q^j =~H^=O
H< "\# _=O_ Z= LOk. eÒQ q^j =~H^=O# pH\ |*~ "~
~O"<~. JkHiH =~H ~@, H =~\ =~H ~@ =Ò U~_Ok. eÒQ
q^j=~H ^= OHO ùOk.
5. q^j \ #O_ ~H}
q^j == JkHOQ kQ=u OH qkOK_O ^~ ^j i= Ò ~H}
HeOzOk. eÒQ, ~` i= `= L`^H =~x Hh, q^j \ `@< Hx Hh, =$k
KH#^. JO^=# ^j i= `= ==# ZQ=u KH#_xH Ò #O_ J<H
~ a_# J_Q`<~.
2. 1991 K\# =Y =~ è*O_?
[: Z. iqH q^#O =~
i) i= < q^#O ~^
"`=~}xH =î`"# Hx i= q# qye# Jx i= < q^#O
J~GO _ "\i 215

SmartPrep.in
~^ K
|_#k. nx =# Ô JO`~` \ iyOk e ÒQ i= q~ } , =~ ~Q`x
qOK|_#k.
ii) q^j OHuH i*#O kQ=u
Ôx i= q^jOHuH i*#O kQ=u KH< Kg HeOK|_Ok. nx =#
J``= OHuH Qu q^ #O_ aO^x qOK|_#k.
iii) q^j @|_. "Ò @|_ 51 Ò "\ q^j @|_ ^~ J#=uOK_O
[iyOk.
iv) ^ i= xO`} _eO
v) ` i= "@ ~OQxH JyOK@
a. q^j "~O - q^j =~H^= q^#O =~
i) kQ=u OH q#~O
q^ #O_ kQ=u KH< J<H ~H= == OH q#~OK_O [iyOk. ^,
q^j == =^ P~QH~"# \ U~_Ok.
ii) kQ=u < ~mH~}
J<H ~H q^j == kQ=u ## ~mH$Ò K< ~. Z\ POH O_ x|O^#
_e Oz<~.
iii) q^j =~H^=O POH Zu"`
"^@ JkH~HO Q q^j =~H^=O qx= q=# Oz xO`}# Zu" < ~. e ÒQ
|~OQ =~\ q^j =~H^=O O^_O `~O J~#k. nx =# q^j =~H ^=O
_=O_,
=^ =Ò U~_Ok. kQ=` `y, q^j =~H ^=O x Q iy<~.
. H q^#O =~
Hq^#O _ Ò J<H =~ f=zOk.
i) ZH~* OH `yOK@
J<H ~H == Lù OH `yOK_O [iyOk. eÒQ i= `= =~x
OKH=_xH q^j ==` \ __xH g HeyOk.
ii) `H # ~@ `yOK@
# KeO H=|Ô K_xH `H # ~@ `yOK_O [iy#k. # ZQ"`#
x~kOK_xH, # = =K PÔ OKH=_xH Wk XH =Oz =~OQ qOz<~.
216 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
iii) ` =O `yOK@
Ò J#=~ =x `yOKH#k. nx =# Ò @|_ =~x OK#k.

iv) ` =^# P qHO
` Ox =^# "\# " @ O ^ "@ = qH~OKx Ò
x~~OzOk. nx ^~ Ò `# = J=~ f~H=K#x qOzOk.
O pH~} ^~ PiHa=$k kOK_xH Ò x~~ OKHOk. q^j kQ=` ÒK@,
q^j @|_ PxOK@ q^j =^#O` ^j i= <H@ ~f L``
JkHQO q^ ZQ=u K@ "^# H~H= NH~O K\Ok.
4.PiH O~} <Ô OK=~ }oH `# q=iOKO_?
ì` Qu# iqHa=$k kOK@, ~` iqHa=$kH P@OHQ xez# Jx
q^<# `yOK_" D O~} =Y PO. eÒQ XH "QO` PiH =$k, iqHa=$k
H#Q`x qOz<~. JO^K`< J\ PiH=Ou D q^<x =~` _# x~O`~O
H#Q #`# q^#OQ ~<~.
Z. ` ^#` `yOK@
PiH == ` ` Q}hOQ `yO K|_ }oH ^ x~
xH =Ò iq`"O k.
P ^# kOK=# ^` "@ ~OQxH JyOK|_Ok.
a. "@ ~OQO K~=
H` PiH q^#O ^ PiH =$kx " @ ~OQxH =ke"O k. "@ ~OQO H` xK O k.
H|\, P H PiH=$kH _ î fO^x qOz<~. Hh D q^#O q+` P^
J=#`# =iO` OKÒk. JC_ Ò P^ J=#` x~eOK_xH Q\ `
K\= LOk.
. Ò H #`# `
îH x~# =##_ #O` ^#` W=|_Ok. }oH ^~ îH x~#
K~ fH#@, [ "~Q# r=# q^#O JOkOK@ ` ^`Q QiOK|_Ok.
JO ij# ^~ ^ PiHa=$k H~H=O }oH ` `yO K|_^ x Q OK=K#.
Wk XH =~ =`". Ò Ò iqH L`` ^$+ @#=~O ^. Hh D
iqHa=$kx P^ J=#` x~# îH x~#, x~^y` x~#, Of
=<a=$kH ^^_@@ K_=#.
J~GO _ "\i 217

SmartPrep.in
34
PO^ ^ PiHa=$k (OH #i=~)
34.1 iKO
L=_ =^ ~+O #Oz 1953 `Q + =\_ O` ` H PO^~+OQ U~_Ok.
~ ^~^ ~+Ox `Q =\_ O`, J\ PO^ ~+O` He 1956 = O=`~O
#=O|~ 1= `n# PO^^ Q J=ìOzOk. [< =i " ~O Q K PO^^
=#Ôx S^= ^ ~+O. 2.75 H K.H.g@~ q~O Hey# D ~+O ^ QO 8.4%
"O Hey LOk. 2011 [< H H~O D ~+ [< 8,46,65,533 H@. "Ò ^ [<
nx "\ 8 Ò.
34.2 H
D ~QO i JiH g~ `H< q+.
~+ ^jù ^~}, ~+ ^jù ~OQ "\, PO^^ ì
P^ ^~} QiOz# q=~}.
PO^^ ==a=$k ^~}
PO^^ qq^ ~OQ OHa=$k ^~}
W\=e HO PO^^ iqHa=$k ^~}
PO^^ ÒK " @|_# OH= ^H
34.3 =^<
XH =~
1. uHO J#Q<q?
[: < xqÒ D ~+O 23 lQ qlO|_#k. Ò PO^ ^ =_ O`
H=. Jq:
1. 9 l Q H PO^ OÒ
2. 10 l Q ÒQ} OÒ
3. 4 l Q ~= OÒ.
218 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
2. ~R ^jùx q=iO=.
[: PO^^ ZH<qH =i \H _~H~\ K` l_ (SGDP) JOK< "|_Òk.
l_ x JOK< "O^ _~H~@ Lù û =i P^ ^`# J=Oa#k.
3. Qh\ H~# ~#O_.
[: =# ~+O "~Q# h\~^ H~ Z< J=H L<~. H$, Q^=i, <,
=O^~ #^` @ 36 z# #^ _ D ~+O QO_ =<~. ZH<qH JO_
\H _~ H ~ \, 2008. JOk# Q}OH q=~ H~O =# ~+O `Qh~ (60%), Qh~
(64252), i= (288), q^^`^#O (28) qe< aH g@~Q #"^~#k.
PO^ ^ Ò 2004 OII '[[O ~` XH Ki``H x~O fOk. nx L^ O
Q^=i =i W`~ #^ h\x iQ LyOz, x~}O L#, H` * ^~
Qh\ H~` L# O` ^#` x=@O. D |$`~ H~H=xH ^"# Jh =~
#O_ x^# =oOKx qOzOk. [[O HO^ 86 *# "Ò g^ ~OaOzOk.
4. S. \. i= H ^#` Uq\?
[: ~+O S.\. i= ~QqOz#O` "QO Q =~ W`~ i= =$k KO^^. D ~Qu 1991
ZHxH _~"O\ P^~O ~` Ò ^~^ "~ >Hr ~#
<H@O` ~O"# k.
5. q^KH / H H x~}O?
[: "Q=O`"# Ja=$k ^# HH"#k H. PO^^ Ò nxx QiOz H ~OQ Ja=$kH
`y# H$+ K#k. D ~OQO H |#`# JkQqOK@ Ò ZWa x
Z\Z<X =i ZlW<U Q qlOz#k.
6. ~_ ~"} ==# QiOz q=iOKO_.
[: Ô< =# ~+ ~_ ~"} == Ju ^k. 80% ==, = ~_ ^~< W`~
O` K~"
|_`<~.
7. " =~O/ " ~"} J#Q<q?
[: =# ~+O P~ q=< H=. Jq -
1. O^, 2. qY@O, 3. ~[=O_, 4. q["_, 5. u~u, 6. @i.
8. h\ ~"} =~O
[: PO. `~# 972 H.g _= f~ ~Y Hey LOk. D ~+O qY@}O [ F_~= Hey
L#k. nxx HO^ Ò x~#k. ~+ ` P^~O ~O_ =^ ~HO ~ , =i
k z# F_~= xK<~.
J~GO _ "\i 219

SmartPrep.in
~O_ =~
1. ~R ^jù
[: ~+ ^j Lù< ~+ PÔQ K=K. XH ~+ QoH i^ XH O=`~
HO Lù H|_# JOu= == q=< ~+ ^j LùQ K=K.
PO^^ ZH<qH =i \H _~H~\ K` l_ (SGDP) JOK< "|_Òk.
l_ x JOK< "O^ _~H~@ Lù û =i P^ ^`# J=Oa#k.
PO^^ PiH == =_ ~OQ H=. Jq
1. ^qH ~OQO : ==O, +}, J_=, Q# =i Hs.
2. iqH ~OQO : i=, Q, Qh~, x~}O.
3. = ~OQO : "~O, @, ~"}, H=xH+<, i Z\ ^~} #. OH
=.
2. ì PÔ
*f PÔx ~Q^ ^~ PiH =$kx H==K. Hx D H=#O *<=$kx
iQ}#H fH^. H#H PiH=$kx H=\xH ì PÔ XH =Y"# H|^Q
=iOk. ZO^=#O> Wk [< # _ HH fO@Ok. ~+ P^x ~+ [<`
y ~+ ì PÔ =Ok.
3. P~QO
[: q^, ~H` =Ozh\ , i"# i~, H+ ~` "`=~}O ^~ =Oz
P~QO Ô. PO^^ Ò D kQ Z< ` K#\H, WOH Hx ~
_` Q=<~. O K P~Q O H 'JOîH P~QO J# Hx K~<O^ PO.
Ò D kQ= ^H# J= ~#k. Jq :
1) *f u ^H O (Natioanal maternity benefit Programme)
2) =Q Ja=$k ^HO (I C D P)
3) = +H~ ^H O (Supplementary Nutrition Programme for women)
4) eH =$k }oH (Balika Samrudhi Yojana)
5) H= eH =~# Ja=$k ^HO (Special development Programme for
adolescent girls)
6) ` O~H} ^H O (Janani Surakhsha Yojana)
220 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
4. [<
[: 1961 - 2001 =^ HO PO^^ [< ~\O J~#k. 2001 [< H H~O Jk
7.62 H@, 2011 [< H H~O 8.46 H@ KiOk. ~` ^ [< D ~+O "\
8%, =i PO^^ JkH [< Q ~ S^=k. PO. [< H q=~ kQ=
O^ ~K|_~.
5. OH = H~H=
[: PO^ ^ Ò J<H OH = H~H= K\ O k. Wq |# =~ J#uH L^t OK|_#q.
^ [ r=# =} ~x "~Q~K@O g\ =Y LÔ. == iqH ~OQ
[ Lkx He#\H =#"a=$k ^$ OH ~OQ ^#` W=|_Ok. U
Ô PiHa=$k `<< =#"a=$k =Y zHQ =iOk. =lH ~OQ# q^, P~QO,
+H~O, ~H` =Ozh\ , Q$ =u, =lH ^` "II#q. "~Q _# C_ =#"a=$k
^_Ò^<k xi"ÔO. JO^H PO.. Ò =#= OH=x OOkOK qq^
H~H=# J= K#k.
<Q =~
1. PO^^ Z.l._.. ^~} q=iO=.
[: 2000-01 #O_ 2007-08 =^ HO PO^^ H l_ XH\#~ ~@ ~QQ,
~`Ô "Ò g^ J^ qÔQ iyOk. HQ Ô "Ò g^ l_ =$k~@ J^
HO ~\O J~#k.
J^qÔQ qq^ ~OQ "\ ije HOk JO Q=xO=K.
1. 1960-61 PO^^ l_ ^qH ~OQO "\ 63%. HQ Jk 2002-03 <\H
28.5% H `y#k.
2. 1960-61 PO^^ l_ "~OQ "\ 25% HQ Jk 2002-03 <\H 50.2%H
iy#k.
3. D =~ ~+O H PiHa=$k x z<~.
2000-01 =i 2007-08 =^ HO PO^ ^ =i ~`^ O H ì PÔ
~Q^ XH qÔQ L#@ \H ^~ Òk. HQ ~`Ô H =$k~@ =Ò W^
HO U_~@ iyOk.
J~GO _ "\i 221

