Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
15-24 (2007)
1. INTRODUCTION
The morphological changes of rivers are deeply taking bank erosion into consideration, have been
interrelated to the bed deformation and bank developed for beds and banks made of uniform
erosion because of the mutual relationship between sediment (Shimizu et al., 1996; Nagata et al., 2000).
water flow and sediment transport. Better However, these models have some limitations to
understanding of these process and mechanism is calculate braided rivers with unconstrained banks.
very important for river engineering purposes to Jang and Shimizu (2005a) proposed a numerical
manage hydraulic structures and prevent disaster model to simulate braided rivers with erodible
from flood, and environmental engineering banks, and showed the possibility of simulating
purposes to maintain river ecosystem. braided rivers considering bank erosion.
In the process of channel development, bars emerge Alluvial fan deltas are fan-shaped deposits of
under certain hydraulic conditions as the channel sediment ending in standing water and formed by
widens from an initially straight channel, with aggrading and then migrating or avulsing river
erodible bed and banks. Previous investigations channels due to sediment inflow from upstream
examined the mechanical processes of channels (Parker, 2000; Sun. et al., 2002). The repeated
with erodible banks theoretically (Ikeda et al., 1981; processes cause the channels to develop a large-
Parker et al., 1982), and have provided a method to scale morphology in the shape of a fan, a slope that
reproduce lateral changes in the channel. declines toward standing water and a prograding
Recently several numerical models have been front (Sun et al., 2002). A numerical model was
developed to reproduce braided rivers with fixed proposed to simulated these processes of the
banks (Murray and Paola 1994). Numerical models alluvial fan delta by combining elements of two
to reproduce the evolution of meandering channels, approaches i.e. diffusional models of depositional
15
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
+
(
+ u )
h
+
J
( + u) h
J
=0 respectively; t = depth-averaged diffusion
J
t t
coefficient (= u* h 6 ); = Von Karman
(1)
constant(=0.4); u* = shear velocity
Momentum equations in and directions:
u u u [
(= n g (u 2 + v 2 ) ]1/ 2
h1 / 6 ). The coefficients,
+ (t + u )
(
+ t + u
) 1 ~ 6 , are given in Jang and Shimizu (2005).
+ 1u u + 2u u + 3u u
16
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
17
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
4. COMPARIONS BETWEEN
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL
RESULTS
18
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
Run Mean diameter of Initial Water Initial Width/ Reynolds Froude Friction
the bed material Slope discharge water depth Depth Number number Velocity
(mm) (%) ( m3 / s ) (cm) (m/s)
1 1.25 1.0 4.5 1.41 59.1 6852 1.3 0.037
from 1 m at the upstream to 8m at every 20 cm in banks are eroded. And also the mechanism of
the experimental reach since the upstream 1 m was braided rivers under large aspect ratio explained by
not considered to avoid the effects of inlet and Ashmore (1991) was illustrated for Run-2. Flow
disturbance of water profile due to the sediment was concentrated into lower channels, and some of
supply. The transverse bed profile was surveyed them were scoured deeply (Fig. 4(b)). Bars
between 0.05 m and 1.95 m at every 1 cm due to the appeared to the downstream of the lower channels
moving limitation of the profiler. and complicated braided bars were developed due
to flow division around the bars, leading to bank
4.2 Numerical results erosion (Fig. 4(c)).
The suggested numerical model is applied to verify
Above -13.75 -25.00 - -21.25 -36.25 - -32.50
the applicability at the actual experimental reach, -17.50 - -13.75 -28.75 - -25.00 -40.00 - -36.25
-21.25 - -17.50 -32.50 - -28.75 Below -40.00 Unit: mm
10m, with erodible banks. Experiment Run-1 was
carried out under the initial condition that the
channel width to depth ratio corresponding to the 1
0 Cal.
0 Exp.
Kishi (1984)s regime criteria on bars and braids in -1
0 2 4 6 8 10
alluvial straight channels in the space given by x(m)
(a) T=65min
dimensionless tractive force and the channel width 1
0 Exp.
developed from meandering channel because aspect
-1
ratio is increased more and more while bank erosion 0 2 4
x(m)
6 8 10
Cal.
