MANUAL CALCULATIONS TO DESIGN BEAM SUPPORTED SLAB BY DIRECT

DESIGN METHOD

Direct Design Method of Beam Supported Slabs

Example 3.1
From the floor system shown in Figure 3.1, interior slab panel 3-3 is chosen to be designed. The
lengths of spans of the slab panels in meter are indicated. The supporting beams of the floor
system are 0.25 m x 0.50 m in the longitudinal direction and 0.30 m x 0.50 m in the transverse.
The floor carries superimposed dead load of 2.90 kPa and live load is 2.40 kPa. The floor slab is
initially assumed to be 100 mm thick. Given the strength of concrete fc = 21 MPa and Grade 40
bars 12 mm in diameter will be used as reinforcement. Design by Direct Design Method (DDM)
panel 3-3 by calculating the final thickness as well as the required reinforcements in the
transverse and longitudinal directions.

5 .0 5 .2 5 4 .7 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 4 .7 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 4 .7 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 4 .7 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 4 .7 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 4 .7 5

11 21 31 41 51 61
5.00 5 .2 2 .5 0 5 .2 2 .5 0 5 .2 2 .5 0 5 .2 2 .5 0 5 .2 2 .5 0 5 .2 2 .5 0

4 .7 0 2 .5 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 5 .0 0 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 5 .0 0 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 5 .0 0 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 5 .0 0 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 5 .0 0

5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .1 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 5 .1 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 5 .1 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .1 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .1 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 5 .1 5

5.40 5 .2 12 5 .7 5 .2 22 5 .7 5 .2 32 5 .7 5 .2 42 5 .7 5 .2 52 5 .7 5 .2 62 5 .7

4 .7 0 2 .5 5 .4 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 5 .4 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 5 .4 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 5 .4 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 5 .4 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 5 .4

5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 5 .7 5

6.00 5 .7
13 5 .7 5 5 .7
23 5 .7 5 5 .7
33 5 .7 5 5 .7
43 5 .7 5 5 .7
53 5 .7 5 5 .7
63 5 .7 5

4 .7 0 2 .5 6 .0 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 6 .0 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 6 .0 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 6 .0

5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 5 .2 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .2 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 5 .2 5

5.50 5 .7 5
14 5 .5 5 .7 5
24 5 .5 5 .7 5
34 5 .5 5 .7 5
44 5 .5 5 .7 5
54 5 .5 5 .7 5
64 5 .5

4 .7 0 2 .5 5 .5 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 5 .5 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 5 .5 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 5 .5

5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 5 .2 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .2 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .2 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 5 .2 5

5.50 5 .5
15 5 .7 5 5 .5
25 5 .7 5 5 .5
35 5 .7 5 5 .5
45 5 .7 5 5 .5
55 5 .7 5 5 .5
65 5 .7 5

4 .7 0 2 .5 5 .5 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 5 .5 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 5 .5 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 5 .5

5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .5 5 .7 5 5 .7 5 5 .0 5 .2 5 5 .7 5 5 .6 0 5 .3 0 5 .7 5

6.00 5 .7 5
16 3 5 .7 5
26 3 5 .7 5
36 3 5 .7 5
46 3 5 .7 5
56 3 5 .7 5
66 3

4 .7 0 2 .5 6 .0 5 .2 0 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .7 0 5 .7 5 6 .0 5 .2 0 5 .2 5 6 .0 4 .7 0 5 .3 0 6 .0 5 .3 0 2 .8 0 6 .0

5.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 5.60

FLOORSYSTEMLAYOUT

Figure 3.1
1. The assumed slab thickness of 100 mm will be used to establish the effective interior beams
in the two directions to determine their respective moments of inertia as well as that of the
slab. The initial effective beams shown in Figures 3.2 and 3.3 has a T-shaped section with
dimensions defined herein :

Bf = width of the flange

hf = thicknesss of the flang
ge = thickness of the slabb
bw = width off supporting beam
hw = depth off supporting beam

Figuree 3.2 - Initial effective beam section along longiitudinal direcction

C
Calculation off moment of innertia Ib:
2 2
A1 = Bf hf = 0.105 m A2 = bw hw = 0.125 m
2
A = A1 + A2 = 0.23 m
2
Y1 = hf /2= 0.05 m22 Y2 = hw/2 + hf = 0.35 m
A Y = A1 Y1 + A2 Y2
0.223 Y = 0..005 + 0
0.0438
Y = 0..213 m
3 2
I = bhh /12 + Add
F A1:
For b= 1 m
1.05 h= 0.1100 m d = Y-Y
Y1 = 0.1633 m
4
I1 = 0.0029 m
F A2:
For b= 0 m
0.25 h= 0..50 m d = Y-Y
Y1 = -0.1377 m
4
I2 = 0.0049 m
4
Ib = I1 + I2 = 0.00783 m