SmartPrep.in
PO^^ Of J=#` |OQ L<~. D J=#` O` =i

OH=~ =^ L<~.
PO^^ qq^ ~OQ Ja=$k q+O Of =` f=OQ L<~. WiQ+<,
^ i=, = ~OQO q+O D =` +OQ `~.
1999 - 2000 OII ~ ^~ PO. ì PÔ ~II 19840. ì PÔ P^~OQ
l "s Q}OH =K~O H~O qY@O ^= #O, ^~^ kf #O#, t=
Q^=i `$f #O# H=.
Of =`# ije, H PO^, =i ÒQ}` e ~= OÒ
"#H|_ L#k.
2. PO^^ PiH ~OQO =lH ~OQO `# q=iO=.
[: OHa=$kH, PiHa=$kH Jq<= O|OÔ H^. q^, P~QO, P~QH~"# `Qh~
Q$ =`# He OH ~OQOQ ==i~. D ph `HOQ Hx ~HOQ Hx
=#"a=$k x uaOa~. H=# O H ~OQ Ja=$k J#Q =#=*u Ja=$^. =#"a=$kH
H=# uH =#~ PiHa=$k K HeOK|_`~. PiHa=$k ^ JO^H=@O
J<k P^ O} J=#`# zOk. OH =#"a=$k kOKO>, PiH,
OH ~OQ UHHO Ja=$k `x i.
1960-61 =i 2007-08 =^ l_ OH ~OQO "\ 25.2% #O_ 51.3% H
iyOk. 2008-09 D ~OQO "iH =$k~@ 10.06% Q #"^~#k. W\=e HO S.\.
~OQO, >Hr, OHOQ, W#~< ~OQ OqOz# s q~}, ~+ ` ~mH~} q^<
D J`kH =$k ~@ H~}.
q^ (Education)
~`^ q +` `~Q u Qk ~k^ O@Ok J<~ =Y q^"` H~i. JO> =#"a=$k
qâ=$k ZO`Q< P^~_ LOk. D kQ= \H PO^^ qq^ [#Q}# [iy# H
JH~` ^~}# q=i#k.
1. 1961 JH~` ~@ H=O 21.19%.
2. 2001 2/3 =O` ~+ [< JH~.
3. , ~+ OY ~Q^# q+, ` e ~+ =$k ~@ Z=.
4. ~+Ox QO =Ok =`" JH~.
P~QO (Health)
222 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
q^, ~H` =Ozh\ , i"# i~, H+ ~` "`=~}O ^~ =Oz

P~QO Ô. PO^^ Ò D kQ Z< ` K#\H, WOH Hx ~ _`
Q=<~. OK P~Q O H 'JOîH P~QO J# Hx K~<O^ PO. Ò
D kQ= ^H# J= ~#k. Jq :
1) *f u ^H O (Natioanal maternity benefit Programme)
2) =Q Ja=$k ^HO (I C D P)
3) = +H~ ^H O (Supplementary Nutrition Programme for women)
4) eH =$k }oH (Balika Samrudhi Yojana)
5) H= eH =~# Ja=$k ^HO (Special development Programme for
adolescent girls)
6) ` O~H} ^H O (Janani Surakhsha Yojana)
[< (Population)
1961 - 2001 =^ HO PO^^ [< ~\O J~#k. 2001 [< H H~O Jk
7.62 H@, 2011 [< H H~O 8.46 H@ KiOk. ~` ^ [< D ~+O "\
8%, =i PO^^ JkH [< Q ~ S^=k.
J~GO _ "\i 223

SmartPrep.in
35
~=~}O - PiHa=$k
(Environment and Economic Development)
35.1 iKO
Zx~<"O\ ( ~=~}O) J# POQ^x Zx~< J< O z Ô #Oz f<~. ''Zx~<
JO> 'K@ L# Jx J~O. =# K@ P=iOz L# u^x q+Q ~=~}O ( Zx~<"O\) Jx
==K. =# K@ r=, xs= P=iOz LO\~. r=xO\H }=O> xs= }O
LO_^ H|\ r= Qx (|lH) r= ~=~}O Jx, }O O_ =# K@ LO_
Qx ~=~}O Jx ~.
JQ }=# Jx JO# He r= O|O^"# JO ^ r=H~H JO\~. "H,
K@, [O`=, =#= JxO\x He r=O|O^" # JOx ~ . =x+ WO\ ~ ~î`" # ,
~~O q`==`# r=, xs= JO =^, Jq P=iOz L# x~} =^ XH HO^HOQ
rq LO\_. "\ P^~_`, "\ #Oz q`==`, "\x qÒ K `# rq`x
Q_ `_.
35.2 H
D ~OOx , =^< Kkq# `~"` g~ D HOk "\x QiOz `HQ~.
~=~}Ox H~H, =i q^
~=~}= =i PiH ==
~=~}O H =#
H+O =i J_= #iH"`
H#yOKQ Ja=$k
35.3 =^<
XH =~
1. uH J#@H Uq?
[: q, h~, "=, ~`, J_=, #^ "^#q.
224 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
2. r= J#@H Uq?
[: "H, =$H, [O`=.
XH xs` Ô, XH xs` HO =#= K@ L# i` "`x ~=~}O Jx
K=K.
3. [ P=~} == J#Q<q?
[: H$ u ÔQ Pq~qg Oz, `= `" `= q^# x~OK< P=~} ==# [ P=~}
== JO\~.
4. H$u= P=~} == J#Q<q?
[: =#=x *HO` =~ K x~OK|_ P=~} ==# H$u= P=~} == JO\~.
5. qz#H~ J#Q<q?
[: Hi, Oy, D, H=, H@H W`~ H r= =# qzg#H~ JO^~.
6. xs= J#@H J#Q<q?
[: P=~} == LO_@=O\ }Ox ^~# xs= J#@H Jx JO^~.
7. qz#= H+H J#Q<q?
[: ["# #, ^` = ~=~}O OQ He H+ H~H# qzg#=
H+H JO\~.
8. <=kQ qz#" H+H J#Q<q?
[: ~=~}O Hx O=`~ @ `= i` ZO\ =~ O_ LO_~ `~"`
<=kQ Hiy, He H+H# <=kQ qzg#= H+H JO\~.
9. qz#O H#@=O\ H+H J#Q<q?
[: ["# ^` ^~ qzg#O H#@=O\, ~=~}O H=H~#@=O\ H+H#
qzg#O H#@=O\ H+H JO\~.
~O_ =~
1. P=~} ==# q=iO=.
[: D P=~} ==# QiOz a@< ~=~} "` Z.l.\x 1935 "^@Q ukOK_.
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~=~} == Li` ==, J_=, =, Z_~ =i f~ O`

LO_#. =#= r=<x qÒ K qÔ Q D P=~} == JO`~` O|O^ HeyO_#.
[h\ #~ù, H~< KHO, <\[< KHO =i H KHO LO_#. D ~=~} == D
== ^~ xK#. L+Qu Ox "^\, ~O_= ` D #~ù q^<
P^~"#q. u ~=~} == XH ^xH =~H\ eH O_ LO_#. =#= rq`#
qÒ K#. g\ ZO\ =~ OqOz< q =#= =#Q_ LO_H =K.
2. r= "qÔ J#Q<q?
[: q r=~ xO. =#=, [O`=, "H, K@, K "^Q#q x=
LO_#. J^ qÔQ ~`, ~, Qe, <, "`=~}O O\q _ q g^ LO_#. D
r=, xs= ~xO\x He r= "qÔQ eK^~.
3. " H+O q=iO=.
[: =# K@ L# "`=~}O Z< ~H# "= - PH[<, _[<, H~< _H_,
<\[< "^~#q - P=iOz LO\~. q K@ L# "`=~}O WO\ "=
H~H` U~_, L=_Q g@xO\x He '"= (Qe) Jx =# J~OQ O\=.
Hx XH "=< 'Qe Jx ==. "=h He# q=< 'Qe JO\=. Qe
qo`" L# "=xO\H "\ "\ O`, [ H}O\~. q^ LO\~. |~=
^$ K =#=_ ~E fH< ^~ 80 Ò =~ 'Qe LO@Ok. =#+ Q@#
XH QO@ 2200 ~ ~ . Qe, "= ~O q#O`\x P=iOz LO_, "`=~}O
PH`Q [iQ =~ #Oz qx H_` LO@Ok. Qe W`~ ^~ Q_` Z" ~
=#= P~Qx uOQ =i"< ^ P# _K<, Qe H+`"~O^x
JO\=. nx< "H+O JO\~. `HOQ Hx, ~HOQ Hx =#=x, J`x P#
qÒ K "Hx WO\ " [iQ " H+O JO\~.
4. < H+O J#Q<q?
[: @Ox ~# '< ^ '=$uH JO\~. ~ x~O`~O uH, ~xH,r=k xH
Q~=` LO__O = < U~_Ok. H$u =#=xHz# =~" <. < }O` L# ( r=)
=#~, ~~t, Qe, h~Q< < _ =$H O^#, O^#, =#= rq`# Oz,
+ LO@Ok. XH Q= < H@H, Hx "~, \*", ^x`@ XH H
HiO\~. < ~O, Q~g[ i=}O, QK|_# O@ L`^H`#
"H <}`# x~i~.
226 J~GO _ "\i