river from an initial straight channel with erodible 0
0 Exp.
(c) T=138min
Fig. 3(b)). After that, braided river was developed
since the alternate bars were nearly fixed and
Fig. 3. Comparison of the temporal channel deformation
broken down as flow was diverged as shown in Fig. between calculation and experiment for Run-1
3(c). Fig. 4 displays that a braided river is shown up
from the initial stage and is remarkably developed
while the channel width is enlarged since the side
19
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
0
Cal. and the observed data for the bed change in the
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
cross section for Run-1. However, the predicted
1
x(m)
results for Run-1 in Fig. 5(a) and (c) show that the
deeply eroded bed is taken place in the vicinity of
y(m)
0
Exp.
-1 the left bank, while the bed in the laboratory
0 2 4
x(m)
6 8 10
experiment is eroded deeply near the right bank.
(a) T=64min
1
The channel width for Run-2 is relatively simulated
well with the experiment in Fig. 6(a). As time
y(m)
0
Cal.
increase, however, the channel width for Run-2 is
-1
0 2 4
x(m)
6 8 10 slightly underestimated, and the transverse bed
1
change is overestimated in Fig. 6(b) and (c).
The difference between the numerical and
y(m)
0
Exp.
-1 experiment results is probably due to the fact that
0 2 4
x(m)
6 8 10
the numerical model does not simulate the three-
(b) T=95min
dimensional flow structure at the confluence of the
1
flow, the numerical method used to treat partially
y(m)
0 Cal.
wetting or drying boundaries cannot exactly
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
account for the experimental flume, and the
1
x(m)
numerical model does not exactly reflect
unavoidable experimental error, e.g., water pump
y(m)
0 Exp.
-1
conditions and flow perturbation at the entrance of
0 2 4
x(m)
6 8 10
flow when the sand was fed, etc. The assumed
(c) T=125min parameters and initial conditions of the numerical
Fig. 4. Comparison of the temporal channel deformation model may be one cause of the differences.
between calculation and experiment for Run-2 Nevertheless, the numerical results are in relatively
good agreement with the experimental data.
The calculation and experiment results also To investigate the applicability of the numerical
reproduce that meandering and braided channel model and the evolution processes of alluvial fan
patterns, which are dependent on the channel width delta, the model was applied to a fan-shaped
to depth ratio, namely, braiding pattern is favored if channel that was 20 m long, 0.22 m width at the
the bed slope and channel width to depth ratio are entrance of upstream and 40.22 m width at the end
increased, and meandering pattern is favored if the of downstream. The evolution processes of alluvial
bed slope and the width to depth ratio are decreased fan delta were investigated by controlling the
(Parker 1976; Kuroki and Kishi 1984). The sediment inflow upstream. The hydraulic conditions
calculation results are in overall agreement with the for the numerical experiments of the alluvial fan
experimental results, although the longitudinal deltas were explained in detail in Table 2.
wavelength and thalweg of the bed in the The computational time step was 0.01 s and there
calculation are a little difference from those of the were 120 grid points in the streamwise direction
experiment. and 30 in the transverse direction. A rectangular
Figs. 5 and 6 show the more quantitative bump, which was 2.45 m wide, 1.3 m long and 1.15
comparison of cross sectional changes at 6m from mm high, was located at 4.5 m of the upstream in
the source of the flow for Run-1 and Run-2, the channel bed to encourage the development of
respectively. Since the water depth and flow the fan delta.
velocity were gained at 6 m from the upstream, the
location was selected to compare the cross sectional
changes between computation and experiment for
each run.
20
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol.1, No. 1 (2007)
0 0
-10
-10
z(mm)
-20
z(mm)
Exp.
Cal. -20
-30 Exp.
W.L. Cal.
-40 -30
W.L.
-0.5 0.0 0.5 -40
y(m) -1.0 0.5
-0.5 0.0
y(m)
(a) T=65min
(a) T=64min
0
0
-10
z(mm)
-10
z(mm)
-20 Exp.
