ACTIVITY 1

1.Geocentric theory-In the 2nd century AD, Claudius Ptolemy proposed a model of the universe with the earth
at the center. The model depicts the earth as stationary with the planets, moon, and sun moving around it in small,
circular orbits called epicycles. Ptolemy appears to have been more concerned with finding a model that worked
mathematically than one that described planetary motion accurately. Although it was later shown to be incorrect,
Ptolemys model was accepted for several centuries.

2.Heliocentric theory-astronomical theory that the sun is at the center of the solar system, first postulated by
Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric model
of the solar system, in which the Sun is stationary at the center, and Earth moves around it. This view of the solar
system challenged Ptolemys geocentric model, which had been the accepted theory since the 2nd century. In
Ptolemys model, Earth is stationary in the center of the solar system, and the other planets and the Sun move in
complex orbits around it. The Copernican model gradually gained acceptance, for it provided a simpler explanation
of the planets' motions.

3.Big bang theory-currently accepted explanation of the beginning of the universe. The big bang
theory proposes that the universe was once extremely compact, dense, and hot. Some original event, a
cosmic explosion called the big bang, occurred about 13.7 billion years ago, and the universe has since
been expanding and cooling.
4. steady state theory- theory of cosmology, or the study of the universe and its origins, that was
once a rival to the big bang theory, which proposes that the universe was created in a giant explosion. The
steady-state theory holds that the universe looks, on the whole, the same at all times and places. Proposed
by: sir james jean
5. Cosmic inflation theory-In early the universe is rapidly expanding and cooling,
The inflationary theory was developed in the 1970s to solve several mysteries still remaining in
the universe as it was described by the big bang theory. In particular, it explains why the
universe is expanding at approximately its current rate. It also explains why the universe appears
so homogeneous, or uniform. Further, it explains why scientists have never detected magnetic
monopoles (single north or south poles that are not connected to an opposite pole).proposed by:
alan guth and Andrei linde

6.Nebular hypothesis- Early attempts to explain the origin of this system include the nebular
hypothesis of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant and the French astronomer and
mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace, according to which a cloud of gas broke into rings that
condensed to form planets. Doubts about the stability of such rings led some scientists to
consider various catastrophic hypotheses, such as a close encounter of the Sun with another star.

7.planetisimal tidal theories-develop by: the 4 science Thomas chamberlin,forest moulton,

james jean and Harold jeffreys- According to this theory, temperatures decreased with
increasing distance from the center of the solar nebula. In the inner region, where Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars formed, temperatures were low enough that certain heavier elements,
such as iron and the other heavy compounds that make up rock, could condense outthat is,
could change from a gas to a solid or liquid. Due to the force of gravity, small clumps of this
rocky material eventually came together with the dust in the original solar nebula to form
protoplanets or planetisimals (small rocky bodies).