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5. | H+O# q=iO=.
[: ^~}OQ =#O WO@, |@ ~H~H # qO@ LO\O. |=<k HH XH ~O.
ZO\ HO#"< x $+Ok. Qe, #, ^= =^= ^~ |O }Oz
qiO k.Hx ~ f=OQ LO@Ok. HxO\ ~ `=Q LO@Ok. Hx q#OQ
LO\~. =iHx H~~OQ LO\~. xH LO_ ~x '_ H~. XHH _
~Q` LO> | f=` ~Q` LO@Ok.
6. =# qK^#O J#Q<q?
[: =Y` J_= L#\H, =#=x PiH H~H = <<\H ìy`<~. W
J_= ìy=_< '=# qKg^#O ^ '=# q<#O Jx JO\~.
<Q =~
1. ~=~}xHJiHa=$kH Q O|O^x q=iOKO_.
[: ~=~}O x~OK q^# ije ~=~}O =Y` =# J~==Òk. ~=~}O
PiH == J=~"# =_ ~# ~~ K_" QH PiH == #Oz L`#= =~
^~# qb#O KO@Ok.
J~ i+ KO> ~=~}O ~~ K =#~xO\h '~=~} ==Q
KCH=K. W=h _ q+ * == (public goods) JO^= W`~ #Oz ZO\ \
O_ #+O HQO_ =O^~ UHHO qxyOKH< ==# 'q+ * ==
JO\~.
~=~} ==# "_H=_O qxQ^~ =^ ZO\ `Ò LO_^. Q =#~#
~~ K =~xH iq` qk< ~. nx` @ =~# qb#O KH< =~O _
~=~}O `y` LOk.
2. " H+O XH "x "O_.
[: =# K@ L# "`=~}O Z< ~H# "= - PH[<, _[<, H~< _H_,
<\[< "^~#q - P=iOz LO\~. q K@ L# "`=~}O WO\ "= H~H`
U~_, L=_Q g@xO\x He '"= ( Qe) Jx =# J~OQ O\=. Hx XH "=<
'Qe Jx ==. "=h He# q=< 'Qe JO\=. Qe qo`" L# "=xO\H
"\ "\ O`, [ H}O\~. q^ LO\~. Qe W`~ ^~ Q_` Z"~
J~GO _ "\i 227

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=#= P~Qx uOQ =i"< ^ P# _K<, Qe H+`" ~O^x JO\=.

nx< "H+O JO\~. `HOQ Hx, ~HOQ =#=x, J`x P# qÒ K
"Hx WO\ " [iQ " H+O JO\~.
" H+O [#, "H#, [O`=#, [K~#, ==# ( P#) uOQ
qÒ KOk. =#= P~Qx `~=~ KOk. K@, "H P# _KOk. H~}[#
OQ H # iQ [~Qh^. "H=$kx J_ O@Ok. Ki``H H@_ # =~q #O KOk.
WO_, H~ O\ "\O_ "e ~OQ# =OQ `~KOk. ["# JO^# Hey#
^# Kg`#, <}`# H}OKO k.
" Hx ~O_ q^Q xOuOK=K
1. x"~} K~ K@_O, 2. =~ ^~# xOuOK_O.
" Hx HOk ^` ^~ ^"#O` `= ~H f~=K. Jq
1. " HxH îf =^~# QiOz, " H+ KiH ^` # J#iOK_O .
2. " HxH îf H~}# QiOK_O.
3. H~<_H_, g~ PH_, <\H PH_ "^~# "\ Q_`# H=|ÔQ ijeOK_O
4. P^xH"# =~ ^~# J^ K q^<# J=OaOz Hx `yOK_O.
5. } "< "_ WO[# `Q =~ K, "\ xK =~x Oz` Jq qiOK
=~ `=Q LO\~.
6. `= WO^<# H`Q H#Q#_O.
7. Hx `yOKO^ gQ Jx i= P^xHiH~# J=~_O.
8. t[ WO^< "_Hx g#O`Q `yOK_O.
9. " H+ K\# HzÒQ J= ~K@O.
10. #~=$`= H =#~ qxQx OK_O.
3. h\ H+O XH "x "O_.
[: h\x 'he |OQ~O JO\~. r=~ Qe ZO` J=~" h~ _ JO` J=~O. =#=x
s~ |~= 70 Ò h~ LO@Ok. q LiÒ 80 Ò =~ h~ PHqOz LOk. q g^
LO_ h\ 97 Ò =~ =^ LO@Ok. qQ` 3 Ò =`" Kg"# h~. JO^ 2,977
Ò =OKQ_ ~O LOk. qQ` 0.003 Ò =`" =# JO^@ LOk. WO`\ Hk
228 J~GO _ "\i

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i=}O =`" aOk. H|\ h~ JÒ` q"# =#~Q iQ}OK|_Òk. h~ H` D

q g^ J r=" LO_^.
h\ H+O - P^~ Sources of water Pollution
h\x H+Ò K H+H ^#OQ HOk qÔQ LO\~.
1. Q$x =~, =#= =~.
2. Li` h\ "O.
3. "@ "_O (Silt)
4. iqH =~.
5. "_Q LO_ =~ ^~
6. ~xH Z~=, Hq O~H.
7. =^=` zOk #<.
8. q+i`"# =H.
9. Q# `=HO = =K =~.
10. kK|_x xH~x h~, K` K^~O "^~#q.
h\ H+O =# HeQ " (Effects of Water Pollution)
h\ H+O - "
h\ H+O HOk ^+e` îfOk.
1. h\ #Oz > "^# "OKOk.
2. `Qh\ K`g # H}OKOk.
3. h\ ~^ Hey# == = L`^H` `y=_xH H~}==Òk.
4. K# u#_xH gx =^HH~"#qQ =~Ok.
5. h\ L# }"=# H}OKO k. h\ LQ`# `~=~ K #~ùx `yOKOk.
6. D^_xH _ xH~x qÔQ h\x =i"Ok.
7. h\x ^~OîÒ KOk.
8. H+`"# h\x `Q_O = =K "^ PiHOQ ~x OK`~. =YOQ ^ [
J~GO _ "\i 229

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P ~x "~.
9. J<~QO H~}OQ xK ~A `y`~.
10. Q O|OkOz# "^ = ^_= =Ok.
h\ H+O - xO`} K~ (Control measures)
HOk ~# K~ fO> h\ Hx xOuOK=K.
1. ~xH Z~=#, Hq O~H =O^# g#O` `=Q LyOKe.
2. On Z~=` QK_O ~Qe.
3. h~ iO_ K@# Z=Q OKe.
4. H+`"# h\x kK_O K J=~O.
5. i= "_# `~"` qye H+`"# h\x kK O`# u i=
U~@ KH"e.
6. ~=~} K\# Hi#OQ J= ~K@O` @, 'H+Ò K "~ i~O KeOKe J<
`x J= ~Ke. i=h =~[#, "_h\x q_^ K_O `yOKH"e.
7. ~H`"# `Qh\x JOkOKO^ gQ Ò @|_# OKe. =YOQ Qg}
O` i"# `Qh~ ZO` J=~O.
8. P^xH ^`# LyOz H+`"# h\x # KHH~}K "_H=_xH gQ k
Ke.
9. =~ h\x OQOz xKe. =~ h\x OQOK H = HjHOQ
< Ke.
10. i"# h\x `Q_O Jx [O^~ QiOKe.
4. =#O~H} K~# zO=.
[: J_=# 'H~# +}Q~x H$u O^~ Y*<x JO\~. "\# ^<x
Q=xOz, O~HOKH=_O JÒ` P=HO. J_=# HOk K~ ^~ O~HOKH=K.
1. ^ W H@H=_xH Q# J@g =# H\~OK_O =#H"e.
2. Ò `~# H> ^_#, =H H> ^_# U~@ K =O@ K~ ~~ Ke.
WO^ =lH =hH~} Q `__Òk.
230 J~GO _ "\i

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3. =$^Q L# = "H <\e.

4. J_= =O@ HO_ O~HOKH"e.
5. J_= ìy~# ^# QiOz, P O` K@# <\ `~y~# J_qx s Ke.
6. J@g L`` P^~_# i=#, "~ O# ÒK_^.
7. OH J@g [=# O# OK_O K J=~O.
8. =# "_O, K@ q~ÔQ K@# #iH"_O "^~#q J#=uOK_^.
9. i=# OK_xH J@g =# H\~OK_O =#H"e.
10. J@g O~H} K~ xH [# HHx, "ix Q=# Ke.
Zxqk =~
1. H#yOKQeQ Ja=$kx q=iOKO_.
[: =#~# "_O@ LO> =K [< `Q O_ LO_ iu < '~ ` O ^ H#yOKQ
Ja=$k Jx x~OK=K. H "O ì =#"o OH=O `QO_ LO_ iux _
'~Ò Jx =~ J~O_ KCH=K. JQ '=^<x ^qkQ H#y ~"# "=
qxQx kOK_< '~Ò Q Ja=iOK=K. =^# ~ U=Ò `QO_ qxQO
"O H#Q` LO_ iux _ '~Ò J< K=K.
O\ O_ OO x"kH H~O 'JOî =eH J=~# f~`, <}=O`"#, "~Q#
rqÒ H"< "i PH xO\h O`$ HeyOKH<O^ J=~" # J=H# HeOK_< '~ ` O
H#yOKQ Ja=$kQ x~zOK=K. 1992 x~OK|_# 'îf ^ ##iOz q`~ "i
J=~# f~H#QeQ H` U =Ò ~r_O_, `=# `~O"i J=~# f~H=_"
'~`"# Ja=$k Q K=K.
D x~K<xO\h ije =^~" # =#~`@ =[O, P=~} ==, PiH == #
OH=OQ `= q^# x~OK qÔQ Ja=$k KO^< q+O Q J~==Òk.
H#yOK Ja=$k =# HOk q+# Q~KOk.
1. =#O qH O|OkOz# uH, ~xH, r=~"# =^<# ìy@@.
qKg^#=@@ K_^. JK, =#O =# }^~# =^<# HÒ.
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2. =#O ~=~}x Q J~O KH"e. =#O D qH O|OkOz# "=x qOKe.

JO`Qx, q =# =`" O|OkOz#k Jx =Ò qOK_^.
3. =#O qx Q~qOKe. Jx ~H r= ~#, xs= ^~# Q~q q` HiOKe.
r=#O Ke.
4. q g^#@=O\ W`~ *` g^, ^~ g^ UO\ ~}`H " _x qÔQ
=#O ~=~}x LyOKH"e.
5. =# rqOK Z LO^ JQ u XH r=, xs= *` _ JO\ LO@O^x
QiOKe.
6. =#O K# #= U XH *u #tOz_^.
7. q ~ PzOKO_, xHOQ x K O_. (Think globally and act locally) <#_x =#
LOKHx z#, z# # K< K.
8. O K_xH, O`#x=_xH, ~ OQ q =#QQ_xH W`~ ` He x Ke.
9. H$ux P#OÔQ PkOKe. O Ke, qOKe, O~HOKe.
232 J~GO _ "\i

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36
==O
(Agriculture)
36.1 iKO
' q XH HH"# Lù H~HO . O@# O_OK_xH J_=# OK_xH ~^~ x~}O
H~, H~Q~# <H\xH Q$# xiOK_xH =i qq^ H~H= H~ 'q x
qxy<O. ^xH J#"# q =< [ H=# P~O, = ^} O
J=`<~. i= H=# =_ ^~ ==O ^~ a<~.
=# H=#O` q H~< ^ ==O K_xHJ#"# q O
HH~#@~` Uq [~QÒ^ XHi TOKO_. =#O P~ J=~ f~HO. =
QO O H^, i= =_^ ~ H~` U~_Òk. D ~O == ~OQO ~`^
PiH == ZO`\ =Y`# He LO^ `HO\O. JO` HO_, == ~OQO Z^~O@#
J<H =, "\ i~ =~ "^Q JO# <~HOÔ.
36.2 H
D ~OO , =^< J^#O K# `~` g~ `<q.
~`^ PiH == == ~OQ =Y`
==``# OOkOK=# P=H`
L`^`# x~zOK@O
~`Ô x q L`^H` =~x W`~ ^x L`^H`` i@.
=#^ == L`^H` `=Q LO_\xH Q JO# ~#@.
=#^ == L`^H` `= ~ LO_@ Q H~H# QiOK@O.
== Lù =~x OOkOK@ `y# H~K~} ^H# ~OkOK@O.
36.3 =^<
XH =~
1. *fÔ ==~OQO "\?
[: ^ *fÔ == ~OQO =~ =_ =O` P^x =~Ok. 30
Ò ^H *fÔ ==O, ^x O|Ok` PiH H~H= #O_ =~Òk.
J~GO _ "\i 233