Cal. Exp.
-30
W.L. -20 Cal.
-40 W.L.
-30
-0.5 0.0 0.5
y(m) -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
y(m)
(b) T=95min
(b) T=95min
0
0
-10
z(mm)
-20 -10
z(mm)
Exp.
-30 -20
Cal. Exp.
-40 W.L. -30 Cal.
W.L.
-50
-40
-0.5 0.0 0.5
y(m) -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5
y(m)
(c) T=138min
Fig. 5. Comparison of cross sectional change between (c) T=125min
calculation and experiment at 6m from the upstream for Fig. 6. Comparison of cross sectional change between
Run-1 calculation and experiment at 6m from the upstream for
Run-2
Table 2. Hydraulic conditions for the numerical
experiments of the alluvial fan deltas Fig. 7 shows the development of the alluvial fan
delta for Run-3. As time increased, the channel was
Run Discharge Slope Fan angle Sediment avulsed and bifurcated into several channels on the
(CMS) (%) (deg.) inflow by alluvial fan delta at the initial stage of the
submerged development (Fig. 7(a)). The depositional areas of
weight the fan were increased with time, and the fan delta
( kg / sec ) migrated toward downstream with forming new
1 0.035 0.2 90.0 7.95 depositional lobes. Channels on the fan migrated
2 0.035 0.2 90.0 39.75 laterally in the downstream, new channels were
3 0.035 0.2 90.0 79.50 generated, whereas old channels were degenerated
in the downstream, which led to re-networked
channels (Fig. 7(b) and (c)). As time progressed,
the channel avulsion and depositional lobes were
developed near the banks (Fig. 7(d)).
21
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
20
15
0
R-1
-5
5
-10
-15
0
0 50 100 150 200
5 10 15 5 10 15 Time(min)
(a) T=70min (b) T=100min Unit : cm (a)
Above 7.55
7.10- 7.55
15 6.65- 7.10 100
6.20- 6.65
5.75- 6.20
2 )
10
80
3.50- 3.95
0 3.05- 3.50
2.60- 3.05
R-2
-5 2.15- 2.60
1.70- 2.15
40
1.25- 1.70
-10 0.80- 1.25
0.35- 0.80 20 R-1
-0.10- 0.35
-15 -0.55- -0.10
-1.00- -0.55
Below -1.00 0
5 10 15 5 10 15 0 50 100 150 200
(c) T=150min (d) T=200min Time(min)
(b)
Fig. 7. Simulated alluvial fan delta for Run-3. Flow is Fig. 8. Characteristics of (a) fan delta height and (b) fan
from left to right. delta areas with time for each run.
Fig. 8 shows the change of the fan delta height and to the development of the fan delta with strongly
areas with time. The delta height, the difference lateral migration and aggradational avulsion of
between the maximum aggradated bed elevation channels shown in Fig. 7. Moreover, the channel
and the minimum scoured bed elevation, was gradient was increased (Fig. 8(a)).
increased abruptly to 10 minutes, and the delta Fig. 9 shows the cross-sectional changes at 6m from
height was kept in equilibrium state with a little upstream with time to investigate the avulsion
fluctuation for Run-1. However, the delta height processes of channels in the fans with sediment
was increased in 110 minutes for Run-2, in 80 inflow. The channel bed was aggraded from the
minutes for Run-3 (Fig. 8(a)). As the sediment initial channel in the fan and the channels were
inflow at the upstream of the fan delta was migrated laterally as time increased for Run-1 (Fig.
increased, the starting time of the increasing delta 9(a)). As the sediment inflow was increased, the
height was fast. channel bed was aggraded rapidly and the channels
The alluvial fan delta areas were increased sharply were migrated laterally. Moreover, the channel
to 10 minutes in the initial stage of the fan delta number and the relief were increased for Run-2 (Fig.
development, kept in constant to 120 minutes with 9(b)). As the sediment inflow increased excessively,
little change of the fan delta height, and then the central channel in the fan was aggraded and
increased linearly for Run-1. For Run-2 and 3, the avulsed into two channels after 150 minutes with
fan delta areas were increased after the initial stage migrating laterally as shown in Fig. 9(c). Therefore,
of the fan delta development (Fig. 8(b)). The fan the channel bed aggradation in the fan due to
delta areas ware increased with sediment inflow sediment inflow excessively is one of factors of
upstream. channels avulsion.
