FALLACIES the reasoning orarguments which are valid but are actually invalid.

arguments, which you know are correct but definitely are not correct. arguments that seem to
be true but are actually false.
Fallacies of Language
Fallacies in Language- This type of fallacy is committed due to lack of preciseness in the word,
phrases, or sentences used to express a thought. The types of fallacy which fall under this
category are the following:
FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION
This fallacy is committed when some terms are used in a premise but with different meanings.
There are three kinds of fallacy of equivocation.
Fallacy of Ambiguous Middle-
The middle term is used with two different meanings.
A ruler helps us to food.
Kandoi is a ruler.
Therefore, Kandoi helps us to make food.
Fallacy of Ambiguous Major
The major tem is used in two different senses.
All chefs move only backward.
Dishant, is a chef.
Therefore, Chef Dishant moves only backward.
Fallacy of Ambiguous Minor
Here, the minor term is used with two meanings
No animal is made of paper.
All pages are animals.
Therefore, no pages are made of paper.
FALLACY OF AMPHIBOLY
It arises from the ambiguous use not of a single word but of a phrase or of a complete sentence.
The meaning intended by a phrase is not clear because of the grammatical structure of the
sentence in which it is used. An amphibolous sentence permits a double interpretation, one view
of which may be true and the other false.
For sale: Safety shoes for men with steel arches.
FALLACY OF ACCENT
Thisarisesfrom theuseof aword which changesmeaning when the accent on theword changes.
Every falsity needscareand attention. Every fallacy isfalsity. Every fallacy needscareand
attention.
Explanation
Accent fallacies are fallacies that depend on where the stress is placed in a word or sentence. The
meaning of a set of words may be dramatically changed by the way they are spoken, without
changing any of the words themselves. Accent fallacies are a type of equivocation.
Example
Suppose that two people are debating whether a rumor about the actions of a third person is true.
The first says, I can imagine him doing that; its possible.
The second replies, Yes, its possible to imagine him doing that. This looks like agreement.
If however, the second person stresses the word imagine, then this appearance vanishes; Yes,
its possible to imagine him doing that. This now sounds like a pointed comment meaning that
though it may just about be possible to imagine him doing that, theres no way that he would
actually do it.

FALLACY OF FIGURE OF SPEECH

A wrong conclusion isdrawn dueto theuseof wordsthat aresimilar in structureor in meaning.
Example: Faithful is the opposite of unfaithful. Fidelity is the opposite of unfaithful.
Therefore, Loyal is the opposite of
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
Thisfallacy iscommitted aswordsor phrasesaretaken jointly or asaunit when they should betaken
separately Example: The students of BCC come from the different barrios in Binalbagan.
Georgia Anne is a student from BCC. Georgia Anne is from the different barrios of
Binalbagan
FALLACY OF DIVISION
Thisfallacy istheoppositeof composition. It takeswordsor phrases separately when it should
betaken jointly or asaunit. Example: BCCnian students speak english. Jonamel is a BCCnian
student. Jonamel speaks english.
FALLACY OF ACCIDENT
Thisfallacy ariseswhen what is accident or superficial isemphasized over what isessential or
basic. Example: Jason wears elegant clothes. Therefore, he looks handsome and wealthy.
FALLACY OF FALSE CAUSE
It arrangeswrong causein acertain effect. Superstitionsarebased on this fallacy. Example:
Wounds cannot be healed because its Good Friday.
FALLACY OF HASTY GENERALIZATION
It consistsof arguing that what istrue to acertain classmust also betrueto all membersof
thesameclass. Example: Some mothers are overprotected to theirchildren. All mothers are
overprotected to theirchildren.
FALLACY OF INCREMENT PREMISES.
thispolicy occurswhen a conclusion isdrawn from premises that areirrelevant. Thisfallacy
ariseswhen the conclusion isreached by unwanted premises. It also ariseswhen theissueat hand is
ignored.
Example: AJmust be a cum laude. He is an active student. He is a hardworking student. He is
an intelligent student. He is BCC scholar. Therefore, AJdeserves to be a cum laude.