Figure 3.3 Initial effective beam

b sectionn along transverse directtion
Calculation of moment of inertia Ib:
2 2
A1 = Bf hf = 0.11 m A2 = bw hw = 0.15 m
2
A = A1 + A2 = 0.26 m
2
Y1 = hf /2= 0.05 m2 Y2 = hw/2 + hf = 0.35 m
A Y = A1 Y1 + A 2 Y2
0.26 Y = 0.006 + 0.0525
Y = 0.223 m
3 2
I = bh /12 + Ad
For A1: b= 1.1 m h= 0.100 m d = Y-Y1 = 0.173 m
4
I1 = 0.0034 m
For A2: b= 0.30 m h= 0.50 m d = Y-Y1 = -0.1269 m
4
I2 = 0.0055 m
4
Ib = I1 + I2 = 0.00893 m

To determine the moment of inertia of the slab IS in the longitudinal direction, the width of
equivalent frame must be established.
Along longitudinal direction:
BS = with of equivalent frame = average width of adjacent slab panels
6.00 m

5.40 adjacent panel

BS = 5.70
interior
6.00 slab panel

BS = 5.75

5.50 adjacent panel

Use BS = 5.75 m hs = 0.100 m

3
Is = Bs hs /12
4
Is = 0.00048 m
The same is established for the transverse direction to determine Is

Along the transverse direction:

BS = with of equivalent frame = average width of adjacent slab panels

5.50 6.00 5.50

interior
adjacent panel slab panel adjacent panel 6.00 m

BS = 5.75 BS = 5.75

Use BS = 5.75 m hs = 0.100 m

3
Is = Bs hs /12
4
Is = 0.00048 m

2. Calculate the value of = Ib Eb/ Is Es along both directions and ,the ratio of long to short
clear spans.
 Consider Eb = Es assuming monolithic construction of the floor system
4 4
Longitudinal Ib = 0.00783 m Is = 0.00048 m
= 16.34
4 4
Transverse Ib = 0.00893 m Is = 0.00048 m
= 18.63
m = average for all supporting beams of slab panel
m = 2(x + y )/4
m = 17.484
clear spans
Longitudinal ln = l - width of beam in transverse direction
ln = 6.00 - 0.30
ln = 5.70 m
Transverse ln = L - width of beam in longitudinal direction
ln = 6.00 - 0.25
ln = 5.75 m
= 5.75
5.70
= 1.009

3. Required minimum thickness h is calculated by either of the two formulas below whichever
is applicable.

For m greater than 2.0 For m less than 2.0

(1) h = l n (0.8 + (fy/1400)) OR (2) h = l n (0.8 + (fy/1400))
36 + 9 36 + 5(m -0.2)

and not less than 0.090 m. and not less than 0.125 m

Since m > 2.0, use formula (1) with fy = 276 MPa. ln = 5.75m

= 1.009
h = 5.75(0.8 + (276/1400))
36 + 9(1.009)
h = 0.127
Use h = 0.130 m
4. Weight of slab using the above thickness will be added to arrive at total dead load D and ratio
of live to dead load will be determined.
D = superimposed dead load + (weight of slab= h x weight of concrete)
D = 2.90 + 0.130 x 24
D = 6.02 kPa.
L = 2.40 kPa.
Check ratio of live to dead load is within limitation of Direct Design Method
Ratio L/D = 0.40 OK, < or = 2.0
5. Column and middle strips are established then section properties of effective beam and slab
such as Ib, Is and in both directions shall be calculated. The values of average width of
adjacent panels Bs are same as before but final slab thickness of 130 mm will be used.
Because the calculations are similar to steps (1) and (2), results are shown immediately
without substitution of values as shown previously.

Along longitudinal direction:

BS = 5.75 m hs = 0.130 m
3
Is = Bs hs /12
4
Is = 0.00105 m
l 1 = 6.00 m l 2 = 6.00 m
Column Strip width is the smaller of the following:
0.5l 1 = 3.00 m
0.5l 2 = 3.00 m
Column Strip width = 3.00 m (1/2)Col. Strip width = 1.50 m
Middle Strip Width = l 2 - Col. Strip
Middle Strip Width = 3.00 (1/2)Mid. Strip Width = 1.50 m

Moment of inertia of Interior Beam

Bf = bw + 2hw = 1.25
Bf = bw + 8hf = 1.29 whichever is less
Figure 3.4
3 Finall effective beeam section along longittudinal direcction