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2. q$` Ô?
[: D q$` Ô x~QOQ L# |O[~ =# Ô HO^ f=~. ^ Ô
KO_ L# = #`#OQ O@ O_OK@O [~QÒk.
3. O^ ==O J#Q<q?
[: O^ ==O J#Q XH H=Ò J<H O@# O_OKQQ@O.
4. == L`^H` J#Q<q?
[: == L`^H` JO>, XH H~ q =#O O_OKQey# Lù =~O Jx J~O.
5. H=` q[# ?
[: x~O`~OQ ~Q`# [< =, "~` K\ = q q[# Q~Òk.
6. H=` q@# J#Q<q?
[: XH ~` XH Ti "~~ ^ = LO__x H=` q@# JO\~.
7. =^=~ `yO J#Q<q?
[: ~`, Ò =^ L# =# =^=~O\~. O~} QOQ Ò gix
`yOzOk.
8. H^~ J#Q<q?
[: q [=# =^ ## qx J^ fHx `HOQ == H~H=# x~iOK
=# H^~ JO\~.
9. Qi+ iqu J#Q<q?
[: iqu J#Q XH =H Pn#O LO_^y# H=Ò iqux x~~OK@. iquH qOz
Z=Q L# =# Ò n#O KHx qx z# ~` O} KOk.
10. H=` gH~} J#Q<q?
[: z#z# =HQ L# z# H=`# ~~ JOwH~O` ^ H`Q UHO K_O.
11. <~# q=iO=.
[: *f == Qg} Ja=$k O (<~)# 1982 A U~@ K~. Qg}
~u Wk tY~Q O. Wk <~Q ~ux JOkOK^. qq^ ~u O #i`x
(s<<) KOk.
Zxqk =~
1. ~`^ PiH == ==~OQO ^#`# q=iOKO_?
[: ==O ~` PiH == XH =Y `# x~#k. == =Y`# è*
JO.
234 J~GO _ "\i

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1. P~O, QO : =#= Hh r=# J=~ uO_, |@, x"O "^Q#q. g\

P~O Ju =Y"O k. =#O P~O fH#H ~#@~`, =#O rqOK@O J^ =Òk.
== ~OQO =# H=# P~O# JOkOk. [O`= H=# QO#
==~OQO =~Òk. JO^=< ==~OQO r=<^~ ~OQO. Wk =# PiH= =
XH HH"# `# x~Ok.
2. iqH =_ ^~ : ==O ^~ P~O =`" HH i= H=#
=_^~ _ =`<~. =Gi= H=# =_ u *o i= H=#
'*o OK^~ i= K #< i= H=# #<yO[ >~ , @| `sH
~|~# ~|~ i= ==~OQO JOkOk.
3. r=<k H# : qH H =_O@ ~O_ =O` =OkH ==~OQO r=<k
HeOk. ~` Ô ==~OQO r=<k H# =Y #O He=Ok. [
==O ^# =$u. ~`Ô Lk H# ==~OQO W\H `# Pk`x
H#y< LOk.
4. q^j =~H ^= P~# : ~`^ q^j "~O ==O XH =Y `# He=Ok.
Ju p#HO #O_ ~`^ == L`` ZQ=u K|_`<~. `, H,
OK^~, HH, Q, u =, *o, =_ Lx, Yx[ ` "^Q#q ~`^
== ZQ=`. == ZQ=` ^~ ~`^ O JkH "Ò q^j =~H^"x
Pi #k.
5. iqH == =~@ q~} : [ `= PÔ P~O H~ qxyOKQ
qQQ L# P^x qq^ iqH L``~# ^, iK~, @q+#, Q
", ~_, \.g, * qxy "i HiH# f~O@<~. ==h
iqH L``.
6. *fÔ ==~OQO "\ : ^ *fÔ == ~OQO =~
=_= =O` P^x =~Ok. 30% Q *fÔ ==O, ^x O|Ok`
PiH H~H= #O_ =~Òk.
2. == L`^H`
[: ^~} i+ 'L`^H` JO> u x\ Lù H~HxH =#O O^ "Ò Lù. LÎI
== L`^H` JO> XH H~ q =#O O_OKQe#O` Lù =~O Jx J~O.
L`^H`# `H#@ D HOk Ò Ly~.
J~GO _ "\i 235

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"Ò O@ Lù
q L`^H`
"Ò O@ O_Oz# H=` q~O
L`^H`# HOK_xH "Ò O@ Lùx, P O@ O_OK_xH qxyOz# "Ò
q~O K yOKe.
=#O 2 H~ H=`x He ^x =#O 50 HO\ Q^ = O_Oz#@~` JC_ P q
L`^H` H~ 25 HO\Q ~#=K.
3. ~`Ô == L`^H` `=Q =O_\xH Q H~} Uq?
[: 1. ~=# "~Q ~@ `y# Ò H=@ : J<H =Ok == ^~ /
~` O` q ^. "~ H^~` (W`~ qx H fHx Ô K"~)
H^~ ~O# OK@ ` ukH# ZO\ K~ fH#~. u O=`~O
`=H H P = W=|_`~ J< #=HO H=@O = "~ ~a=$kH
ZO\ PH H#|~@O ^. =~H H , H^~ O_# O@ H "Ò KeOQ
aOK PÔ OQ =O_@ K` "~ `= QK# qx "~Q ~ @ ZO\
=#~ H\~OK@ Ô H^.
H W=|_# =# Ja=$k ~K@ [=# ZO\ ^ H#|~@
^. eÒQ, L`^H` K `= ~ =O@Ok.
2. H=` q[#, q@# : x~O`~OQ [< ~Q@ =, "~` K\ =# q
q[# =i q@# H~}=Òk. D H =# H=` i=} H=H=OQ
`y =@O [~Q#. P^ xH == ^` # \Oz ==O K @ z# z# H=``
Ô H^. JO^=#, q L`^H` `= ~ =O_#.
3. `y# h\~^ H~ H=@: h~ ==O H=# =Y"# =#~. W\H
=#Ô i # h\ ~^ H~ =. 70% Q Q q Jxt"# |`=<
P^~_ == H~H H#Q`<~. JO^=< |`=< P^~_ ==
Lù x~~OK|_Òk. HO `y#O`Q =~O i# O=`~O == Lù
Q}hOQ =O@Ok. h\ ~^ P^~"# =~O JxtÒQ =O@Ok.
4. O^H == ^` : J<H =Ok ==^~ Z=Q O^H ==
^` P^~_ @ = == L`^H` ` = ~< =O@Ok. x~H ~`, #=H,
<`# "Y~ #`# == H K@@ J=~Ô Q x<~. <\H J<H=Ok
==^~ qx ^#@ H <Q# L y<~. Z^ |O_ <\H ==
~"} LHi< =<~. P^xH == ^`# LyOz Ô K@
J`kH ~ ` i # J=Q# O_ =<~ "iH | O@ q^#O W\H è@
236 J~GO _ "\i

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^ . ~O# OOkOz <}"# Z~=# `y# "`^ "_ O_ ^ =#

=ê"@O = < x~OQ `~ J=`<~.
JOx q+Q J == L`^H` H~}=`<~.
5. W`~ == L`^H "_ H=@
Z. q`<
<}"# =Oz q`< ==O qxyOK@ == L`^H`# x~~OK
JO =Y"#k. <}"# JkH kQ|_ xK q`< "_@O ^~ JkH
L`^H `# O^Q`=. J~`, qq^ H~} = ~` i# q`<
qxyOKH =@ [~QÒk.
i) ~` `y# PiH ~u H=@
ii) ~` JkH kQ|_ q`<# "_@ JO`Q PH K@ ^.
6. Qg} ~u `y#O`Q H=_O :
~` H=# ~u ^ `y# ~ H=@ = _ J ==
L`^H` H~}==Òk. H^~ |}O O^@ "i =^ `#M @@ ZO\
= =O_=. H#H H^~ ~ux O^~.
7. y_Oy =i =~\OQ ^ H=@ :
~` y@@ ^~ aOz#@~` "iH Z= == L`` kOK@ Ò
H#. nxH y_OQ =i =~\OQ ^ K J=~==`~.
4. == L`^H`# OOkOK@ ZO\ K~ fH" Ò_?
[: == L`^H`# OOkOK@ J<H =~ H=. Jq ==Q`"# K~. =i
OHuH ~"#qQ =sHiOK =K#. ^ =# `HOQ == #` <~Q
# ~` O} K@, H=` i=}x OK@, H^~ `y# O~H}
HeOK@ "^Q#q ==Q`"# K~Q ~#=K. OQ` =~< 'O~} Q
==i~ . OHuH ~"# =~ ^ ^` # "~Q ~@, ==O LHiOK
=#~ <}`# OK@ =Y"#q. "\ QiOz q+OK^=.
Z. ==Q`"# =~ / O~}
1. =^=~ `yO : ~` Ò# =^ =# = =^=~Q ~#|_^~.
"~ Ò# ~` #O_ ## = K [= K@ xq`#"~. D
û =^=~ ~` # ^KH=@O [~QÒk. Ja=$kH =^ =~ ZO\ K~
fH~ ^ ~` ZO\ Ò =O_^. JO^=#, Ò `H K@O ^~ Jx
~ =# =^=~# `yOz#k.
J~GO _ "\i 237

SmartPrep.in
2. H^~ ^` HeOK@
q [=# ^Q~ =# qx H fHx `HOQ == H~H=# x~iOK
=# H^~ JO\~. JkH H~@, [=x `~KQ H ^~# =~@
"^Q#q H^~ ^~}OQ Z^~# =. g\x i+iOK@ Ò H~@
x~~, H ^` HeOK K\# *s KO k. H^~ q [=#
H# H=# =~^~H `# Ò *sKOk.
3. iqu K\
iqu J#Q XH =H Jn#O =O_^y# H=Ò iqux x~~OK@. iquH
qOz Z=Q =# =# Ò n#O KHx qx z# ~` O}
* Ok. iqu x~~OK@H Ò qq^ ~ qH Qi+ iq`# x~tOK@
[iyOk.
4. H=` gH~} K@
== J L`^H` H=` q[#, q@# H~}O JQ@= nxx Z^~#@,
XH =H Jn#O =# qx qH~} K@ XH KHx i~O. z#z# =HQ =#
z# H=`# ~~ JOwH~O` ^ H`Q UHO K@O. qq^ O` =# XH
=H H=`H |^Q XH OÒ P =HH i # UH H=ÒQ =# H\~OK@
= q@# = HQ ## `yOK=K#.
H=` gH~} H =#Ô ~` =^ KgO^ JOwH~O` H~
ukHQ K@_O [iyOk. O*|, ~< =i t= L`~^ ~
O`$H ~ O Q qH~} [iyOk. e ÒQ P ~ == L`` Q}hOQ
iQ~. J~`, Ô "ÒQ iQ}xH fHO> H=` gH~} K H~H=O
=O^H_Q< QÒk.
5. OHuH ~"# =~
1. h\~^ ^
2. <}"# == Lùx OOkOK =H# JOkOK@
3. Qg} ~u #OkOK@
6. W`~ =` H#
== L``# =~@ KH#@ Ò ~Q>_ =~@# <HeOk. g\
~` \ ^~ =^ `= ~# J=HQ`~. D =~@ ~`, "~, xH
O =i ~R ` OHO Q x~~. D =~@ = ~ ` J<H [<
K ~`~. =~@ O|OkOz# i `|^" # =K~x O^@, `xH H`
`y# =}H~}, `|^" # y@@ ^~ "^Q [< <~Q ~ ` H`~.
238 J~GO _ "\i