As the sediment inflow was increased, the fan delta
height and areas were increased, which accelerated
22
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol.1, No. 1 (2007)
150 min.
10
100 min. streamline and the transverse wise, considering the
0
70 min.
34 min. secondary flow, was employed to estimate bed and
bank evolution in time. To simulate bank erosion, it
z(mm)
-10
-20
was assumed that bank was eroded when gradient
Initial bed of bank in the transverse direction was steeper than
-30
the angle of repose because the bed was scoured in
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 the vicinity of the banks induced by secondary flow,
x(m)
leading to channel with natural shaped boundary. At
(a) Run-1
the same time, the amount of bank material beyond
20 150 min. the angle of repose was included to the calculation
100 min.
10 70 min. of the bed evolution as sediment supply. However,
34 min. inner bank and other parts in the channel, which
0
z(mm)
-10
were changed into land, were not included in the
range of computation.
-20
The model was verified by experiments on braided
-30 Initial bed
channels with erodible banks. The calculation
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 results of the longitudinal change in time for Run-1
x(m) and Run-2 were relatively satisfied with the
(b) Run-2 experimental results, although the longitudinal
wavelength and thalweg of the bed in the
150 min. calculation are slightly different from those of the
20 100 min.
70 min. experiment. The channel width was in good
10 34 min.
agreement between calculation and experiment for
z(mm)
0
Run-1, while the width was underestimated for
-10 Run-2 as time increased. The comparison of cross
-20 sectional changes between calculation and
Initial bed
-30 experiment at 6m from upstream for Run-1 and
Run-2, respectively, showed a little difference,
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
x(x)
1 2 3 4 5 6 because of the poorly treated results of the three-
(c) Run-3 dimensional flow structures at the confluence of the
flow, boundaries between the dried and wetted parts
Fig. 9. Cross-sectional changes at 6m from upstream of the bar in the channel, and unavoidable
experimental error.
The numerical model simulated well the features of The numerical model simulated well the features of
the alluvial fan delta, i.e., the successive the alluvial fan delta, i.e., the successive
aggradation, avulsion and then migration of a river aggradation, avulsion and then migration of a river.
(Parker et al., 1998). As the sediment inflow was increased, the fan delta
height and areas were increased, which accelerated
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS to the development of the fan delta with strongly
lateral migration and aggradational avulsion of
In this paper, a model applicable to braided rivers channels.
with erodible banks and alluvial fan deltas has been
presented to estimate to the channel evolution REFERENCES
quantitatively.
A moving boundary-fitted coordinate system was 1. Ashida K, Michiue M (1972). Study on
used for natural shaped boundary because the hydraulic resistance and bed-load transport rate
erosion and deposition occurred laterally, and the in alluvial streams. Proc. JSCE 201:59-69 (in
channel shapes were transformed into arbitrary Japanese).
shapes. As a numerical scheme, Cubic Interpolated 2. Ashmore PE (1982). Laboratory modeling of
Pseudo-particle method was used in the flow field gravel braided stream morphology. Earth surf.
since the method introduced little numerical Proc. landforms 7: 201-225.
diffusion. Sediment transport equation in the
23
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 1, No. 1 (2007)
3. Ashmore PE (1991). How do gravel-bed rivers 18. Pizzuto JE (1990). Numerical simulation of
braid?. Can. J. Sci. 28:326-341. gravel river widening. Water Resour. Res.