3 2
I = bh /12 + Ad
4
I1 = 0.0033 m
4
I2 = 0.0066 m
4
Ib = I1 + I2 = 0.00098 m
= Ib Eb/Is Es Eb = Es
= 9.35
Alonng transversee direction:
BS = 5.75 m hs = 0.130 m
3
Is = Bs hs /12
4
Is = 0.00105 m
l1 = 6.00 m l 2 = 6.00
6 m
Column Sttrip width is the
t smaller of
o the followiing:
0.5l 1 = 3.00 m
0.5l 2 = 3.00 m
Column Sttrip width = 3.00 m (1/22)Col. Strip width
w = 1.50 m
Middle Strrip Width = l 2 - Cool. Strip
Middle Strrip Width = 3.00 m (1/22)Mid. Strip Width
W = 1.50 m

Figure 3.5 Finaal effective beam

b sectionn along transsverse directtion
 4
I1 = 0.0039 m
4
I2 = 0.0073 m
4
Ib = I1 + I2 = 0.0112 m
= Ib Eb/Is Es Eb = Es
= 10.68
Longitudinal 1 = 9.35 2 = 10.68
Transverse 1 = 10.68 2 = 9.35

6. Solve for the combined factored loads wu as per Sec. 409.3.1 page 4-43 of NSCP Vol. I -
2010

wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
wu = 1.2(6.02)+ 1.6(2.40)
wu = 11.064 KPa.

7. Analyze moments of the slab panel in longitudinal direction by computing for the total static
moment Mo and distributing it to critical sections for negative bending which is at the face of
the supports and for positive bending at mid-span.

2
Mo = w u l 2 l n /8
l2 = 6.00 m
l n = l- width of supporting beam = 6 - 0.30
ln = 5.70 m
Mo = 269.602 kN-m
For an interior panel:
Neg. M = 0.65Mo = 175.2 kN-m
Pos. M = 0.35Mo = 94.4 kN-m
8. Distribute the above moments laterally between the column strips and middle strip. The
following table is used to determine column strip moments with the aid of interpolation
involving parameters; l2/l1, 1l2/l1 and T.
Table 3.1
Column-strip moment, percent of total moment at critical section
l 2 /l 1
0.5 1.0 2.0
interior
l/l = 0 75 75 75
l/l 1.0 90 75 45
Exterior
l/l = 0 T = 0 100 100 100
T 2.5 75 75 75
l/l 1.0 T = 0 100 100 100
T 2.5 90 75 45
Positive Momen
l/l = 0 60 60 60
l/l 1.0 90 75 45

Interpolation to determine any unknown value X:

X = (k - k1)(X2-X1) + X1
k2-k1
where:
X = unknown value between X1 and X2
X1 = lower limit in range of values that include X
X2 = upper limit in a range of values that include X
k1 = lower limit in another range of values corresponding to X1
k2 = upper limit in another range of values corresponding to X2
k = known value between k1 and k2 corresponding to X
For this panel, considering the long direction

l 2 /l 1 = 6/6 = 1.000
1 l 2 /l 1 = 9.35(1.0) = 9.350

Column strip moments

 Interior Negative and Positive Moments % of Mo in Column Strips
For l/l 1:
l/l = 9.350
l/l %
1 75
1.000 X X= 75.00 %
2 45
% Neg. M = 75.00 % Pos. M= 75.00
Neg. M = 0.75 x 175.2 = 131.43 kN m
Pos. M = 0.75 x 94.4 = 70.77 kN m

Percent of column strip moments in supporting beam

For l/l > 1.0, use l/l = 1.0
l/l %
0 0
1 X X= 85.00 %
1 85
%= 85.00
Neg. M 0.85 x 131.4 = 111.72 kN m
Pos. M = 0.85 x 70.8 = 60.15 kN m

Moments in slab of column strip

%= 100 - 85.00
%= 15.00
Neg. M = 0.15 x 131.4 = 19.71 kN m
Pos. M = 0.15 x 70.8 = 10.62 kN m

Moments in middle strip

% Neg. M = % Pos. M = 100.00 - 75.00
% Neg. M =% Pos. M = 25.00
Neg. M = 0.25 x 175.2 = 43.81 kN m
Pos. M = 0.25 x 94.4 = 23.59 kN m

9. Moments along the transverse direction of slab panel

 2
Mo = w u l 2 l n / 8
l2 = 6.00 m
l n = l - width of supporting beam = 6 - 0.25
ln = 5.75 m
Mo = 274.353 kN m
For an interior panel:
Neg. M = 0.65Mo = 178.3 kN m
Pos. M = 0.35Mo = 96.0 kN m
10. Distribute moments to column strip and middle strip.