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37
i= (Industry)
37.1 iKO
U PiH ==<< =_ ^# ~OQ =O\~. Jq : ^qH ~OQO, kf ~OQO,
=i `$f ~OQO. =#O ^qH ~OQ"# == ~OQO# QiOz <~<O. ` ~O
kf ~OQ"# i=# QiOz Ò^=. P~O =# ^# rq`=~O. P~O` @
=# J<H == J=~=O\~. Jq ^, K, |, ~"} ^< J~# H,
H~, |, @ q=<, q^KHg , ~ , " , @q+#, ~ _ , \.q. * "^Q#q.
i= QO_k "^ q=#O =~ Jx~H = =^ Lù J=`<~. D
~O =#O ~`^ PiH == iqH ~OQO H `# J^#O K=. i=
=sH~ }, iqH ~Qu, iqH =$kH ^ÔK HH i= =i ` iqH
q^#O "II JO QiOz Ò^=.
37.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~` g~ `H<q.
~`^ PiH == i= `# q=iOK@.
i= =sH~}
iqH Qux qÒ K H~}# q+OK@
ÒÒ kOz# HO#O_ <\ =~ ` iqH q^<# `@.
37.3 =^<
XH =~
1. qxQ = i=?
[: qxQxH <~Q LQ_ ==# `~K i=. L^: ^, K,
|, \.q. "II#q.
2. L`^H = i=?
[: =` u H LHiOK == # `~K i=# L`^H = i= JO\~.
J~GO _ "\i 239

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L^: Z~=, "O@, W#= =i L, O`, iH~ "II#q.

3. iqH q^#O?
[: iqH q^#O Ò H#Q}OQ ~OkOK Jx x|O^# =i K\ H
LO\~. =# Ò Ò`#O`~O "^\ q^<x 1948 H\OzOk.
4. z#`~ i= J#Q<q?
[: =# Ô O` iH~ @|_ ~.3 H@ H< `= L# i=# z#`~
i=O\~.
5. \~ i= J#Q<q?
[: <==` @|_` @O| He =O^` ^` ^~ = =# `~K
i=# \~ i=O\~.
6. `~OQ O J#Q<q?
[: PiHH Hk=Ok |_ iqH"` K` HOnH$Ò HO_ LO_@, "@ =
U~@ Kx i=# OK@, Oè` Ofa=$kH Wq ZO` J=~O.
<Q =~
1. iqH =$kx qÒ K qq^ H~}# qbHiOK=.
[: iqH =$k J<H JO P^~_ x~~OK|_#.
1. =_^~ ` : Lù H =_^~ JÒ` HH"# H~H. J=<
H~, ~u Ô, O` =i Hi "^Q#q O=$kQ "`<
Lù [~QÒk. i= OY iQ Hk Z= "Ò =_^~ J=~=`~.
XH" =_^~ `y#O`Q OHH`, i= Ja=$k ^ q~} O@ _Òk.
2. OHuH i*#O : i= =$kx x~~OK JO =Y"#k. OHuH i*#O.
J`#`"# OHuH i*#O JkH ~ O J~` JkH"Ò Lù [~QÒk.
=#=H =#~ P^~_ i= Lù H# O` O` #_|_`#k
i= Lù Z=Q [~QÒk.
3. J=< H~ ` : ~_, ~ , q=< , =O`#, _", >e#, h\=u,
q^` "II J=< H~ i= x~}, Ja=$kH K J=~O.
4. =#= =#~ ` / Hi : iqH =$kx qÒ K JO Hi `
=Y"#k. Hi ~O_ ~H XH\ <}O Q "~, ~O_ <}O x Hi. O
x~} * [=# OÒQO "^Hx, O# #_OK == =~ =#=
240 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
=#~ QOQ< iQ}O|_`~.

5. L^y =i [=x O|O^ : i= H= x~} L^Q [=#O =^
O|O^ ^<`HOQ LO_e. =Oz HiH O|O^ =# i= Lù H
ZO\ W|O^ O_ H#QÒk. XH" HiH O|O^ H=OQ H` Jk H
=i H J=\ îf JOu=OQ Lù ^|uO@Ok. JO^= OuÒQ
=i $^ ~HOQ / =~^ ~HOQ L^y =i [=# O|O^ H#yO
J=~O.
6. == `y# 'y~H =O_e : _=O_ =# ==# Lù Ke. J_ =`"
== `y# =~\ ==Òk. i= # ~ @|_ @@ =~\H
~= L`` / `~ K= ==# =~\ Z LO_< JOx ~[i
_=O_ `y#O`Q =# == Lù< ~OaOKe.
2. ~`Ô z#`~ i= `# q=iO=.
[: ~`Ô z#`~ i= JO> D i= O` iH~ @|_ ~.3 H@ H<
`=. z#`~ i=# z# `~ \~ i=Q qlOK~. <==` @|_`
@O| H = O^` ^` ^~, ==# `~ K i=# \~
i= JO\~.
z# `~ i= @O| ` @ W`~ Hi` Lù H#QÒk =i
P^xH Lù ^`# \~.
z# `~ i= =Y`
~` PiH == z# `~ i= JÒ` ^#` W=|_#k. nxH Q H~}
1. s L^Q J=H
z# `~ i= `= @|_` _#q. =#Ô JkH[# OY `= =^# O
=# i` ~Q`# L^Q HO Z^~ K# P z#`~ i=
`y#x L^Q O J=`~.
2. =~`# _=O_ `y# Lù #=<# U~@ K g
z# `~ i= ` =~ Lù H~H =# "\ =~`# _=O_ H_
J#Q}OQ Lù #=<# =~HQQ g H^.
3. xH x}# LyOK@ J=HO
~`Ô Jx O` =# [ <}O Q "~ =O\~. "~ O^~H =
J~GO _ "\i 241

SmartPrep.in
`s `y# g}O# îOQ~. z# i= x~ xH x}#

LyOKHQQ J=HO Z=Q LO@Ok
4. PiH J=#`# `yOK@ Hi<~
s i= P^ =i O^ Hk=Ok iqH "` =^ HOnH$Ò
J=`~. z# `~ i= = PÔ J<H=OkH OK|_Òk. `^~ PiH
J=#`# `yOK=K#.
5. Of Oèà =$k
z# `~ i=# Ô qq^ O` <H@ J#"#q. Ô u =~=
O` _ g\x <HQ`=. JO^= qq^ O` =^ =#"# Ja=$k
kOK@ z# `~ i= Hi~.
qÔQ z# `~ i= ~` ^ PiH == XH =Y `# x~<~.z#
`~ i=# Ja=$k ~@ Ò K\# K~# `HO^=.
3. \~, z# `~ i= Ja=$kH ` K~ Uq?
[: 1. Hx == Lùx z#`~ i= H\~OK@
z# `~ i=# ^ i=` e Jq P^xH OHuH i*# "_HO =~\OQ,
~u, =_ ^~ H~}, "^Q J<H =#~# O^@# \x Z^~#=
=Ok. JO^= z# i=# J=#"# \ i`#O_ ~HOK@ Hx ~H
== Lùx z# `~ i= H \~OK@ [iyOk. D i[~ ==# H=O z#
`~ i= Lù K= LO@Ok.
2. ` H#Q ^#` W=@O
z# `~ i= `= L`` # =~\OQ K @ J<H =# Z^~O@ =<~.
J~` Ò J<H H K~ ^~ "\ L`` `y# =~@ He#k. `
H#Q z#`~ i= L`` `y# ^#`x<~.
3. ~ux =~@O J=HO
"}[ O#O_ ~ u x O^@ z# `~ i= `y# uxÔ W=|_Òk.
1990 OII z# i= Ja=$k O# U~@ K~. Wk z# `~ i=
H=# @|_# =~Ok.
4. P^hH~}
z# `~ i= ` OHuH i*#O, ` O`` H#Q` =<~. JO^=#
g\ Lù =O Z=Q =O@Ok. JO^K` g\ L`` f="# \x =~@ Z^~#=
242 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
=Ok. JO^=# Ò qq^ ^H ^~ z# `~ i= H=# P^xH

O`# H#Q K@ K`xOk.
4. `~OQ O `# ijeO=.
[: ~`^ PiH == ` ~OQ O XH =Y `# x~<~.
1. jQu iqHH~}
@|_ @@ J#O`"# J=H =# ~OQO ` ~OQO. #xH O^` He
` q^< J#Q}OQ ==iOKQ =~` ` ~OQ O H^. JO^=
Wq jQu# iqHH~} kOK@ ZO` ^^_`<~.
2. O^ / PiH H HOnH$Ò HO_ x~kOK@
` ~OQ O =[O K` x~OK|_k. UHk=Ok = K` =O_^. JO^=<,
` ~OQO i= # = =*xH [#O K~Òk. nx eÒQ PiH
H H=OQ =# ukH =[Ox Jx =~ OK|_Òk.
3. "@ ~OQO K@x i= # =i =$k
O @, _", ~ , h\~^ * "II s i= JkH" Ò @|_
J=~=Òk =i "\#O_ u HO n~HO "z=O_= =Ok. JO\
i= # "@ = W+` HxOK^. Hx i= ^ PiHa=$kH HH"#q.
JO^= D ~HO i=# <H@, =$k~@ ` ~OQ ^`.
4. Oè` Ofa=$k
~_, q^KgH, h\=u, ~"} ^, q^H~ "^Q ^qH H~
JO^@ =#_ =`" "@ @|_ ^~ i=# <H`~. "#H@
Q O` # ~# H~ =O_=. JO^= `" `= Ja=$k KOk#
O` `~OQ O # U~@K @. ^~ Oè` Ofa=$kx kOKQ ` Ok.
5. #@|_Q Ly~
"@ ~OQO K=~ O PiOz# [=#O # OKHO\~.
`~OQO ZO\ OHO =O_^. JO^=# `~OQ O PiOK
uiy @|_Q =~Òk. eÒQ iqHH~} "QOQ OAO@Ok.
5. `~OQ O = x"~} `Q K#e=.
[: ~`^ PiHa=$k ZO` HH"# `# `~OQ O x~ L<~. J~#\H
Jq J<H =# Z^~O@<~.
1. "~ ^$+ O # [~QH=@O
` ~OQ Oh "#H|_# O` Oè` Ofa=$k ^# HO` U~@
K|_#q. Jq "~ ^$HÔ <H |_qH=.
2. ` *HO
J~GO _ "\i 243