4. Bradford SF, Sanders BF (2002). Finite-volume 26:1971-1980.
model for shallow-water flooding of arbitrary 19. Shimizu Y (2002). Numerical model of braided
topography. J. Hydraul. Engrg. ASCE stream with bank erosion. River flow 2002, Intl
128(3):289-298. Conf. on Fluvial Hydraulics. Louvain-la-Neuve,
5. Hasegawa K (1984). Hydraulic research on Belgium: 793-801.
planimetric forms, bed topographies and flow in 20. Shimizu Y, Hirano N, Watanabe Y (1996).
alluvial rivers. PhD Dissertation, Hokkaido Numerical calculation of bank erosion and free
University, Sapporo, Japan (in Japanese). meandering. Annu. J. Hydr. Engrg. JSCE
6. Hasegawa K (2000). Hydraulic characteristics 40:921-926 (in Japanese).
of mountain streams and their practical 21. Shimizu Y, Itakura T (1991). Calculation of
application. Lecture notes of the 33rd Summer flow and bed deformation with a general
Seminar on Hydrau. Engrg., JSCE:A-9-1-20(in nonorthogonal coordinate system. Proc. XXIV
Japanese). IAHR Congr. Madrid, Spain:C-241-C-248.
7. Ikeda S, Parker G, Sawai K (1981). Bend 22. Sun T, Paola C, Parker G (2002). Fluvial fan
theory of river meanders. Part 1. Linear deltas: linking channel processes with large-
development. J. Fluid Mech. 112:363-377. scale morphodynamics. Water Resour. Res.
8. Jang C-L, Shimizu Y (2005a). Numerical 38(8):26.
simulation of relatively wide, shallow channels 23. Yabe T, Aoki T (1991). A universal solver for
with erodible banks. J. Hydr. Engrg. ASCE hyperbolic equations by cubic-polynomial
131(7):565-575. interpolation I. One-dimensional solver. Comp.
9. Jang C-L, Shimizu Y (2005b). Numerical Phys. Comm. 66:219-232.
experiments of the behavior of alternate bars 24. Yabe T, Ishikawa T, Kadota Y, Ikeda F (1990).
with different bank strength. J. Hydr. Res. A numerical cubic-interpolated pseudoparticle
IAHR 43(6):596-612. (CIP) method without time splitting technique
10. Kovacs A, Parker G (1994). A new vectorial for hyperbolic equations. J. Phy. Soc. Japan
bedload formulation and its application to the 59(7):2301-2304.
time evolution of straight river channels. J. 25. Yabe T, Ishikawa T, Wang PY, Aoki T, Kadota
Fluid Mech. 267:153-183. Y, Ikeda F (1991). A universal solver for
11. Kuroki Kishi (1984). Regime criteria on bars hyperbolic equations by cubic-polynomial
and braids in alluvial straight channels. Proc. interpolation I. Two and three-dimensional
JSCE 342:87-96 (in Japanese). solver. Comp. Phys. Comm. 66:233-242.
12. Murray AB, Paola C (1994). A Cellular model 26. Zhao DH, Shen HW, Tabios III GQ, Lai JS,
of braided rivers. Nature(London) 371:54-57. Tan WY (1994). Finite-volume two-
13. Nagata N, Hosoda T, Muramoto Y (2000). dimensional unsteady-flow model for river
Numerical analysis of river channel processes basins. J. Hydraul. Engrg. ASCE 120(7):863-
with bank erosion. J. Hydr. Engrg. ASCE 883.
126(4):243-252.
14. Parker G (1976). On the cause and
characteristic scales of meandering and braiding
in rivers. J. Fluid Mech. 76(3):457-480.
15. Parker G, Paolar C, Whipple K, Mohring D
(1998). Alluvial fan formed by channelized
fluvial and sheet flow. I: theory. J. Hydr. Engrg.
ASCE 124(10):985-995.
16. Parker G (2000). Progress in the modeling of
alluvial fans. J. Hydraul. Res. 37(6):805-825.
17. Parker G, Sawai K, Ikeda S (1982). Bend
theory of river meanders. Part 2. Nonlinear
deformation of finite-amplitude bends. J. Fluid
Mech. 115:303-314.
24