For this panel, considering transverse direction

l 2 /l 1 = 6/6 = 1.000
1 l 2 /l 1 = 10.685(1.0) = 10.685

Column strip moments

Interior Negative and Positive Moments % of Mo in Column Strips
For l/l 1.0:
1 l/l = 10.685
l/l %
1 75
1.000 X X= 75.00 %
2 45

% Neg. M= 75.00 % Pos. M= 75.00

Neg. M = 0.75 x 178.3 = 133.75 kN m
Pos. M = 0.75 x 96.0 = 72.02 kN m

Percent of column strip moments in supporting beam

For l/l > 1.0, use l/l = 1.0
l/l %
0 0
1 X X= 85.00 %
1 85
%= 85.00
Neg. M = 0.85 x 133.75 = 113.68 kN m
Pos. M = 0.85 x 72.02 = 61.21 kN m
 Moments in slab of column strip
%= 100 - 85.00
%= 15.00
Neg. M = 0.15 x 133.75 = 20.06 kN m
Pos. M = 0.15 x 72.02 = 10.80 kN m

Moments in middle strip

% Neg. M = % Pos. M = 100.00 - 75.00
% Neg. M = % Pos. M = 25.00
Neg. M 0.25 x 178.3 = 44.58 kN m
Pos. M = 0.25 x 96.0 = 24.01 kN m

Summary of lateral distribution of moments:

Panel 3-3 Moments (kN m)

Column Middle
Direction/Span Beam Strip slab Strip Total
Longitudinal
6.00 m
Neg. M 111.72 19.71 43.81 175.24
Pos. M 60.15 10.62 23.59 94.36
Transverse
6.00 m
Neg. M 113.68 20.06 44.58 178.33
Pos. M 61.21 10.80 24.01 96.02

11. Determine effective depth d and maximum spacing Smax of reinforcement bars. In some
textbooks on reinforced concrete, d in two-way slabs is calculated using the following
equations:
d = slab thickness concrete cover 0.50db along short span
d = slab thickness concrete cover 1.50db along long span
db = bar diameter

Instead of using both equations, the second will be used in calculating d in all problems
dealing with two-way slabs in this book. It is a more conservative and practical than using
two values of d for the design of each slab panel in a floor system since it is equally likely
that rebars in the outer and inner layer will be interchanged during construction
d = hs - 20 -1.5db

d = 130-20-1.5(12)
d = 92 mm
 For two-way slabs, maximum spacing Smax of reinforcement is the least value of the
following:
Maximum spacing of temperature reinforcement
Twice the slab thickness
450 mm

Maximum spacing of temperature reinforcement is based on minimum ratio g.

g = 0.002 when reinforcement bars used is lower than Grade 60

g = 0.00018 when reinforcement bars used is Grade 60

Smax = Area of bar/(g x slab thickness)

For this slab

Smax = 0.7854(12)2/(0.002 x 130) = 430 mm
Smax = 2hs = 2(130) = 260 mm
Smax = 450 mm
Therefore, use Smax = 260 mm

12. Calculate required reinforcement for each critical section of column strips and middle strips.

To compute required reinforcement ratio for each critical section of all column/middle strips:
X = Mu
2
bd fy
Mu = moment at critical section (end/interior support and midspan)
= strength reduction for flexure = 0.90
b = width of column or middle strip
 = 1-(1-2mX)
m
m= fy = 276 = 15.46
0.85f'c 0.85(21)
Then the minimum must be determined as per Sec. 410.6.1 to .2 page 450 of the Code
min. = 0.25(f'c) = 0.2521 = 0.0042 OR
fy 276
min. = 1.4/fy = 1.4/276 = 0.0051

Likewise Sec. 410.6.3 provides that

if > min. Use =

if < min. and 1.333 < min. Use = 1.333
Else Use = min.

Reinforcement for two-way slabs is convenient when given in terms of spacing of bars S at
sections of critical moments and this is done by using the formula,

S = area of bar/d

To complete the design process, calculation of required reinforcements for the slab panel at
the column and middle strips along the two directions are performed. Given below are such
calculations for the longitudinal direction. The same is also done for the transverse direction
although not shown, but the complete tabulated results are presented here.