SmartPrep.in
` ~OQ O x~} qugi# ` *HO = x~ ~OkOK@,

J= f="# *O [~QÒk.
3. ^` ~Ò, `y# `H H=@
=~=OÒQ xK# L^Q ZO\ `H H=@O. Z=ih ^Q
x~tOKH=@O = "O# Z=~ H~}" x~~OKH=@O.
4. * =O K Z=
H= }oH O, *O = * J= "\ =Of=OQ iy`<~.
5. '\ H=_O
` ~OQ O KHOQ UH=OQ H#Q` LO_@O, "@ = "t OK@
J#=uOKH =@O =# "\H `y# \ H Lù =# `yOKH#@ Hh,
<}`# OKH#@ Jq ZO\ Ò K^.
6. JkH OY L^Q
` ~OQ O JkH OY L^Q L<~. g~ J=~O qOz =O_@= Lù
= iy, ~=# `y ~<~.
Zxqk =~
1. ~` PiH == i= =Y`# q=iO=.
[: i= =#^ PiH== XH =Y `# x~<~.
1. i= qxQ== # Lù K < ~ : i= qxQ^~ qq^ J=~#
f~@ H=# ~H qxQ== Lù [~QÒk. #, Hy`, x,
^, K, |, H, @O`=, ~_, \.q., * "^Q#q
i= `~K@ ^~ [ HiH f~K#q.
2. i= Lù x@ H=# iqH ==# Lù K<~ : Lù x@
J~# H~Q~, , P, ~" "^Q "\H H=# iqH ==#
Lù K<~. g\x =iHx ==# Lù K@ qxy~.
3. = JOkOK@O i= LHi<~ : ~"} ^< J~# |, @,
~, "^Q "<# i= Lù KH` =#O ì` Qu# XH OÒ#O_
H=# O`xH K~@ ~"} H~=# O^=.
i= ~, =^} O`, WO. "^ P~Q sH x~OK@, "^ =
H~ iH~ =i B+^ Jx i= =~< ~. =K~O OKH#@
= (H~ , H=~, O, "II) O+OK@ H=# >e# (>e#, H |
W`~ =yx) "II Jx i= Lù K<~.
244 J~GO _ "\i

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4. i= =# O O=$kx He<~ : XH" Ô ZO\ i= H~<

^ == `s [~QH~< =#O, W`~ ^#O_ H=# ==# kQ=u
KH= =Kk. nx= =# iQ == H~` U~_ W`~ ^ P^~_=
=Kk. W W`~ ^ P^~_@ JO` ~O H^. XH" Ô OqOz =#
==# ~~ K ^ ^|uO> kQ=` ~OQ _~ PiH Jxtu U~_#.
=#Ô Z=Q `# \eO J=~ HO J~ ^ P^~_ =#k. Qg ^
HO "\ \eO Lù =i ZQ=u K ^ ^|u#@= =#Ô
f="# \eO H~` U~_Ok.
5. i= ZQ=`# OOk~ : UÔ _ #~ Ò O O=$kx kOK^.
J<H ==# `~ K@ H=# =_ ^~ ` H~` = P ==#
kQ=u KH#= =Ok. J~`, =#O ==# kQ=u KH"O> "\H KeOK
^~# q^j=~H ^=~O KeOK= =Ok. D q^j =~H ^= P~# =#O
== # `xiQ ZQ=u K=#. =# J=~ "~ qxyOK H#Q qQQ
=# L``# W`~ ^ ZQ=u K `y# q^j =~H ^"x O^Q`=.
6. r=<kH# / L^Q=H : i= L^Q=H He<~. 1990-91 OII
~`^ iqH ~OQO 5 H@Q Hi x K<~. Ô "Ò qH H
1/6 =O` =OkH i= Lkx He<~.
== ~OQO` e` i= L^Q=H K Z=Q a<~.
P~ ^~ _=O_ iqÒQ LO_ [ P^~ iQHk P~`~ ^~/
L`` Z= Y~ K@O = "\H _=O_ ~QÒk. ^, K, Q$,
~_, \.q., @q+<, "+OQ q+<, Q~ "II == _=O_ JkHOQ H^.
2. 1956 iqH q^#O =MO Uq?
[: 1956 iqH q^# f~#Ox =MO HOk qÔQ L<~.
(i) 1956 f~#O i=# =_ *a` HO^ =sHiOzOk.
*a` Z
*a` Z 17 i=<~. g\H Ò ^ `~OQO ^` =Ok. Jq `
i=, P^, J}H, W#=, L, s q^` iH~, ~, q=#, <H x~}O,
>e#, q^` Lù =i O} "^#q.
*a` a
*a` a 12 i= H=. H` O # `" O k. ` Q=x OKO@Ok.
J~GO _ "\i 245

SmartPrep.in
J~` ~ "@ ~OQO H` O# U~@ K \xH Q#, ` O # qi OK_xH J=H

x~HiOK^ . O` iH~, ~xH ^~, Z~=, ~_ =i =^ ~"} "^Q#q.
*a`
*a` Z =i a K~x i= xH =~. D i= Ja=$k "@
~OQxH W=|_#. qÔQ ` =i "@~OQ =^ ^`# qlOK@O = ~`
PiH == XH q= PiH ==Q H\ `"#k. q= q^#O "@, ` ~OQ XH
^x` XH\ ~~ H~O` ~Qux k~.
Ô iqH ~` Oz, *f, JO`~f =~\ ~ \x Z^~<
~H ~` PiH ==# xÔK LÔ` ''#`# iqH q^# f~#O 1991
H\OK~. D q^#O "@ ~OQxH JkH =Y`# WK~. ~O `~OQxH
H\~OK|_# i= "@ ~OQxH "O J#=uOK~. 1956 iqH q^#O
i[~ K|_# 17 ` ~OQ O 9 i=# "@ ~OQO "tOK@ J=HO
HeOK~. Jq W#=, L i=, q^KH, q=##O, <Hx~}O =i s O`.
(ii) iqH xOQ q^#O
iqH xOQ J#Q i= # H=# J#=`# Ò #O_ O^@.
iqH q^#O J= ~` i=# xOuOK@ WOê ^# HO. iqH
xOQ q^#O x =Y H.
1. ` q^< J#Q}OQ i=# Ja=$k ~K@
2. ^ `~ i= q~}# xOuOK` PiH H HOnH$Ò HO_ i~HOK@
3. z# `~ i= `y# ~H}# He, ^ i=#O_ Z^~Q \x ÒK@
4. =` Ofa=$kx ÒK@
5. =#~# =~=OÒQ H=OQ qxyOK@
6. Lk J=H# $+OK@.
U"# \H xOQ q^#O ^ i= `y# \ #O_ ^~OQ =OKÒk. 1991 iqH
q^#O H=H=OQ # O^@ H=# x|O^## ~mH$Ò KOk. Ò H=O
15 i= =`" xOQ q^#O HO^ fHx ~|_#.
246 J~GO _ "\i

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38
=== =i iqH
~OQ= ~~ P^~=
(Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry)
38.1 iKO
==-iqH ~OQ PiH == r=O (lifeline) =O\q. ==O [ J=~" #
P~ ^~=# JOkOk. iqH ~OQO [H~ W`~ ==# =GO, Q$=, q^`,
|@, H, ~"}^< "^# "\x JOkOk. P~, P~`~ == ~O_# =#=
r=<x H#yOK_xH J`=~"#q. H|\ ==-iqH ~OQ= ~O_ XH OO
LO_ f~=O^. [ H~# O`$ iK q+ O D ~O_ ~ ~ ~H. ~ O_ =H=OQ
=$k KOê. ==~OQ=$k kOK O_ iqHa=$kx kOK= . J^ qÔ Q iqHa=$k
O_ == ~OQ=$kx kOK= . _=O_ O|OkOz D ~ O_ XH^xHH\ P^~.
==~OQO xK"~ iqH ==# _ _=O_ K~ . iqH ~OQO xK"~
==~H == # _=O_ K~ . ==~OQxH iqH L`k`= J=~=. iqH
~OQxH ==~H~OQ= =_^~=# JOkOk. H|\ D ~O_ ~OQ =^ ~~
O|O^=O^<k +O. D ~O HO D ~~ P^~ O|O^x qbHiOK_O.
38.2 H
D ~O= J^#O K# `~` g~ `H<q.
== ~OQO iqH ~OQ P^~x q=iOK@.
iqH ~OQO ==~OQ P^~x q=iOK@.
38.3 =^<
Zxqk =~
1. ==~OQO iqH ~OQO UqÔQ P^~_Òk? qbHiOK=.
[: ==~OQ= iqH ~OQxH D HOk qÔQ _Òk.
1. iqH ~OQ= ==~OQ= #O_ =_^~# O^Òk.
qq^ i= J=~"# =_^~=# ==~OQO JOkOk.
J~GO _ "\i 247

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H` O# (enterprise) OKHk, L# O qiO|_, =_ ^~= _=O_

~QÒk. D iy# _=O_# H=O == L`` =`" s KQQ`~.
2. == ~OQO P^~_# [< iqH = _=O_ K~.
=#"o "`xH P~O ^qH J=~O. D J=~O fi# `~"` =#O W`~ == #
=, |@, W, H , iOQO, \H~, @q+#, Q" , ~ _, *, \.q.
"+OQ q+< "^Q "\x =# H~ f~H=_xH Pt=. g\xO\h iqH
~OQO JOkOOk.
3. iqH ~OQxH J=~"# q# == ~OQO JOkOk.
XH Ja=$k KOk# Ô ^qHOQ ==~H Ô. PiHa=$k [iQ Hk ==
~OQO q `<`H J=~O `QÒk. nxH =YOQ ~O_ H~}. "^@Q
PÔ iy#Hk P~^ ~= _=O_ ~QÒk. Hx =O^Q= # ~ @ ~QÒk.
=#=_ P~x `= i=}O qxy_. W`_ =YOQ <}"# P~x
H~O\_. H|\ P~ ^~= _=O_, =O^Q=# ~@ ~QÒk.
~O_= H~}O, "~Q# i*#O, <}"# q`<, Z~=, ~Q=O^, `Qh\
~^ =` "^Q H~=# ==~OQO H~ Q@ L`^H` ~QÒk.
H|\, xq` i=}O, J^ "Ò Lù K _xH, QÒ H< Z= q
J=~O J=`~.
4. iqH ~OQO x=Q"# "iH ==~OQO P~^~# JOkOk.
== ~OQO =#=xH ^qH J=~"# P~x JOkOk. Wk H^<,
^<, ~Q, O_, QO^ k# =i h# JOkOk. [Oî
JO>, iqH ~OQO, "~OQO, ==~OQO xK # "~Oî, P~ _=O_#
== ~OQO f~Ok.
iqH ~OQO x=Q"# "~ `HOQ == ~OQO P^~_LO\~. P~
^~ ` x W|O^ H` iqH x@ # =O K`~. P~
`x @# q_ Q=xOz#@~` J`_ iqH~OQxH |kb H=_xH
^K _. iqH O` H="# P~^ ~ `, iqHa=$kH ^qH
x|O^# .
5. iqH ~OQxH ==~OQO x^=~O.
Qg} O`x [ "i ^# O#, #, W`~ ^=O
# [=K~. Hx iq` =# g~ "i ^# ==~OQO @|_
K_xH ^K~. nx= D Qg} ^ O ^~ @} O`x
i= @|_Q =~`~. ==~OQOx JkH P^= JkH ^,
248 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
iqH ~OQO JkH @|_ îf~. D H~}OQ iqH ~OQxH =#~

