c2 Updating Sessions GIS PDF

METIER Graduate Training Course no.
2 Montpellier - February 2007
Information Management in Environmental Sciences
GIS: concepts, methods & tools
Introduction to GIS
Structuring of geographic information
Pierre BAZILE
1
Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF
INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION

Problem CONTROL SYSTEM Decision
Requests Information
INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
INFORMATION INFORMATION
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
UNIVERSE Data, rules, and Actions
constraints of the Personnel
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30
AUTOMATIZATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
AUTOMATIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
(Database management system)
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30
SPATIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
Inputs data Software: DBMS
model
Computer
Spatial Software: GIS

Outputs data
model (Geographic infomation system)
4 / 30
GIS: WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?
The term GIS represents, in fact, 3 different concepts:
An information system about a territory or project
The databases describing this IS
The IT solutions used (in particular: software)
One has to return to the basic concept!
Importance of the spatial component of the IS (localization

of objects and processes, spatial interactions between
elements)
5 / 30
REPRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Duality of Geographical
Information:
Graphical information:
The geographical objects,
their localization, their
topological relationships
Thematic information:
The descriptors of these
objects, of these localizations
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
REPRESENTING GRAPHIC DATA
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
database representation
representation
Point
Link
Tables Entities Entities Line
Surface
Relationship Relationships
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30
CODING GEOMETRY : TWO MODES
image vs line drawings

raster vs vector
8 / 30
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
VECTOR REPRESENTATION:
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
Surface: Id, x1,y1 x2,y2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
(x0,y0) Data redundancy
Undefined relationships
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
Node: Id,x,y x1,y1 N2 x3,y3 L2 L3
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
Management of connectedness
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3
Line: Id, (L), Pg,Pd N2

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
Node: Id,x,y P1 P2 U
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
Ln Management of connectedness
Management of contiguity
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
point: x, y coordinates
line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes
sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate
couple = last coordinate couple
The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon
entity is stored
No spatial relationships between objects
unjoined arcs unclosed polygons
polygons cannot form a surface
intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs
Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by blanks
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Managing the connectedness and
contiguity of objects
2 types of topology:
Planar topology
Network topology
Topological entities:
With permanent storage of the topology
e.g.: ArcInfo coverage
Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data
is called pseudo-topological.
e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)
With defined topological rules, varying depending on context
e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)
14 / 30
DBMS LINK DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Identifier Attributes of the
point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak
1 Identifier Attributes of the Strong

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
N (orientation) dx Size of the cell
(geometrical resolution)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
in Y or 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Identifier
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
extent in X or columns
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30
RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DEPTH

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

boolean = 1 bit (21) 2 values: {0,1}
byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
integer = 16 bits (216) 65536 values: {-32767,32765}
...
Necessity of digital coding!
17 / 30
RASTER REPRESENTATION:
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
The value chosen for the empty cell is selected by convention.
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.0 Direct representation of the
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
Associated data: statistical
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30
DBMS LINK: DESCRIPTIVE DATA

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Identifier Attributes of the
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DATA
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
Digital Elevation Model
21 / 30
VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS
FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION
FROM RASTER TO VECTOR: VECTORIZATION
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Grid of independent cells
Matrix calculations
Redundancy volume of information
Vector:
Objects +- structured
Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)
Link with external databases
Complementarity raster-vector
Improvements in hardware architectures

Processor power / disk space
Developments in raster solutions / image processing
23 / 30
SCALE AND ACCURACY - 1
Definition:
Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the
corresponding lengths measured on the land.
Expression:
Algebraic expression = scale ratio
map at 1:25,000
Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio
Graphical expression of scale: INDISPENSABLE
Semantic confusion
24 / 30
Significance of the scale:

Representation ratio
Level of analysis of the studied phenomena
Geometric accuracy of the information
Level of approach of geographic space

Size of a zone representable at a given scale:
A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
Compartment scale, regional scale, national scale
25 / 30

Scale = representation ratio
Accuracy = quality of geometric information
2 dimensions of accuracy:
resolution = size of an elementary pixel
localization accuracy: localization error
Scale/accuracy confusion: 2 causes

assumption of the reader: each point is significant
assumption of the producer: no unnecessary quality
With undesirable consequences

the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY - 1
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Acquiring data from:
Institutional: public agencies
Private providers
External contractors
Internal digitalization
GIS software incorporate tools to create layer:
features digitalization,
calculation on one or many existing plans,
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
To use or extract information from this document
As based map (illustration or filling)
To take measurements
To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial
analysis)
Whatever use, consider :
Precision of imported data Information
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
Reference system used (compatibility with local database)
Data property (copyright)
29 / 30
METADATA, TO GUARANTEE DATA

QUALITY
Metadata = "data about data"
The procedures followed to acquire the data
The precision et methods of measurements
The age of the data and update
The data coding
The geographic referencing
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Example of metadata's appearance
False interpretation ArcCatalog (ESRI)
Bad usage
Erroneous perception of precision
30 / 30
METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 Montpellier - February 2007
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30
Introduction to GIS
Pierre BAZILE
1

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
EXTERNAL
external universe
Outputs
2 / 30

STATIC DYNAMIC
Inputs
BASE PROCESSOR
FORMALISABLE
UNIVERSE Computer
Software: DBMS
Data
Outputs model
Personnel
3 / 30

INFORMATION SYSTEM
STATIC DYNAMIC
BASE PROCESSOR
Personnel
Semantic
model
Computer