Long Direction
Consider (1/2) Column strips at each edge of slab panel, hence
0.5 Mu in each half column strip
Column (1/2)Col. Middle
Mu Strip Strip Strip

Neg. M 19.71 9.86 43.81

Pos. M 10.62 5.31 23.59
b = width of strip (middle or half col. Strip)
b= 1.5 m for (1/2)column strip
b= 3.00 m for middle strip
fy = 276 MPa fc' = 21 MPa m= 15.46
2
= 0.85 = 0.90 area of bar= 113.1 mm
d= 92 mm Smax = 260 mm
For Neg. M at column strip
2
X = Mu/(bd fy ) Mu = 9.86 kN m
X = 9.86(10)6/(0.90(1500)(92)2(276)
X = 0.00313
= (1/m)(1-(1-2mx)
= (1/15.46)(1-(1-2(15.46)(0.00313))
= 0.00321 Min. = 0.0051
< Min.
1.333 = 1.333(0.00321) = 0.00427 < Min.
Use = 0.00427
S = area of bar/(d) = 113/(0.00427(92))
S= 280 mm > Smax
Use S = 260 mm

For Pos. M at column strip

2
X = Mu/(bd fy ) Mu = 5.31 kN m
X = 5.31(10)6/(0.90(1500)(92)2(276)
X = 0.00168
= (1/m)(1-(1-2mx)
= (1/15.46)(1-(1-2(15.46)(0.00168))
= 0.00171 Min. = 0.0051
< Min.
1.333 = 1.333(0.00171) = 0.00227 < Min.
Use = 0.00227
S= area of bar/(d) = 113/(0.00227(92))
S= 540 mm > Smax
Use S = 260 mm

For Neg. M at middle strip

2
X = Mu/(bd fy ) Mu = 43.81 kN m
X = 43.81(10)6/(0.90(3000)(92)2(276)
X = 0.00695
= (1/m)(1-1-2mx)
= (1/15.46)(1-(1-2(15.46)(0.00695))
= 0.00737 Min. = 0.0051
> Min.
Use = 0.00737
S = area of bar/(d) = 113/(0.00737(92))
S= 160 mm < Smax
Use S = 160 mm

For Pos. M at middle strip

X = Mu/(bd2 fy ) Mu = 23.59 kN m
X = 23.59(10)6/(0.90(3000)(92)2(276)
X = 0.00374
= (1/m)(1-(1-2mx)
= (1/15.46)(1-(1-2(15.46)(0.00374))
= 0.00385 Min. = 0.0051
< Min.
1.333 = 1.333(0.00385) = 0.00514 > Min.
Use = 0.00507
S= area of bar/(d) = 113/(0.00507(92))
S= 240 mm < Smax
Use S = 240 mm

DESIGN RESULTS FOR INTERIOR PANEL 3-3

Given:
fy = 276 MPa Slab thickness = 130 mm
f'c = 21 MPa bar dia. = 12 mm
Loads:
Dead Load = 6.02 kPa.
Live load = 2.40 kPa.
Direction Beam dimensions:
b (mm) h(mm)
Longitudinal (Along X-X) 250 500
Transverse (Along Y-Y) 300 500
TABULATION OF RESULTS Panel 3-3

SPAN/ Moment Mu (kN- b(width) effective X = Mu/ Req'd = Use Spacing Use Spacing
STRIPS Location m) mm depth d 2 (1/m)(1-1- (mm) of (mm) of bar
(mm) bd fy
(m) 2mx) bar dia. = dia.=
Short Span ALONG X-X 12 12
6.00
Interior Neg. 9.86 1500 92 0.0031 0.0032 0.0043 280 260
1/2 Column
Positive 5.31 1500 92 0.0017 0.0017 0.0023 540 260
Strip
Interior Neg. 9.86 1500 92 0.0031 0.0032 0.0043 280 260
Interior Neg. 43.81 3000 92 0.0069 0.0074 0.0074 160 160
Middle Strip Positive 23.59 3000 92 0.0037 0.0039 0.0051 240 240
Interior Neg. 43.81 3000 92 0.0069 0.0074 0.0074 160 160
Long Span ALONG Y-Y
6.00
Interior Neg. 10.03 1500 92 0.0032 0.0033 0.0043 280 260
1/2 Column
Positive 5.40 1500 92 0.0017 0.0017 0.0023 530 260
Strip
Interior Neg. 10.03 1500 92 0.0032 0.0033 0.0043 280 260
Interior Neg. 44.58 3000 92 0.0071 0.0075 0.0075 160 160
Middle Strip Positive 24.01 3000 92 0.0038 0.0039 0.0051 240 240
Interior Neg. 44.58 3000 92 0.0071 0.0075 0.0075 160 160

The sketch of the design results which gives rough details of the calculated reinforcement is
Figure 3.6.
 Figuree 3.6 Sketch of
o Design Dettails of Exampple 3.1