` ~QÒk. nxx |\ _ iqHa=$k ==~H =$k` `H O|OÔ
L#^x K=K.
=#O # ~# JO iqH ~OQ Ja=$k == ~OQ Ja=$k P^~_
L#^x KiOK=. J~` Wk ~~ P^~xH XH" =`". Wk ~O_" ~~
P^~O. == ~OQ Ja=$k _ W^ "Ò iqH ~OQ Ja=$k P^~_
LO@Ok.
2. iqH ~OQO ==~OQO U qÔQ P^~_ LO@Ok? KiO=.
[: == ~OQO iqH ~OQO D HOk qÔQ P^~_=O@Ok:
1. iqH ~OQO ==~OQxH q`< JOkOk.
=Oz <}` Hey# q`< ==~OQxH J`=~"# L`k`. JkH kQ|_x WK,
p__# `@H#QeQ, xH i` J#"# (JO> q, "`=~} i` XH
O`xH =~H O`xH =~Ò\~) "~H" # q`< # ~OkOK_xH i^#
ZC_ [~Q Ò\~. D i^# J`^ xH iH~, j`bH~} WOH Z< #g#
^ Hey# Q H"e. nxx |\ ==~OQO iqH ~OQO
P^~_ L#^x `H=K.
2. ~xH Z~=# JOkOK_O .
~`^ O ~ ` O^HOQ "H =i = #O_ =z# =~# ~x
OK_xH Z~=Q "_`<~. nx He ^~ Jg ==~H H~H #O_
aOK". nxH `=OQ ==~OQO JkH L`kH`# WK Z~= P=H`
H=OQ ~QK#k. nxH `=OQ ~xH Z~= #Q#|_~. D ~xH
Z~= "H ~Q^ J=~" # +H# JOk~. D ~xH Z~= qxQO
==~OQO Q}hOQ ~Q_O =# == L`^H` iyOk. D Z~= Lù
K ^` HqH i= f<~. qÔ Q == ~OQO L`^H` ~Q_xH
iqH ~OQO ^^_Òk.
3. h\~^ H~ J=~"# iH~# iqH ~OQO JOkOk.
`Qh~ JO^H` "H ~Q=. =#Ô ^#"# h\=#~ =~Ò. =~
70 Ò Q|_ L#q ~`=< =# HeQ =~^~"# q. J~` =~^~O
~O_ H~} =# #=^y#kH^. "^\ H~}O, =~` i=}O."# H$uK
x~iO|_` ` =#=x H$+=# H^. Hx O^~g =~Ò LO_^. =iHx
O^~g K `=Q LO@Ok. nx =# == L`^H` Q}h"# `Q^
HxOk. =~H" JkH =~Ò O@ ^+"x He~. ~O_=H~}O =~Ò
#"^ HO. XHHi O@ J=~"#HO =~ ~==. i# HO
J~GO _ "\i 249

SmartPrep.in
=~ H` O@ <#O J=`~.H|\ =#Ô h\~^ H~# Q}hOQ

qiOK=# J=~O LOk.
4. ~Q=O^# iqH ~OQO `~KOk.
HqH@H=# =i W`~ p_=# == Lù 5-10 Ò <#O J=`#k.
"H# D HqH@H #O_, p_#O_ ~HO K_xH ~ Q=O^ ZO` J=~O . =#=xH,
"H x HeOKx ~Q=O^ J=H` =#Ô ZO` L#k.
5. iqH~OQO J^xH iH~# `~KOk.
~`Ô ~` O^H x=@~#, <Q, Kux=@, Z^, Z^|
=O\ "\x ==~OQO LyOz L`` K<~. g\ = ==~OQO
L`^H` K `=Q L<~. ` O iqH~OQO g\H `==# J^ xH
x=@# `~K#k. \H~ =O\ J^xH O` ==~OQO =#=H
qxQx Q}hOQ `yOK~. =~H " == L`^H` _ =$k KO^~.
6. ===~\OQ, y_OQ J=~"# =#~# U~@ K~.
H ~_x ~}xH J=~" # i*<x, O`#, "\i# JOkOKk iqH~O QO.
=xHQ ~_ ~` `= L`` # O Q =~\ O`xH HO ~"} K _xH
J=~O. ~` `= == `Q =~\ ^~ aOK=~ ^KH=_xH H=# y_O Q
x~}xH J=~"# == xO\h iqH~OQO Lù KOk. `Q y_O y ^
#@~` `= ~ _Ò^< O` ~` =~\ J= L# ^~=^<
J=H=# J=~O LOk. J~` `Q y_Oy ^ L#_ D J=~O LO_^.
H|\ y_OQ ~` =Oz^~ =KO^ ^^ _`~.
7. == ~OQO x=Q=~#"iH L`^H == iqH ~OQO Lù KOk.
[ P~^~HH, W`~ ==# =, W, ~"}^<, q^KgH, \.q.*,
"+OQ"+< "^Q iqH == _ J=~O. g\#xO\h iqH ~OQ"
Lù K O k. ==~OQO xK"iH _ Wq J=~" . giH D == # iqH
~OQO JOkOz "i J=~# f~Ok.
8. ==~OQxH x^ # HeOk.
==~OQO xK "i` e iqH~OQO xK"i ^~@ Z=Q
LO@Ok. D iqH~O QO xK "~_ "i ^# O W`~ ^=O
^KO\~. Ò ~`Ô J`kHÒ O Qg} O` `= Y#
HeyL<~. Wq ^#` ~OQOQ ==xH JkH~ }# =OE~ K~. ^~}OQ
==~OQO `= ^~@# Hey=O@Ok H|\ x^ J=~O Z=Q LO@Ok.
iqH ~OQO #Oz gHiOz# ^# ==~}Q Qg} O` O
W<~. D qÔQ ==~OQxH J=~"# x^# iqH ~OQO JOkOk.
250 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
38
[< - PiHa=$k
(Population and Economic Development)
38.1 iKO
qH HH [< P^~O. [< Z=Q =O>, JkHOY q O J=`~.
JkH [< =$k~@ LO>< JkH qH H =~ O =O@Ok. H=O q`< Lù ÔH^.
Lù K\xH H=# Jx =#~ O=$kQ îH#_ =`" q Ly` He =
XH L`^H 'PQ =~Òk. LùH ^Ô K H~} - ` `=Q =O_ H=O JkH
[< = q OY JiqÒQ =# ^`, [< XH PiHa=$kH x~^HOQ =~Òk.
ZO^Hx PiHa=$k KO^`# Hx ^ [< "QOQ =$k KO^`=Ok? UqÔQ "QOQ =$k
KO^`# [< P ^ PiHa=$kx qÒ K Ok? WO\ O|OkOz# q+#
D ~O` KiOKOÔ.
38.2 H
D , =^< Kkq# `~` g~ D HOk JO Ò\~.
*<=$k~@ =## q=iOK@.
PiH=$kx JkH [< =$k~@ Z qÒKO^ q=iOK@.
Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH[< =$k~ @ =O =#= =#~, [ =#~ =i
=^# OK#O Z =O@O^ q=iOK@.
38.3 =^<
XH =~
1. [< =$k ~@ J#Q<q?
[: XH xs` HO Ô L# "Ò [<, iy# [< =^ Q x+ux [< =$k~@
JO\~.
[<
[< =$k ~@ 1000
"Ò [<
J~GO _ "\i 251

SmartPrep.in
2. [#OY J#Q<q?
[: XH xs` HO Ô x=OK [<# P^ [#OYQ ~#=K.
~O_ =~
1. [< =$k~@ J#Q<q?
[: U ^"< U HO<< HO` [# OY# He =O@Ok. P [<# P^ [# OYQ
iQ}O. J~`, D OY x~O`~O =~ KO^` =O@Ok. [#<, =~}, =
[< =~ H~}. XH xs` HO Ô x=# [< ~Q_x [<
=$kQ ==i~. D ~Q^ =~}H< [#< Z=Q LO_@O = Oq~.
= = ^ [< ~Q^ Z=Q =O_^ . XH xs` HO Ô =# "Ò [<
iy# [< =^Q x+ux *< =$k ~@Q HOK=K#.
*< =$k~@ ^qHOQ [#< ~@# P^~_ =O@Ok.
[<
1000
"Ò [<
[#< ~@, =~} ~@ =^Q `_# [<=$k ~@Q ``~. Wk u 1000H
H~ .
<Q =~
1. =^# OK#O JkH [< =$k~@ =O
[: PiH =$k ^# @|_/=^#O XH =Y `# x~#k. XH Ô =# =^#
x P^ PiH =$k~x x~~ ~. PiHO Q Ja=$k KO^`# ^ j OQ ~Q`#
[<= qxQ=O ~Q` =O@Ok. P~O, h~, ^, Q$, ~"}, q^,
q^KgH, "^^ "II J=~ "QOQ ~Q@O = qxQO ~QÒk. eÒQ,
@|_H H=# =#~, ~Q` =# [< J=~ H\~OK@O = @|_ H~`
U~_Òk. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ [ ì PÔ =i "i r=# =}#
OOkOK\xH J=~= =^# OK#O, ~Q`# JkH [< = `yÒk.
qÔQ Ja=$k KO^`# PiH ==# JkH [<=$k~@ f=OQ ^|fOk. qÔQ
JkH [<=$k ~@ =^# OK#O u "x HeOk. ~Q`# qxQ
J=~# f~@H JkH "Ò =#~# LyOK@O =# PiH == L`^H`#,
^x =~# OK@ H=#O`Q =#~ O H=@O^. q+` PiH =$k ~@#
D i` ^|f~.
252 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
Zxqk =~
1. ^ PiH=$k [< =$k ~@# Z qÒ KO^ q=iO=.
[: J<H ^ [i# J^ <# |\ ije, "#H |_# PiH == Q ^ [#<~@
=i =~} ~@ ~O_ Z=Q =O_ [#<, =~} ~@ =^`_ K `=Q =O@Ok.
JO^= P ^ [<=$k ~@ OQ LO@Ok. WO\ PiH == [ P^~
`=Q LO_@O =# +H~ O =i i# P~O fH#H=@O [~QÒk. "^
=i iÔ H~ i~ Oz Hx~. [< JkH OM ZO\ ~H`
`Qh\ =u ` =O_^. JO^=# =~}~@ K Z=Q =O@Ok. <`# "Y~ =
[#<~@ _ Z=Q =O\~. JH~` H=_O =i JkH~ t =~} ~@
=O@Ok. JO^=#, "#H|_ PiH == Q Ô JkH [#<~@ =i =~}~@ =O_,
[< =$k ~@ OQ =O@Ok. [< <=kQ ~Q@ Q=xOK=K#.
^ PiHa=$k ~OO H=@OK`, [ P^ ~ iy "i r=# =}~
~Q`~. "^ ^ =i iÔ OO^`~. Hx ~H "^ JiH@|_`~.
g\ eÒQ [#<~@ _ `Q` < =O@Ok. Hh, K <=kQ `QÒk. [#<~@ `Q^
=~}~@ `Q^ H< `=Q OqOk. [#< `Q ^ OQ LO_\xH [ "Y ~
`y# =~ H=_O, =` ~"# #=H HO`=~ H~}O.
Z_` Ô PiHO Q =$k KO^Ò^ ^ [< ~Q^ H=H=OQ ~Q` "Q= O`=Òk.
LÎI ~`^ [< =$k 1921 OII #O_ ~Q` 1951 #O_ "Q=OÒQ iyOk.
XHi PiH =$k ^# ~Qu JO^# `~}O Q=xOK ^y# ~ =~
K@KO\~. P^ ~ ~Qu Q=xOK=K. +H~O O^~ ~QÒk.
*P~QO, iÔ "II H~ ì`Qu# U~@ K|_`~. [ r=# =} ~
OO^`~. <`# p# "Y~ #O ^$H^ K@KO\~. z# @O|
=## [ J=~O\~. D =~ =O [##, =~} ~@ =O@Ok. =~}~@
^~} u #Oz =iO`Q `QH~<, [#<~@ Q}hOQ `QÒk. =~} ~@ ~OQ
Hh~ xezQ, [##, =~} ~@ =^ =Ò K OQ =O_, [<=$k ~@
~ =O@Ok. Jx Ja=$k KOk# ^ =#O ~ [< =$k~@# Q=xOK =K#.
~`Ô ~O_= ^ =Ok. [#<~@ Z=Q =O_ H=OQ `Q =YO \~. =~}~@
"QOQ `Q~. eÒQ 'JkH [< =$k #"^ J=`<~.
2. Ja=$k KO^`# ^ jOQ ~Q`# JkH [< =$k ~@ =#= =i [
=#~ ZO\ "x HeO^ q=~}`HOQ `=.
[: WO` =# è#@, Ja=$k KO^`=# ^ JkH [< =$k ~@ LO@Ok. D
J~GO _ "\i 253