Outputs data
4 / 30

elements)
5 / 30
Information:
semantic data
0 500 Metres
N
6 / 30
Semantic
Semantic Spatial
Spatial
database
representation
Point
Link
Surface
Continuous
Adjacency
Inclusion
Proximity
Path
7 / 30

raster vs vector
8 / 30
route
btiment lac
9 / 30
SPAGHETTI
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y +
Line: Id,
x0,y0 1 2
x1,y1
x2,y2
.-------- 4 5 6
xn,yn
P1 P2
x2,y2 x3,y3
x0,y0 x5,y5 x6,y6
x1,y1 x4,y4 x5,y5
x2,y2 x1,y1 x2,y2
--------
xn,yn
10 / 30
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
Point: Id,x,y + N1
Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
N2
x1,y1
x2,y2 4 5 6
.--------
Nb L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
x4,y4 x6,y6
Surface: Id, N2 N2
L1
L2 N1 N2
---- x2,y2 x5,y5
Ln
No redundancy
11 / 30
SURFACE TOPOLOGY
1 2 3
N1
Point: Id,x,y +
L1 1 L2 2 L3

Na
x1,y1 4 5 6
x2,y2
.-------- L1 L2 L3 P1 P2
Nb N1 N1 N1 L1 L2
N2 N2 N2 L2 L3
U P1 P2
Surface: Id,
L1 N1 N2
L2 x2,y2 x5,y5
----
12 / 30
SPAGHETTI MODEL
Entities
entity is stored
Appearence Reality
13 / 30
TOPOLOGICAL MODEL
Planar topology
Network topology
14 / 30

point
+1
1 LINK
+2 +3
2
3 Weak

3 line
2
1
2 Hybrid/Integrated
STRUCTURING
+2 surface
1 Layer -- Table
+1
2
+3
3
15 / 30
RASTER PRESENTATION
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dy
extent
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rows 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 id attribute
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 Wheat
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 Grapevine
3 Forest
Origin (X,Y)
16 / 30

dz2
dz1
Number of planes
Thematic
resolution
Depth of each plane

byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}
...
17 / 30
LINES AND POINTS
1
1 1 1 1
1
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3 3
2
18 / 30
CONTINUOUS DATA
variable
11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.0
11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.4 12.1 11.9 summary
11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.1 12.6 12.3 12.1
11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 12.7 12.4 12.0
12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4
12.5 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.7 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.6
19 / 30

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 point
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 LINK
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
Hybrid/integrated
1
1 1 1
line
1
2 3
1 STRUCTURING
2 3 3 3
2 3
2
2
3 Layer -- Table

1 surface
1
2
2
3
20 / 30
Map (scanned)
Orthophotography
21 / 30
22 / 30
VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITY
Raster:
Matrix calculations
Vector:

23 / 30
Definition:
Expression:
map at 1:25,000
Semantic confusion
24 / 30


A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000
: 6 km2 at 1:10,000
Level of analysis:
25 / 30



the zoom syndrome
26 / 30
Hardwares
Data
Key-element of
Softwares
any GIS project
70 to 80 % of
total project costs
Methods
Users
27 / 30

Private providers
Image processing
28 / 30
Which use ?
analysis)
to be stored
Level of detail
in metadata
29 / 30

QUALITY
The data coding
The geometry
The attributes
Absence of metadata
Bad usage
30 / 30

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METIER Graduate Training Course no.

2 Montpellier - February 2007

Information Management in Environmental Sciences

GIS: concepts, methods & tools

INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION

AUTOMATIZATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM

AUTOMATIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM

SPATIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM

Spatial Software: GIS

GIS: WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?

The term GIS represents, in fact, 3 different concepts:

An information system about a territory or project

The databases describing this IS

The IT solutions used (in particular: software)

One has to return to the basic concept!

Importance of the spatial component of the IS (localization

REPRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

REPRESENTING GRAPHIC DATA

CODING GEOMETRY : TWO MODES

image vs line drawings

Line: Id, (L) L1 1 L2 2 L3

Line: Id, (L), Pg,Pd N2

DBMS LINK DESCRIPTIVE DATA

1 Identifier Attributes of the Strong

RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DEPTH

Depth of each plane

Necessity of digital coding!

The value chosen for the empty cell is selected by convention.

DBMS LINK: DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Identifier Attributes of the

RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DATA

FROM RASTER TO VECTOR: VECTORIZATION

VECTOR AND RASTER:

Improvements in hardware architectures

SCALE AND ACCURACY - 1

Graphical expression of scale: INDISPENSABLE

SCALE AND ACCURACY - 2

Significance of the scale:

Level of approach of geographic space

Geometric accuracy of the information

SCALE AND ACCURACY - 3

Scale/accuracy confusion: 2 causes

With undesirable consequences

GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY - 1

GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY - 2

GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY - 3

METADATA, TO GUARANTEE DATA

Information Management in Environmental Sciences

GIS: concepts, methods & tools

INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION

AUTOMATIZATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM

AUTOMATIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM

SPATIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM

Spatial Software: GIS

GIS: WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?

The term GIS represents, in fact, 3 different concepts:

An information system about a territory or project

The databases describing this IS

The IT solutions used (in particular: software)

One has to return to the basic concept!

Importance of the spatial component of the IS (localization

REPRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

REPRESENTING GRAPHIC DATA