SmartPrep.in
qQO JkH =$k ~@ ^ PiH =$k ZO\ =O KÒ^ J^#O KÔ. Wk q+OK\xH
qq^ =#~ [< =$k ~@ "x J^#O KÔ. Jq 1) =#= =#~, 2) [ =#~
=i 3) =^# OK#O Z) =#=-Ò` =~ =#~.
1. =#= =#~ - JkH [< =$k~@
^ [<< =#= =#~ JO`~gQOQ =O\~. [#OY "QOQ ~Q`# ~`Ô
JkH OY q O J=`~. JkH OY =#= =#~ $+, XH H PiH |x
=~H |#`# He~.
=#= =#~# i~ qxyOKHQe` PiH =$kH îfOk. qxyOKHH`
^ ~Qu ^|uO@Ok. H=O q OY ~Q^ =ùx HeOK^. [=#~ =i
=^#O` _# =#= =#~ ^~< Lù H#QÒk. JO^= ~Q`# qH OY#
`y# Lkx JOkOK@ J^~ [ =#~, =^# H~} [~Qe=Ok.
~`Ô =O\ Ja=$k KO^`# Ô @|_ H~` =O@Ok. ~Q`# [<=
[ =#~ H~` HÒk. D ^ =# q# qxyOKHQ =~O =O_^.
eÒQ x~^QO JkH~ =O@Ok.JO`HH, JkH [< =$k~@ =# q J^#OQ
K~"i OY ~Q`< =O@Ok. JO^= x~^QO =iO`Q ~QOk. XH H qH H
iQ LHO HH=@ = Jk #ÒQ `~=Òk. Lù H "i ` Ug=O_^ .
PiHOQ =$kx kOKx Ja=$k KO^`# ^ JkH [< =$k~ @ J<H =# Lù
H $+Ok. =#= H =#~ <}`# `yOk. P^xH PiH == q*#, @|_
O^` QqQ =~`# `~}O P^ xH Lù < } Q x} J~# q J=~= `~.
Ja=$k KO^`# JH~` ~ K `=. x~H~` ~` =O@Ok. x~H~` x~#
"i <}=# OOkOK@ JkH PiH =#~ J=~=`~. = [< iQHk
f= ==`~.
Ja=$k KO^`# ^ @|_H~`, W`~ =#~ i~ LHO HH=@
=# =#= =#~ <}` J~ =O@Ok. nxH `_ [< =$k ~@ "QOQ ~Q@ =
= =iO` H+=Òk. JkH OM "QOQ ~Q`# qH H =$kx, =#= H =#~#
<}# OOkOK=# J<H =# $+Ok. PiHa=$k ^# ~Q`# [<
eÒQ q$` ==`# q OY J<H =# HeOk.
2. [ =#~ JkH [< =$k~@ =O
q LiÒ Yx*, J_= =i h~ "^Q#q JxO\x He '[=#~Q
==i=. JkH [< =$k~@ = D [ =#~ H "x =#O ijeÔ.
254 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
a) == q =O
UÔ<< q q~O ~OQ< LO@Ok. ^x JkH QO == H~H= H~
qxyOK@O [~QÒk. J~`, JkHO Q [< ~Q^ = W`~ J=~# ~_, Hs,
Q$ H~ =# H\~OK= =Ok. eÒQ == H~H q~} [~Q^. Hk
"~ =`" =#O ==O H~ =# qiOKQÒ. |O[~ =# ÔxH
fHx ~QÒ. [< ~Q^ =# ì q qxQ i=}O `x iQ `QÒk.
q Z= =Ok P^~_ rqOK= ~=_O =, Wk Kg# x~^y` î fOk.
JkH [< XH", ==`~ ~OQ Lk J=H H=@O =~H " LO_@O =
Qg} O` Z= =Ok J=~ qOz == ~OQO xK<~. J^#OQ=#
q# == ~OQO #O_ @} O` OQe< @} OY iy, == =
@}H~} = `y`~. @} O` ~Q`# [< HO H=# =`H~ =
J=~= =`~. Q$x~}, ~_ U~@ HO q qxyOK= =Ok. "QO Q [~Q`#
@}H~} = iqH H+O, =iH"_ = = L`# ==`~. D == ^
PiH =$k ^|uO@Ok.
b) J_= JkH[< =$k~@ =O
^ PiH =$kH J_= ^ ~ ^^ _`<~. ~=~} OèÒ K_O J_=
Hi<~. ~ O~H} J_= `__`<~. i= H=# J<H =_ ^~
J_= ==`<~. JkH [< =$k =# J_= #iH"` Qi J=`<~. ==O
H~, =O@ K J=~ J_=# #iH "<~. eÒQ ~O tkO J=Òk. PiH
== H=# =_ ^~ ` ^~O J=Òk.
JkH [< =$k~@ = J_= iOz"|_` PiHa=$kH qÒ HÒk.
c) Yx* =O
^ PiH =$k Yx* XH =Y ` =<~. UÔ<# LO_ Yx* iqÒ Q<
=O\~. Jq iqH =_ ^~Q LQ_`<~. Q, [ #< Yx* "^#
=Y"# H =#~# #~ù K=. "QO Q ~Q`# [< =, JkH [#OY = Yx*
JkH "Ò "eHf qxy<~.
JO^= Yx[xH iOz "|_`<~. q+` ^ PiHa=$kx Wk f=OQ
qÒ KOk.
J~GO _ "\i 255

SmartPrep.in
40
~`^ [<
(Population of India)
40.1 iKO
XH Ôx =#= =#~ H}# `H#@O J`=~O . [#OY, [< =$k~@, ^x
eOQx+u, =O}, JH~` ~ "II J<H =#= =#~ JO J^#O K= =Ok.
D ~O =#O ~`^ *< =i qq^ [< =, "\ i~ =~ QiOz
<~O\O.
40.2 H
D ~Ox , =^< Kkq# `~` g~ D HOk JO Ò\~.
~`^ [< i=}O =i Q` ^ HOQ ^x =$k
1921 OII #O_ ~`^ [< =$k ~@# q=iOK@.
~`^ [< x~}O# q=iOK@
JkH [< = ~`Ô HQ = q=iOK@
[< = i~xH `Q i~ =~# zOK@
40.3 =^<
~O_ =~
1. [< i=}O q=iO=.
[: XH xs` HO Ô x=OK [<# P^ [#OYQ ~#=K#. u kO=`~
HxH XHi Ôx [<# H OK@O [~QÒk. D H # '[< HO (census)
JO^~. ~`Ô 1991 XHi =i z=iQ 2001 [<H H~} x~OK~.
=i< XH\ <\H Ô =# [#OM# '[< H è*~. L^~} 1991
256 J~GO _ "\i

SmartPrep.in
O=`~ [<H H~O ~`^ [< 84.63 H@. nx J~O ~`Ô [#OY
=i< XH\ `sY <\H 84.63 H@=Ok. [< H H=O [#OY< HH, [<
JO# eOQx+u, = x+u, [< =$k~@, JH~`~@, [#O^` "^Q JO#
èK~.
2. [< =$k q=iO=.
[: ~`Ô [#OY JkHOQ< HO_ [<=$k ~@ "QOQ ~QÒk. \H 39.1 x
Q=xOz#@~`, u ^|O HO# [< ~Q^ =$k Z= Q<=Ok. 1951-61
^|O HO [< =$k 7.8 H@. Wk a@< Ô [< XH\#~ ~@. 1971-81
^|HO [< =$k 13.5 H@. Wk a@< (UK) ^ [< ~O_#~ ~@ JkHO. 1961-
71 ^HO [<=$k 10.8 H@. Wk [<^ O x [< 3/4 =O`. =i 1981-
91 x [< =$k 16.3 H@ Wk [< ^ [< H# JkHO.
3. eOQx+u `=.
[: eOQx+u J#Q [< ~+ x+ux HOK@O. Wk x+u LO@Ok. eOQx+u u
"~ =Ok ~+ Q OY `Òk. nxx HOK_xH HOk ~ / Ò
LHiOk.
"Ò [# OY
eOQx+u 1000
"Ò ~+ [# OY
4. [#O^` J#Q<q?
[: [#O^` J#Q XH K^~ Hg@~ q~ O x=OKK# [ OY. [#O^`# H OK@
"Ò ^ [<# Ôx q~O` yOKe.
[#O^` "Ò [#OY / "Ò ^ q~O
UÔ<< q~ =~ O_ ~OQ =O@Ok. ~Q`# [< = [#O^`
~QÒk.
5. JH~` ~@ `=.
[: =HH K^ =@, "@ =i U^# XH + J=Q# K HQ i*#O He= O> 'JH~ _
Q iQ}~. 1991 [< H H~O JH~`~@ HO [< 7 OII JO`H<
Z= =# "ix P^~OQ HOK_O [iyOk. 1951 OII JH~`~@ H=O 16.7 Ò.
JO^ ~+ 25Ò =i = 8 ÒQ L<~. 1991 "Ò g^ JH~ `~@
52.2 Ò JO^ 64.17 Ò ~+ =i 39.5 Ò . JH~Q L<~.
J~GO _ "\i 257

SmartPrep.in
JH~`~@ @} O` Qg} O` H< Z=Q LOk. 1981 JH~`~@

36.2 Ò, ~+ Wk 46.9 Ò HQ 28.8 ÒQ L<~. 1981 OII "Ò
x~H~ 30.19 H@ =Ok =i 1991 D OY 32.4 H@Q LOk. JH~`x
~Q^ [<x =$k =# HeOk.
6. P=}O `=.
[: \# t= r=# HO# P=}OQ ==i~. ÒÒ =K <\H =#Ô
P=}O H =O 32 OII =`" . Wk 1991 OII<\H 58 OII iyOk. 1991-96 OII
=^HO =#Ôx [ P=}O 61.2 OIIQ LOk. ~+< P
=}O Z=Q LOk. 1991-96-04 =^ HO Wk ~+ 60.6 OII HQ, 61.7
OIIQ LOk. U"#\H, Qg} O`` e @} O` " P=}O K
Z=Q LOk. 1990 OII P=}O Qg} ~Ò 57.4 OIIHQ Jk @} O`
64.12 OIIQ LOk.
<Q =~
1. JkH [< = HQ = `=.
[: ~`^ O JkH [#OY# He LO_@"HH Jk x~O`~OQ ~Q`< =Ok. [< =$k~ @
Z=Q LOk. JO^=# u O=`~O "Ò [#OY H J^# [< Z=Q< LO@Ok.
WO\ =$k J"OKh"Ok. PiH=$k ^# JkH [< XH u|O^HO. JO`HH, [ P^
u Q` ~Q^# x~kOk. JkH [< eÒQ, [ ì P^, ^
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